上海3岁儿童龋病状况的多因素方差分析

目的：了解和调查上海市3岁儿童的龋病状况及其相关影响因素。方法：对上海市452名3岁儿童进行龋病状况调查。龋病状况采用由世界卫生组织所推荐的龋失补指数（dmft）来评估。通过问卷调查来收集口腔健康相关的行为、知识和态度等信息。通过多因素方差分析得出与龋病状况相关的影响因素。结果：调查对象的患龋率为39．8％,龋均为1．63（标准差为2．80）。多因素方差分析的结果显示,郊区儿童、经常含奶瓶睡觉的儿童、每天吃甜点2次及以上的儿童和过去1年内有口腔就医行为的儿童具有较高的dmft指数（P〈0．05）。结论：3岁儿童的患龋水平较低,居住地、喂养习惯、饮食习惯和口腔就医行为是影响他们龋病状况的主要因素。     

南京市城区重度婴幼儿龋危险因素初探

目的调查南京主城区重度婴幼儿龋的流行情况及危险因素。方法使用口镜和探针对356名3～5岁儿童进行口腔检查并对家长进行问卷调查,记录有关喂养、饮食等方面的信息。数据先行单因素分析,后通过建立多元Logistic回归模型进行筛选。结果重度婴幼儿龋的患病率为39.6%,筛选出的危险因素为:年龄、儿童平时的看护人、断奶时间、夜间喂养行为、裹饭习惯及开始刷牙的年龄。结论南京地区3～5岁儿童重度婴幼儿龋的患病率较高,需加强和开展各项早期预防工作。     

1,015名3—6岁全托、半托幼儿龋病发病情况调查报告

龋病是危害人体健康的常见病、多发病之一。儿童尤其严重。其发病与口腔卫生、饮食习惯关系密切。1986年我们对武汉市三所幼儿园的全托和半托幼儿进行乳牙龋病发病情况的调查。并就其刷牙习惯和含糖饮食的摄入情况与乳牙龋病发病的关系进行了分析讨论。材料和方法调查对象为1015名3～6岁幼儿。其中全托幼儿413名,全托的时间均在一年以上,半托幼儿602名。检查方法:主要依靠视诊和探诊,少数参考X线摄片检查。对缺失牙及六龄齿未计入龋齿调查。按国内统一标准,将龋分为五度。如果一个牙有几处龋,则龋的分度按最重的记录。结果一、3～6岁413名全托幼儿与3～6岁602名半托幼儿乳牙患龋率及龋均的比较。详见表1。     

上海市1296名3~5岁儿童龋病及其相关危险因素分析

目的 了解上海市3~5岁儿童低龄儿童龋患病情况及相关危险因素,为龋病防治提供参考。方法 根据第4次全国口腔健康流行病学调查要求,采用多阶段分层、等容量随机抽样方法,抽取上海市1 296名4个区、12个幼儿园中3~5岁儿童进行龋病检查,对其家长进行口腔健康知识问卷调查。采用SPSS 21.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果 上海市3~5岁儿童的乳牙患龋率、龋均分别为58.07%、2.99,各年龄组及性别间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。龋病相关单因素分析及多因素Logistics回归分析均显示,饮用甜饮料频率高、睡前吃甜食、刷牙频率少于每天1次、开始刷牙年龄大于2岁、家长受教育程度低及口腔健康知识水平差是患龋的危险因素。结论 上海市3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋率较高,加强儿童的饮食习惯及口腔卫生行为教育,提高家长口腔健康知识水平,是防治儿童龋病的有效途径。     

幼儿龋病危险因素的多重线性分析

目的：通过对幼儿龋病各种可能致病因素多元逐步回归分析，探讨可能致龋的主要因素和回归分析多重线性分析在龋病中的应用。方法：对幼儿龋病的有关因素如父母文化程度、喂养方式、饮食情况、刷牙情况和患龋情况填表调查、计算机ＳＡＳ软件多元回归和共线性诊断分析。结果：显示５种变量在回归分析中均有较显著的意义。多元回归分析能够减少其它方法分析的误差。结论：幼儿患龋受多因素影响，其预防也应是综合性的。     

上海市幼儿乳牙龋病的变化趋势——同一幼儿园4年追踪调查

目的了解本世纪初上海市幼儿牙患龋状况的动向和特点。方法以上海市区同一所幼儿园2～5岁幼儿为对象，连续4年进行龋病检查，计算患龋率、受检者龋均（DFT）和龋蚀严重度指数（CSI），并对140名（2岁54名，3岁86名）幼儿追踪3年，每隔1年观察患龋状况之增量。结果该幼儿园幼儿乳牙的患龋率、DFT和CSI在4年中总体无明显变化；每年的患龋状况均随年龄增长而加剧。140名同一个体幼儿组的患龋状况均呈逐年加剧，前后两次的增量间，总体和各年龄组均无明显差异：首次增量中，2岁组的患龋率增量明显高于3岁组，其它各项增量在两年龄组间并无差异。结论该所幼儿园幼儿乳牙患龋状况4年间无明显改变，从2岁到3岁患龋率增加明显，提示龋病防治工作从2岁开始就应加强。     

