超声引导下置管引流与穿刺抽吸在肝脓肿治疗中的比较

目的:比较超声引导下穿刺抽吸与置管引流在肝脓肿治疗中优劣。方法:33例置管引流与87例穿刺抽吸两组患者,术后比较体温及白细胞下降至正常的时间,平均住院时间以及并发症。两种方法均同时采用静脉内给抗生素治疗。结果:两组方法在疗效及安全性上无显著差异(包括体温及白细胞降至正常时间,平均住院时间以及并发症)。结论:超声引导下穿刺抽吸或置管引流在治疗肝脓肿的疗效与安全性均无显著差异。     

Percutaneous management of breast abscesses. An experience of 39 cases

This is a review of our experience with percutaneous drainage by means of needle aspiration or catheter drainage of breast abscesses under ultrasound (US) guidance, and a suggested management algorithm. A retrospective study of the 39 patients (36 women, 3 men; mean age: 28.9 years) with breast abscesses who were treated by percutaneous US-guided procedures over a period of 13 years (1989 to 2002) was carried out. Of the 36 women, 34 were nonlactating and two lactating. Needle aspiration was used in the cases of fluid collections < or = 3 cm and catheter drainage in fluid collections of > 3 cm. Postdrainage care and US evolutive controls were carried out on an outpatient basis. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed in masses unresolved after postdrainage. Mammography was performed in patients over 30 years old. In all cases, US examination revealed images of fluid collection. A single needle aspiration was sufficient in 19 cases; 3 patients needed a second aspiration to resolve the breast abscess. A total of 15 cases were resolved by means of percutaneous catheter drainage. In 2 of the 17 patients who underwent catheter drainage, the mass persisted postdrainage; histologic findings showed a chronic abscess requiring surgical intervention in one and a breast carcinoma in the second. Mean follow-up was 8.4 months. Recurrence of breast abscess occurred in 4 patients, and these were resolved by surgical excision. Percutaneous drainage procedures in breast abscesses are a safe and effective alternative to incision and drainage. Needle aspiration is employed in cases of small abscesses and catheter drainage in abscesses larger than 3 cm. Although, in chronic abscesses, the treatment of choice is surgical excision, percutaneous drainage remains as an intermediate therapeutic option.     

CT引导下经臀部穿刺抽吸及硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿

目的 探讨CT引导下经臀部穿刺抽吸硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿的可行性。方法 对经前腹壁穿刺治疗有损伤脏器风险的卵巢巧克力囊肿患者8例，采取CT引导下经臀部穿刺抽吸囊液和注射无水酒精硬化治疗。术后口服达那唑配合治疗3个月。用超声随访，观察有无并发症发生和囊肿变化情况，随访时间6个月以上。结果 术后无一例出现并发症。在术后6个月时，发现囊肿消失者7例，1例囊肿内仍有少量囊液残留。6个月治愈率87．5％(7／8)，有效率100％。结论 CT引导下经臀部穿刺抽吸及硬化治疗卵巢巧克力囊肿是一种简便、安全、有效的微创治疗方法。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺抽液引流诊治急性胰腺炎局部并发症(附24例报告)

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺抽液和/或外引流在诊治急性胰腺炎局部并发症中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2002年3月至2006年12月在我院行CT引导下经皮穿刺诊治的急性胰腺炎局部并发症的24例患者的临床资料,其中急性液体积聚6例、胰腺坏死3例、胰周脓肿6例、假性胰腺囊肿9例。检查穿刺液是否伴感染、含淀粉酶情况,随访临床症状、引流效果和影像学的改变。结果:共穿刺28例次,穿刺成功率100%,20/24例(83.33%)穿刺抽出积液后感局部胀痛缓解。可及时确诊感染性坏死,但引流效果差。2/6例(33.33%)胰周脓肿穿刺引流后治愈,4/6例引流效果差需开腹手术。5/9例(55.56%)假性胰腺囊肿经1.5～6月外引流后治愈拔管,4/9例(44.44%)转行内引流术。结论:CT引导下穿刺检查和外引流成功率高,并发症少。通过穿刺可明确是否伴有感染、了解引流物的性状,为制定治疗方案提供依据,可安全用于诊断和治疗一些急性胰腺炎的局部并发症。     

