孤立性脊柱椎弓结核的临床特点及诊断治疗

目的探讨脊柱椎弓结核的临床特点及诊断与治疗。方法对１９５６～１９９６年收治的３８２５例脊椎结核中的１７例椎弓结核的临床表现及治疗进行回顾性分析。结果１７例椎弓结核中除１例为２岁儿童外，余均为青壮年，早期症状不典型，仅有局部固定性疼痛和压痛，以后有脓肿瘘管和神经系统症状出现。均经病史、体征、影像学检查及细菌学检查综合诊断，其中仅１例误诊。１７例中１例行抗结核药物化疗，１６例在抗结核药物化疗下行椎弓病灶清除术，其中４例伴有神经系统症状者同期作了椎板切除减压治疗。结果全部治愈，经随访无１例复发。结论椎弓结核早期症状较隐匿不易诊断，但限局性疼痛及Ｘ线、ＣＴ、磁共振（ＭＲＩ）等检查对该症的早期诊断极有帮助，脓肿穿刺、抗酸染色涂片检查常能明确诊断。手术是椎弓结核治疗的重要手段     

The clinical spectrum of osteoarticular tuberculosis in non-human immunodeficiency virus patients in a defined area of northwestern Spain (1988-1997)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency and clinical manifestations of osteoarticular tuberculosis in non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients during the past 10 years in a northwestern area of Spain. METHODS: The charts of all patients older than 14 years of age, not HIV-infected, and diagnosed as having osteoarticular tuberculosis at the Xeral-Calde Hospital from 1988 through 1997 were reviewed. All patients were residents of the region of Lugo. The diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis was made on the basis of a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from synovial fluid, joint tissue or paravertebral abscess or by histological findings of caseating granulomas in biopsied tissue. RESULTS: Thirty-two HIV-negative patients (20 men and 12 women) were diagnosed with osteoarticular tuberculosis. The average annual incidence rate of osteoarticular tuberculosis in the combined (male and female) non-HIV population > or = 15 years of age was 15.68/million (95% CI: 10.25; 21.11); males 20.02/million (95% CI: 11.25; 28.79); females 11.52/million (95% CI: 5.00; 18.03). The age at the time of diagnosis was 60.8 +/- 17.5 years. Peripheral monoarthritis was observed in 16 of the 32 cases. The knee was the most frequent site of peripheral tuberculous arthritis (31%), but involvement of the non-weight-bearing joints (50%) was also common. Spondylitis involving the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae (31%) and unilateral sacroiliitis (19%) were less commonly observed. In general, patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis had a long duration of symptoms of the disease prior to the diagnosis (median: 5.5 months). The tuberculin skin test was negative in 3 cases. Chest radiograph was abnormal in only 6 of 32 patients (19%). The ESR (mean +/- SD) at the time of diagnosis was 55.7 +/- 29.0 mm/hr. Computed tomography was very useful in detecting early involvement of the sacroiliac joints and in defining the extent of the abscesses and the severity of the involvement in patients with spondylitis. All patients received chemotherapy for tuberculosis. None of them suffered relapses of tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis is a major source of osteoarticular complications in northwestern Spain. The prevailing low level of clinical suspicion may explain the long delay to the diagnosis in most patients. A greater awareness of the possibility of this severe complication, especially in the elderly people or in high-risk populations, would be advisable.     

老年人脊柱结核的影像表现特点

目的：分析老年人脊柱结核在放射影像上的表现特点。方法：26例老年脊柱结核患者全部进行了X线平片检查，9例CT检查，6例MRI检查，11例同时进行了CT和MRI检查；并与30例非老年脊柱结核患者的影像表现对比分析。结果：老年组均可见椎体骨质破坏和椎间隙变窄；20例CT检查，16例有椎旁脓肿形成，5例椎体内有小的高密度死骨；17例MRI检查，3例有明显椎旁脓肿，11例可见椎旁小脓肿形成。结论：老年人脊柱结核有时在影像上表现不典型，椎体骨质破坏主要位于靠近椎体终板处，一般累及相邻两个以上椎体和椎间盘，即使发现很小的椎旁脓肿也是结核病的重要诊断依据。     