上海嘉定区582例2~3岁儿童乳牙龋病及相关因素分析

目的 分析上海嘉定区2～3岁儿童乳牙龋病及相关因素,为开展学龄前儿童的龋病防治工作提供依据,降低乳牙龋病发病率.方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法,对嘉定区2个社区的582例2～3岁儿童进行口腔检查,检查内容包括乳牙萌出情况及龋患情况,并对其家长进行问卷调查,包括幼儿的口腔卫生行为和饮食习惯等,调查数据采用SPSS20.0软件进行统计分析.结果 582例受检儿童中,患龋率48.45％,龋均为2.21,男女患龋率分别为50.00％和46.81％,男性高于女性,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001).随着日刷牙次数的增加,乳牙患龋率明显下降(P＜0.05).乳牙龋与喂养方式有关,完全母乳患龋率最低39.55％,人工喂养患龋率最高60.54％.结论 嘉定区2～3岁儿童乳牙龋病严重,每日糖摄入次数,刷牙次数和喂养方式与龋病密切相关,应加强龋病防治措施.     

上海市幼儿猛性龋危险因素的流行病学研究

目的 探讨幼儿猛性龋的危险因素,为临床防治提供依据。方法 在现况调查基础上应用病例对照研究和Logistic回归分析,观察与幼儿猛性龋可能相关的危险因素。结果 猛性龋的危险因素有：过多摄入致龋性食物习惯和奶瓶喂养时牛奶中加糖;随着母乳喂养持续时间增加,患猛性龋危害性也增加。结论 过多摄入致龋食物的不良习惯和婴儿时喂养方式不当,是幼儿猛性龋的重要危险因素。     

济宁市学龄前儿童龋病发生相关因素的调查分析

目的研究影响学龄前儿童龋病发生的相关因素。方法对济宁市两城区8个幼儿园1 875名3～6岁学龄前儿童进行龋病检查,并对儿童家长进行问卷调查,调查内容包括儿童出生状况、喂养方式和父母患龋情况等。结果1 875名学龄前儿童中,121名为早产儿,1 754名为足月儿,早产儿和足月儿的患龋率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=20.16,P〈0.01）。1 125名儿童的家长在喂养时有加糖习惯,750名儿童的家长在喂养时无加糖习惯,喂养时加糖的儿童和喂养时不加糖的儿童患龋率的差异有统计学意义（χ^2=37.62,P〈0.01）。父母双方均患龋的儿童341名,父母单方患龋的儿童784名,父母双方均无龋的儿童750名。父母双方均患龋的儿童和父母单方患龋的儿童的乳牙患龋率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.77,P〈0.05）,父母双方均患龋的儿童和父母双方均无龋的儿童的乳牙患龋率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=45.79,P〈0.01）,父母单方患龋的儿童与父母双方均无龋的儿童的乳牙患龋率差异也有统计学意义（χ^2=17.79,P〈0.01）。结论出生状况、喂养方式、父母患龋情况与学龄前儿童乳牙患龋明显相关。     

广州市海珠区6岁儿童患龋的家庭影响因素

目的:探讨儿童龋病形成的家庭相关因素,为龋病预防提供参考.方法:①采用横断面研究对广州市海珠区1 042名6岁儿童进行口腔检查,了解患龋情况;②对儿童家长进行封闭式问卷调查,主要了解儿童饮食、口腔卫生习惯,家长对口腔保健的知、信、行等内容.结果:1042名受检儿童中,患龋526人,其中男性273人,女性253人,龋损率(50.4％),龋均3.12.儿童日常饮食种类及口腔卫生习惯与其患龋相关;家长口腔保健的知、信、行与儿童患龋相关.结论:减少含糖食品的摄入频率,少吃零食;培养儿童良好的口腔卫生习惯;加大对儿童家长口腔健康教育的力度,是预防儿童龋病的重要措施.     

Early childhood caries: prevalence and risk factors in Seoul,Korea

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), including noncavitated lesions (d1), in children 6-59 months of age in relation to socioeconomic factors, feeding practices, and oral health behaviors in Seoul, Korea. METHODS: The children attended child care facilities and were selected from 32 primary sampling units. Two dentists examined 470 children. Parents of 383 of the subjects were interviewed by phone regarding caries risk factors. RESULTS: For children 6-59 months of age, the prevalence of ECC and severe ECC were 56.5 percent and 47.0 percent respectively. In bivariate analysis, the children whose nursing bottle contained sweetened solution had higher severe ECC prevalence (P=.035), and children whose parents reported a lower frequency of between-meal snacks showed lower ECC prevalence (P=.046). By logistic regression analysis, age and frequency of between-meal snacks were associated with the prevalence of ECC (P<.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of ECC was high among children in Seoul. Early educational intervention programs for pregnant women and mothers of young children should be developed based on the risk factors identified in this study.     

Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries Among Very Young Urban Boston Children Compared with US Children

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 1- to 3-year-old children seeing primary-care pediatricians at two urban medical centers in Boston to the prevalence of ECC in similarly aged US children surveyed as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and to assess risk factors for ECC among this cohort of children compared with risk factors among similarly aged US children. Methods: Characteristics of 787 1- to 3-year-old children from two urban Boston medical centers were compared with those of 3,644 similarly aged US children surveyed as part of NHANES III. Demographic and social characteristics and ECC prevalence by putative risk factors were compared. A multiple logistic regression model was fit to assess putative risk factors and difference between groups simultaneously. Results: Race, age, previous dental visit, parents' education, and household income were significantly associated with ECC prevalence. Parents' place of birth was a significant effect modifier with lower ECC among Boston children of immigrants than among US children of immigrants. Conclusions: Lower ECC prevalence among urban Boston children of immigrant parents compared with US children of immigrant parents may reflect changing immigrant composition in the United States since NHANES III or a different immigrant composition in the Boston area compared with the United States. This finding reinforces the need for further research of immigrants in order to understand cultural practices that may affect oral health. Finally, low ECC prevalence among very young children reinforces the importance of early intervention in reducing ECC.     

RISK PREDICTORS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES INCREMENT—A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

This systematic review aimed to investigate the risk predictors of caries in primary teeth and evaluate their association with the increment of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) among preschool children. This systematic review included only cohort or case-control studies of at least 2 years duration, over 300 participants and with English full-text. Potentially eligible studies were retrieved from 4 electronic databases (Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE; PubMed, Web of Science) from inception to March 1, 2021. Independent screening and data extraction by 2 reviewers to identify factors associated with ECC increment, including family and socioeconomic factors, dietary and oral health-related habits, and clinical parameters. A total of 18 studies from 163 potential reports were included, involving 1,159,226 preschool children. Lower parental education attainment was found associated with ECC increment (WMD:0.87; 95% CI 0.52, 1.21); whereas immigration status (WMD:-0.38; 95% CI -1.09, 0.34), gender (WMD:-0.02; 95% CI -0.28, 0.24), and dental service utilization (WMD:0.35; 95% CI -0.10, 0.79) were not significant factors for ECC increment. All included studies consistently suggested positive correlations between ECC increment and baseline caries experience, plaque level, cariogenic microorganisms, and prenatal and passive smoking, while mixed findings were detected between ECC increment with dietary and oral hygiene practices. Preschool children whose parents have low education level are more likely to have greater increment of ECC over 2 years. Existing caries lesions, increased dental plaque level, cariogenic microorganisms, prenatal or passive smoking were also consistently identified as risk factors for ECC in all reviewed studies. This systematic review highlights specific risk factors to target for the prevention of ECC and supports implementing more oral health promotion for preschool children with parents of lower educational attainment.     

南京市低龄儿童龋风险的影响因素研究

目的 分析低龄儿童龋风险的影响因素,完善低龄儿童龋风险评估模型,以便辅助诊断低龄儿童龋,提供有效的预防及治疗建议。方法 收集来自南京医科大学附属口腔医院儿童牙病预防科临床就诊患者的基线资料,使用CPI探针检查全口牙齿状况,对儿童家长进行问卷调查。所有儿童采集静脉血5 mL。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归进行相关因素分析。结果 本研究纳入199例龋高风险儿童,多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,血液中总蛋白比值比（Odds ratio,OR）=1.092,95%可信区间（Confidence interval,CI)：1.034~1.155、血清钾（OR=2.175,95%CI：1.056~4.48）、二氧化碳（OR=1.32,95%CI：1.194~1.459）及磷酸肌酸激酶水平（OR=1.007,95%CI：1.001~1.014）与低龄儿童龋风险相关。结论 龋高风险儿童血检生化指标中总蛋白、血清钾、二氧化碳及磷酸肌酸激酶水平均高于无龋儿童,提示这些指标均可能是低龄儿童龋风险的影响因素。     

南京市低龄儿童龋相关危险因素初步研究

目的:研究南京市低龄儿童龋相关危险因素.方法:调查南京市某幼儿园共342例3～5岁儿童口腔健康状况,通过问卷调查收集基线资料,采用横断面研究方法探讨各因素的影响.结果:205例诊断为低龄儿童龋,患龋率为60.0％,其中119例诊断为重度低龄儿童龋,患病率为34.8％.简化软垢指数、菌斑指数、菌斑产酸能力、深点隙裂沟、母...     