Hepatic abscesses in immunocompromised patients: Ultrasonically guided percutaneous drainage

Ultrasonically guided percutaneous drainage (US-PD) is considered first-line therapy for hepatic abscesses, but no data are available on its efficacy in severely immunocompromised patients. Therefore, we examined 15 such patients in whom one or more hepatic abcesses of different etiology were treated with US-PD. Eleven patients underwent needle aspiration and four had catheter drainage under US guidance. In 12 cases we achieved complete healing of the abscesses. In one case, clinical improvement was obtained but surgery was required for cure. In another case (fungal abscess in AIDS), we had no improvement and the patient died. No procedural complications were observed. Seven patients died during the follow-up periods of up to 49 months from their underlying disease. We conclude that US-PD must be considered the therapy of choice for hepatic abscess (except the fungal lesions) in severely immunocompromised patients.     

B超引导下穿刺置管引流术治疗肝脓肿22例临床分析

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮肝穿刺抽脓或置管引流在细菌性肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对22例细菌性肝脓肿通过超声引导确定后进行穿刺抽脓或置管引流,其中4例行穿刺抽脓1次,21例行置管引流。结果22例穿刺、置管全部获成功,平均疗程20d（10～42d）。术后无腹腔内出血、气胸、脓胸及严重腹腔感染等并发症。结论B超引导下肝脓肿穿刺置管引流术具有简便、安全、住院时间短、费用少,并发症低的优点,可用于治疗大多数肝脓肿。     

Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic carcinoma

Carcinoma of the pancreas was diagnosed in 13 patients by percutaneous fine needle aspiration. The tumor was localized by angiography in eight, ultrasound in five, and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in three patients. In four patients aspiration was performed using two of the three localizing techniquesCytological diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas can be made accurately by percutaneous fine needle aspiration of the tumor and operative intervention avoided in those patients who do not require operative bypass procedures. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration can be used with equal facility with arteriography, ultrasound, or endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. There have not been complications due to fine needle biopsy, and one can expect a 77–86% positive diagnostic yield.     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床价值

目的评价超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对临床确诊为细菌性肝脓肿的49例患者进行超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗,其中22例行单纯细针抽吸术（抽吸组）,26例行置管引流术（置管组）,1例抽吸术后1周脓腔无明显缩小而行置管引流术（抽吸＋置管组）;同时配合静脉抗炎、全身支持治疗。结果超声引导下经皮肝穿刺细针抽吸或置管引流治疗后,患者体温恢复正常、白细胞计数恢复正常及脓腔消失时间分别为（2.8±0.6）d、（3.2±0.5）d、（14.6±4.2）d。所有患者均无并发症,术后3个月复查超声脓腔均消失,超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的治愈率为100%。结论超声引导下经皮肝穿刺细针抽吸和置管引流术具有简便经济、创伤小、并发症低、治愈率高等优点,成为细菌性肝脓肿首选治疗方法。     