结核感染T细胞斑点试验在不同患者群中的检测结果分析

目的 探讨影响结核感染T细胞斑点试验(T-SPOT.TB)检测结果的因素。方法收集2014年5月至2015年4月同济大学附属上海市肺科医院共1537例住院患者的临床资料。以《临床诊疗指南:结核病分册》的标准将患者分为临床诊断结核病组(1159例)和临床诊断非结核病组(378例);再经病原学诊断及随访排除不能做出最终诊断的39例患者后,将患者分为结核病组(1103例;包括经分枝杆菌培养及菌种鉴定确诊的229例和最终临床诊断的874例)和非结核病组(395例;包括既往有结核病史或肺部存在陈旧性病灶者94例,无病史者301例);1103例结核病组患者中,肺结核557例,结核性胸膜炎107例,淋巴结结核16例,骨关节结核51例,脑结核7例,多组织器官结核363例,其他肺外结核2例;395例非结核病组患者中,经分枝杆菌培养及菌种鉴定确诊的非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)感染患者93例。回顾性分析临床诊断结核病组和结核病组患者T-SPOT.TB检测结果的敏感度、特异度,结核病组与非结核病组患者T-SPOT.TB检测反应强度,不同结核病类型T-SPOT.TB检测阳性率,以及NTM感染患者与结核病患者的年龄差异。结果 (1)临床诊断结核病组T-SPOT.TB检测的敏感度为81.97% (950/1159)、特异度为53.44%(202/378);结核病组T-SPOT.TB检测的敏感度为83.77%(924/1103)、特异度为54.43%(215/395);结核病组中抗酸染色阳性患者T-SPOT.TB检测阳性率为90.73%(235/259);培养阳性患者T-SPOT.TB检测阳性率为92.58%(212/229)。(2)非结核病组有结核病史或肺部显示陈旧性结核病灶的患者与无病史者T-SPOT.TB检测的阳性率分别为69.15%(65/94)和38.21%(115/301),两组间差异有统计学意义(χ ²=27.65,P=0.000)。(3)结核病组与非结核病组T-SPOT.TB检测结果以斑点计数表示反应强度,结核病组对A、B抗原刺激出现阳性反应(斑点数≥1)的患者中,明显阳性及超强阳性(斑点数≥11)的比率分别为69.81%(652/934)和69.67%(627/900),明显高于非结核病组[分别为46.83%(96/205)和46.63%(83/178)];经曼-惠特尼秩和检验,差异有统计学意义(Z值分别为-14.20、-14.63,P值均<0.01)。(4)1103例结核病组患者中,T-SPOT.TB检测阳性率以淋巴结结核(87.50%,14/16)为最高,随后依次为多组织器官结核(87.33%,317/363)、肺结核(86.54%,482/557)、结核性胸膜炎(74.77%,80/107),脑结核(57.14%,4/7)和骨关节结核(50.98%,26/51)相对较低。(5)T-SPOT.TB检测阳性的NTM感染患者的平均年龄[(53.61±18.43)岁]较T-SPOT.TB检测阳性的确诊结核病患者[(44.98±18.88)岁]高,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.63,P=0.009)。结论 T-SPOT.TB检测结果受结核病诊断依据、痰菌量、既往结核病史或肺部陈旧性结核病灶、NTM感染、结核病灶存在的部位等多种因素的影响;T-SPOT.TB检测用于指导结核病诊断时,需综合考虑各项因素。     

Abdominal tuberculosis in children. Report of 10 cases

BACKGROUND: Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare location of this infection with a lot of diagnostic difficulties. The aim of this study was to review our experience of pediatric abdominal tuberculosis with that of the literature data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted over a 7-year period; 10 cases of abdominal tuberculosis in children were reviewed (6 girls and 4 boys, mean age: 11 years, extremes 4-14). Eight patients enrolled in this study satisfied the following criteria: a positive culture for mycobacterium tuberculosis on samples of ascites fluid, sputum, urine, abscess puncture and/or caseating granulomas on histologic examination of biopsies obtained by endoscopy, percutaneous aspiration or needle biopsy or exploratory laparotomy. Two other patients (patients No 1 & 5) had a favorable response within 10 weeks of antituberculous therapy. RESULTS: We observed 8 cases of peritoneal tuberculosis and 2 cases of intestinal tuberculosis. Extra-abdominal tuberculosis was found in 4 of those patients. Two patients had a contact with a tuberculosis positive individual. Nine children had BCG immunization. The main clinical features were abdominal distension (6 cases) and abdominal pain (6 cases). Abdominal ultrasonography visualized mesenteric lymphadenopathies (6 cases), an abdominal mass (5 cases), free (1 case) and localized ascites (1 case). Barium enema and small bowell series showed small bowel stenosis (1 case) and ileal ulcerations (1 case). Exploratory laparotomy, performed in 3 patients, showed whitish granulations and peritoneal abscesses with caseous necrosis on histology. Quadruple therapy with tuberculostatic agents was prescribed in all patients, associating isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide combined at the start of the treatment with streptomycin (7 cases) and ethambutol (3 cases). Short term outcome was favorable with no deaths. The long term outcome was complicated by persistent ascites (1 case) and the development of portal hypertension (1 case). CONCLUSION: Abdominal tuberculosis remains a rare localization with a lot of diagnostic difficulties.     