Determining the prevalence and risk factors for early childhood caries in a community dental health clinic

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) among young children accessing dental services at a community dental clinic; (2) identify factors associated with the presence of ECC; and (3) determine the percentage of children who received treatment for ECC in this setting and the number who required referral to specialists. METHODS: The study population comprised children younger than 72 months attending the clinic between 1991 and 2004. A chart review was conducted. RESULTS: Eight hundred thirty-four charts met inclusion criteria; 71% had ECC, while the mean deft was 3.7+/-3.9 (SD). The average age at the first visit was 50.0+/-12.7 (SD) months. Those with ECC were significantly older at the first visit (P<.001), and the prevalence increased with family size (P=.011) and number of siblings (P=.019). ECC children were significantly more likely to come from households with lower monthly incomes (P=.033). The prevalence of ECC did not vary according to specific areas in Winnipeg where children resided (P=.20). CONCLUSIONS: Key risk factors for ECC included: (1) the child's sex; (2) low monthly income; (3) whether the child resided with both parents; and (4) a history of foiled dental visits. These data may assist in identifying children at greatest risk for ECC and may help public health agencies develop appropriate prevention strategies, including promoting early dental visits for infants.     

Determinants of early childhood caries (ECC) in a rural Manitoba community: a pilot study

PURPOSE: Preschool oral health is often overlooked as an important aspect of childhood health and well-being. The purposes of this study were to: (1) determine the dental status of 3-year-old children in the community of Carman, Manitoba, Canada; and (2) identify the principal determinants of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in 2 consecutive years. METHODS: All children and mothers attending a preschool health screening fair were invited to participate. Study procedures included a retrospective interview with parents and dental examination of the child. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, chi-square, and multiple regression. A P value of <.05 denoted significance. RESULTS: A total of 61 children participated (mean age=45.7+/-3.4 months). The prevalence of ECC was 44%, while the mean deft was 2+/-3.3. Increased caries activity and ECC were associated with lower maternal level of education (P<.01). Family size was associated with deft scores (P=.03) while the presence of debris was also associated with ECC (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: ECC prevalence among these 3-year-olds is less than exhibited among other Canadian preschool children. Factors associated with ECC included debris on the primary teeth and low maternal education. Factors most associated with increased caries activity included low maternal education and increased family size. In addition, parents were able to reliably assess their child's dental health status. Larger epidemiological studies of ECC are needed to better assess prevalence and risk factors. Such data may, therefore, assist in identifying those children at greatest risk for ECC. It may also help in the redirection of scarce resources to effective preventive oral health interventions, as these children have an increased caries burden along the continuum of childhood.     

Prevention of early childhood caries

This paper reviews the methods used for the prevention of early childhood caries (ECC). The education of mothers or caregivers to promote healthy dietary habits in infants has been the main strategy used for the prevention of ECC. This review found that education has a modest impact on the development of ECC. While education should be promoted especially in high risk communities and population groups (low-income families and native populations), it should not be the only preventive strategy of ECC. Early screening for signs of caries development, starting from the first year of life, could identify infants and toddlers who are at risk of developing ECC and assist in providing information to parents about how to promote oral health and prevent the development of tooth decay. High risk children include those with early signs of ECC, poor oral hygiene, limited exposure to fluorides, and frequent exposure to sugary snacks and drinks. These children should be targeted with a professional preventive program that includes fluoride varnish application, fluoridated dentifrices, fluoride supplements, sealants, diet counseling, and chlorhexidine. Prevention of ECC also requires addressing the social and economic factors that face many families where ECC is endemic.     

Determinants of early childhood caries in low-income African American young children

PURPOSE: The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the association between early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) and social, dietary, and behavioral risk factors. METHODS: A representative sample of low-income 0- to 5-year-old children was selected from Detroit. Children and their caregivers were examined for the presence and severity of dental caries. Trained interviewers administered questionnaires assessing social, dietary, and behavioral factors. RESULTS: A total of 1,021 child and caregiver dyads were examined in wave 1. Of these, 788 (77%) were re-examined in wave 2. ECC and S-ECC were highly prevalent in this cohort By 2 years of age, 7% of the children had ECC without S-ECC (ECC-only) and 27% had S-ECC. The regression model found that age of the child and caregiver, child's gender, and caregivers' fatalistic oral health beliefs were significantly associated with higher odds ratios of developing ECC-only and S-ECC. Consumption of soda beverages was associated with developing S-ECC. Religiosity was protective against ECC-and S-ECC. CONCLUSIONS: Early childhood caries and severe early childhood caries are highly prevalent in low-income African American children. Intake of soda beverages by the children and the caregivers' fatalistic oral health beliefs and religiosity were significant determinants of ECC and S-ECC.