Treatment of prostatic abscess: value of transrectal ultrasonographically guided needle aspiration.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of transrectal ultrasonographically guided needle aspiration in the treatment of prostatic abscess. Fourteen patients with prostatic abscess were evaluated with this technique and treated with sonographically guided needle aspiration. Using this technique, all cases (100%) had one or more hypoechoic areas within the prostate that contained inhomogeneous materials; in 10 patients (71.0%), the lesion showed internal septa or solid portion. The margins of the hypoechoic area were well defined and thick in 11 patients (79.0%) and poorly defined in 3 patients (21.0%). The estimated volume of the prostatic abscess ranged between 2 and 28 ml (mean, 12.0 ml). The presence of a pus collection within the prostate was confirmed by transrectal ultrasonographically guided aspiration in all patients. However, successful treatment of prostatic abscess with transrectal needle aspiration was done in 12 (86.0%) of 14 patients; the treatment failed in 2 (14.0%) of 14 patients. One patient was treated with perineal incision and drainage and the other with transurethral resection. The amount of pus drained ranged between 1 and 39 ml (mean, 12.0 ml). On follow-up transrectal ultrasonographic examination, no remaining abscess pocket was found within the prostate in any of the cases. One year later, the prostatic abscess recurred in one case. In conclusion, transrectal ultrasonographic guidance is useful in the diagnosis of prostatic abscess as well as in the guidance for aspiration and the drainage of such abscesses. Transrectal ultrasonographically guided needle aspiration could be an effective method for treating prostatic abscess.     

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of pyogenic splenic abscesses

This report summarizes the results of ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage procedures in eight patients with solitary (n = 6) and multiple (n = 2) splenic abscesses. Seven patients underwent a total of 15 closed-needle aspirations with local installation of antibiotic solution. In one case, catheter drainage was performed. All patients received parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Seven (88%) of the eight patients with splenic abscesses recovered completely following percutaneous drainage procedures and none of these required splenectomy later. In one patient with multiple splenic abscesses, repetitive needle aspiration was ineffective, necessitating splenectomy. The only complication associated with nonsurgical percutaneous interventions was a pleural empyema that resolved with chest tube drainage (complication rate, 13%). These results and those reported in the literature indicate that pyogenic splenic abscesses can be treated effectively by (repetitive) closed aspiration technique or catheter drainage with a relatively low rate of complications. From our experience, splenectomy should only be performed in splenic abscesses that are not accessible percutaneously and in those cases with percutaneous drainage failure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Biloma: Aspiration for diagnosis and treatment

Post-traumatic and postsurgical collections of encysted bile (biloma) can be difficult to diagnose. Certain radiographic features may suggest the diagnosis, but puncture of the cystic lesion is essential. Moreover, the lesions may be treated by percutaneous insertion of a drainage catheter without need for surgical exploration. In the last 3 1/2 years we have encountered 3 patients with this condition, 2 of whom were successfully drained by percutaneous technique. In 1 patient the overall radiographic appearance was suggestive of delayed rupture of the spleen, and the biloma was drained by simple needle aspiration intraoperatively.     

Ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses in the hands of the clinician: a multicenter Italian study

Objective: Image guided percutaneous drainage is a well established therapeutic technique. The results of these procedures, when performed directly by the clinician and under sonographic guidance, in respect to other imaging techniques are not yet clarified. Methods: The 886 cases of ultrasound guided drainage were collected from eight italian clinical institutions and the results were analyzed according to location of the abscess, drainage technique, underlying diseases, microbiological findings, immunological patient status and previous surgical intervention. Results: We observed an overall cure rate of 90.4%. The best results were obtained in hepatic abscesses, both amoebic and pyogenic (cure rate 98.7 and 94.3%). Slightly lower cure rates were obtained in abdominal and splenic abscesses, postoperative collections and severely immunocompromised patients. The frequency of complications was low (6.6%) and mostly related to catheter drainage. No drainage-related deaths occurred. Conclusions: The study confirms the high clinical efficiency and safety of ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage, even when performed directly by the clinician. The sonographic guidance showed similar efficacy, more manageability and lower costs than other imaging techniques and it should be preferred whenever possible. For hepatic abscesses, ultrasound guided needle aspiration showed good results and less complications than catheter drainage.     