Vertebral osteomyelitis in northern Spain. Report of 62 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The records of 62 patients with clinical and radiographic evidence of vertebral osteomyelitis and positive bacteriological diagnosis, seen between 1979 and 1996, were reviewed in order to gather data on the epidemiology and the clinical pattern displayed by patients with this condition in northern Spain. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus (15 cases), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (15 cases) and Brucella melitensis (13 cases) were the microorganisms most frequently found in our patient series. After improvement of the sanitary and hygienic control of food products, the role of Brucella melitensis is decreasing as a causative agent (only 3 cases in the last 6 years). Staphylococcus epidermidis, present in 4 cases (6.6%), should be suspected in elderly patients with previous intravenous cannulations (3 of 4 cases). The most frequent risk factors were alcoholism (7 cases), chronic hepatic disease (7 cases), diabetes (6 cases) and previous surgery (6 cases). Delay in diagnosis was high (the mean number of days between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 125). The lumbar region was the most commonly affected site. Neurologic involvement was present in 10 patients on admission (16%). ESR was > 50 mm/hr in a high number of cases. Blood cultures were found to be the most valuable routine test. Plain x-rays were normal in 10 patients (16%); in 6 of them Staphylococcus aureus was the responsible organism. Other imaging modalities showed a high sensitivity. Surgical drainage was necessary in 12 individuals (in 7 due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Outcome was good in the majority of cases: only 2 patients with associated endocarditis died. Neurologic sequelae were present in another 3 patients. CONCLUSION: Vertebral osteomyelitis can be caused by a variety of pathogens. Therefore, bacteriological studies are necessary to establish the etiologic diagnosis and determine the specific antimicrobial treatment required.     

Tuberculosis of pancreas and peripancreatic lymph nodes in immunocompetent patients： experience from China

AIM: To determine the clinical, radiographic and laboratory characteristics, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic variables in immunocompetent patients with tuberculosis (TB) of the pancreas and peripancreatic lymph nodes. METHODS: The records of 16 patients (6 male, 10 female;mean age 37 years, range 18-56years) with tuberculosis of the pancreas and peripancreatic lymph nodes from 1983 to 2001 in the Southwest Hospital were analyzed retrospectively.In addition, 58 similar cases published in Chinese literature were reviewed and summarized. We reviewed the clinical,radiographic and laboratory findings, diagnostic methods,therapeutic approaches, and outcome in the patients. Criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatic tuberculosis were the presence of granuloma in histological sections or the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Predominant symptoms consisted of abdominal nodule and pain (75 ％), anorexia/weight loss (69 ％),malaise/weakness (64 ％), fever and night sweats (50 ％),back pain (38 ％) and jaundice (31％). Swelling of the head of the pancreas with heterogeneous attenuation echo was detected with ultrasound in 75 ％ (12/16). CT scan showed pancreatic mass with heterogeneous hypodensity focus in all patients, with calcification in 56 ％ (9/16) patients, and peripancreatic nodules in 38 ％ (6/16)patients. Anemia and lymphocytopenia were seen in 50 ％(8/16) patients, and pancytopenia occurred in 13 ％ (2/16) patients. Hypertransaminasemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase (AP) and GGT were seen in 56 ％ (9/16)patients. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was elevated in 69 ％ (11/16) cases. Granulomas were found in 75 ％ (12/16) cases, and in 38 ％ (6/16) cases caseous necrosis tissue was found. Laparotomy was performed in 75 ％ (12/16) cases, and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) was done in 63 ％ (10 of 16). The most commonly used combinations of medications were isoniazid/rifampin/streptomycin (63 ％, n=10) and isoniazid/rifampin pyrazinamide/streptomycin or ethambutol (38 ％, n=6). The duration of treatment lasted for half or one year and treatment was successful in all cases. The characteristics of 58 cases from Chinese literature were also summarized. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis of the pancreas and peripancreatic lymph nodes should be considered as a diagnostic possibility in patients presenting with a pancreatic mass, and diagnosis without laparotomy is possible if only doctors are aware of its clinical features and investigate it with appropriate modalities. Pancreatic tuberculosis can be effectively cured by antituberculous drugs.     