Sonographically guided percutaneous treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts: long-term results

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous drainage and irrigation of hepatic hydatid cysts. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with 84 hepatic hydatid cysts were treated using the puncture, aspiration, injection, and reaspiration (PAIR) technique under sonographic guidance. Patients with cysts larger than 6 cm in diameter underwent PAIR followed by percutaneous drainage (PAIR-PD). The cysts were sterilized by the injection of 1 of 2 scolicidal agents, 20% hypertonic saline solution (38 patients) or 0.5% silver nitrate (23 patients). All patients underwent follow-up examinations for 1 month-6 years after aspiration. Clinical and radiologic examinations and laboratory analyses were performed every month for the first 6 months and then at 3-month intervals. RESULTS: Serial sonographic examinations revealed a heterogeneous echo pattern in 78 cysts (93%); a progressive decrease in diameter in 76 cysts (90%); calcification of the cyst wall, cystic contents, or both in 10 cysts (12%); and complete disappearance of 1 cyst (1%) in a patient who had been monitored for over 6 years. Five patients developed urticaria, and 6 developed fever. One patient developed a biliary fistula after the first aspiration attempt. Two patients developed infection of the cyst cavity after PAIR-PD and were successfully treated with oral antibiotics. An anaphylactic reaction developed in 2 patients and was successfully treated with antiallergenic medication. No recurrence of hydatid disease after PAIR or PAIR-PD was observed in any patient over the follow-up period of 72 months (mean, 26 +/- 27 months). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous drainage of hydatid cysts is a safe, effective, and reliable treatment. Antiallergenic medication is required before PAIR or PAIR-PD. Both sclerosing agents, hypertonic saline and silver nitrate solutions, gave excellent results.     

介入性超声在治疗腹部感染性病灶中的应用

目的：总结介入性超声对腹部感染性病灶的治疗作用。方法：对108例腹部感染病灶的142例次的介入超声方法及临床意义进行总结。结果：所有患者的病灶均经1－4次的穿刺抽吸或置管引流而痊愈好转，其中1次穿刺而治愈者占74．1％（80／108）；2次穿刺治疗率16．7％（18／108）；6．6％（7／108）患者需3－4次的穿刺治疗；仅2．8％（3／108）需手术治疗；感染病灶总治愈率97．1％（101／104）；1次穿刺成功率100％；无并发症。结论：超声引导下对腹部感染性病灶的穿刺抽吸或置管引流方法简便，费用低廉，创伤小，疗效佳，是临床首选的治疗方法。     

Infected pancreatic necrosis possibly due to combined percutaneous aspiration, cystogastric pseudocyst drainage and injection of a sclerosant

This paper reports on a patient who was treated by percutaneous aspiration, instillation of a sclerosant (polidocanol) and cystogastric drainage for a post-acute pancreatic pseudocyst. Five weeks after admission to hospital for the first episode of an acute necrotizing pancreatitis, the 60-year-old man underwent a percutaneous, ultrasound-guided puncture and aspiration of a voluminous pancreatic pseudocyst. Ten days later, recurrent fluid collection led to a second puncture, combined with the injection of polidocanol (15 ml; 1%) into the cyst cavity. Since this treatment failed, a percutaneous cystogastric drain ("double--pigtail") was inserted five days later. After developing acute abdominal pain and incipient sepsis, the patient was sent for surgical intervention twelve days after the second treatment with percutaneous aspiration and injection of polidocanol. During the operation an infected pancreatic pseudocyst with extensive contaminated necrosis of the pancreas and duodenal perforation was found. Necrectomy was performed, followed by continuous lavage of the omental bursa. Intensive care therapy was necessary for one week. Duodenal leakage persisted for nearly three weeks, the stopped spontaneously. The patient was discharged in quite a good state of health after 33 days of postoperative treatment. Although spontaneous development of infected pancreatic pseudocysts and pancreatic abscesses in necrotizing pancreatitis is known, a possible involvement of the drainage procedures, especially in combination with the injection of a sclerosant must be considered.     

Splenic abscess: Sonographic diagnosis and percutaneous drainage or aspiration

During a recent 5-year period, 12 patients with splenic abscesses were evaluated by abdominal ultrasound (US) examination. Multifocal abscesses were noted in seven patients, three of them were secondary to infectious endocarditis, three were in immunosuppressed state, and one was caused by tuberculosis. The latter four patients had developed splenic microabscesses with a diameter of <1.5 cm. The larger abscesses showed an irregular wall, weak or no internal echoes, ovoid or round in shape, and accompanied by mild to moderate distal acoustic enhancement. Wedge-shaped abscesses were typically noted in patients with infectious endocarditis and septic embolism. US-guided percutaneous drainage was done in five patients (abscesses > 4 cm). Simple aspiration in conjunction with antibiotic administration was done for seven smaller abscesses (diameter <3.5 cm) in five patients. A second drainage, either for a dislodged catheter or a recurrent abscess, was performed in two cases. All patients had uneventful clinical course following this therapeutic approach.     

CT引导下注射无水乙醇治疗肾囊肿

目的 总结CT引导下穿刺注射无水乙醇治疗肾囊肿的经验。方法 收集有随访病例45例62个肾囊肿经皮穿刺抽吸后注射无水乙醇治疗。囊肿直径4～13cm。用18～20G Chiba抽吸针穿刺抽吸，抽出囊液为25～690ml。注入99．7％的无水乙醇，乙醇量以抽出囊液的25％为宜。结果 本组随访时间2个月～2年，本组资料显示有效率达96．77％(60／62)。囊腔缩小2／3以上者达72．58％(45／62)，其中囊腔消失者37个，占所有囊肿数的59．68％。并发症为局部疼痛，无严重并发症。结论 CT引导下注射无水乙醇治疗肾囊肿是一种微创，并发症低，值得推广的治疗方法。     

Limited usefulness of carbon dioxide as a contrast agent for cholangiography

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) was unsuccessfully used as a biliary contrast agent in 9 of 10 patients undergoing percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography prior to biliary drainage. The technique involved hand injection of 10–20 cc CO₂ through the Chiba needle in an attempt to fill preferentially the anterior biliary radicals. Although CO₂ remains a useful agent in many instances, paricularly for percutaneous nephrostomy, its usefulness in the biliary tract is severely limited.     

Percutaneous transhepatic insertion of a permanent endoprosthesis in obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts

A Teflon endoprosthesis for permanent bile drainage was inserted in 13 patients following percutaneous transhepatic puncture and catheterization of the bile duct system. Twelve patients had extrahepatic cholestasis because of a malignant tumor, whereas one patient had chronic inflammation involving the hepatoduodenal ligament (secondary to Crohn's disease) with obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts. The drainage periods varied from 1 week to 8 months. The endoprosthesis was regarded as partially effective in seven patients whereas in six cases the drainage through the endoprosthesis was insufficient and external bile drainage through a percutaneous transhepatic catheter was necessary. Infection of the bile duct system during the drainage period with a percutaneous transhepatic catheter and/or bile duct endoprosthesis occurred in 10 patients. Spontaneous dislocation of the endoprosthesis occurred in varying degrees in five patients. One patient developed an intrahepatic aneurysm adjacent to the puncture tract and died because of liver insufficiency following therapeutic embolization of the aneurysm and most of the hepatic arteries by injection of gelfoam particles into the common hepatic artery. Patients in whom palliative treatment by insertion of a permanent bile duct endoprosthesis may be suitable were defined.     

Combined hepatic angiography and percutaneous aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of primary hepatic neoplasm

This article describes the application of percutaneous needle biopsy of hepatic neoplasms in conjunction with hepatic angiography in 10 adult patients. The use of a modified skinny needle permitted successful aspiration biopsy of the liver in all cases, irrespective of the degree of tumor vascularity on hepatic angiograms. The specimens were adequate for pathological diagnosis, and no complications were encountered in this series.