653例胸椎结核临床特点分析

目的 分析胸椎结核临床特点。方法 回顾性收集并分析2011年1月至2018年12月首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院诊断为胸椎结核的653例患者病案首页临床资料,包括人口学特征、临床表现、病理组织及实验室检查、手术方案选择等。结果 653例胸椎结核患者的发病年龄较大[49.0(30.0,62.0)岁]、病程较长[6.0(3.0,12.0)个月]、背痛者较多[78.1%(510/653)],主要依靠组织病理诊断[81.0%(417/515)]。外埠患者[65.7%(429/653)]多于本埠患者[34.3%(224/653)],且本埠65岁及以上老年患者发病率[34.8%(78/224)]高于外埠患者[14.0%(60/429)](χ²=38.330,P<0.001)。中、下段胸椎受累达91.4%(597/653),累及2个椎体者最多[69.5%(454/653)],其次为3个及以上椎体者[28.2%(184/653)],截瘫患者达30.5%(199/653),接受手术治疗者达83.2%(543/653),其中术后出现并发症者99例(18.2%)。截瘫患者入院时血红细胞沉降率[35.0(16.0,66.3)mm/1h]、贫血[36.7%(73/199)]、接受手术时间[210.0(168.5,250.0)min]和术中出血量[600.0(400.0,1000.0)ml]均明显高于非截瘫组[27.0(11.0,55.5)mm/1h、24.7%(112/454)、201.0(150.0,240.0)min、500.0(400.0,800.0)ml](Z=-2.867,P=0.004;χ²=9.835,P=0.002;Z=-2.494,P=0.013;Z=-3.182,P<0.001)。最终术后出现并发症者经积极处理均痊愈,好转出院581例(89.0%),转往其他医疗机构继续康复或治疗基础疾病61例(9.3%),截瘫未愈8例(1.2%),死亡3例(0.5%)。结论 胸椎结核发病年龄较大,病程较长,中下胸椎受累及累及2个及以上椎体多见,病理是主要的确诊方式。手术是胸椎结核的重要治疗手段,截瘫患者病情较重,手术难度增加,但总体治疗效果良好。     

肾结核CT检查的临床意义

目的 探讨CT检查对肾结核患者的临床意义。方法 回顾性分析42例肾结核患者的CT及临床资料（其中16例有IVP结果）。结果 单侧肾结核34例，双侧8例，即患肾共50个。典型CT表现有肾实质内围绕肾盂排列的多个囊状低密度区相邻肾皮质变薄（34／50），肾盂输尿管管壁增厚及管腔扩张积水（22／50），肾实质钙化（8／50）。不典型表现有肾实质内单或多发直径小于1cm左右略低于密度结节（6／50）。30例增强CT扫描示，患肾有不同程度强化，其CT上升值在20－120HU之间。腹腔大量淋巴结钙化者2例；合并肝、脾结核4例；腰椎结核骨质破坏并椎旁肿肿6例；合并后腹壁结核脓肿1例。结论 CT检查不仅可用于肾结核的诊断，同时可明确患肾功能、破坏程度、患肾周围情况以及是否合并腹腔其它脏器结核，为临床提供更多更有价值的参考资料。     

Peritoneal Tuberculosis: Laparoscopic Patterns and Its Diagnostic Accuracy

We report laparoscopic findings in 38 proven cases of peritoneal tuberculosis. The laparoscopic appearances can be classified into three types: thickened peritoneum with miliary yellowish white tubercles with or without adhesions (n = 25), only thickened peritoneum with or without adhesions (n = 8), and fibroadhesive pattern (n = 5). Biopsies were avoided from fibroadhesive lesions due to risk of complications. Visual diagnosis was accurate in 95% of patients. In comparison, in 27 (82%) of 33 patients, the examination enabled a histologic diagnosis to he made on the basis of typical granulomas. The combined use of guinea pig inoculation and culture isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis in six (37.5%) of 16 patients. Mycobacteria were scarcely (3%) seen on histological sections. We conclude that, although target biopsy is an effective method of obtaining an early diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis, chemotherapy may be started on the basis of visual laparoscopic appearances alone.     

超声造影引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在菌阴疑似肺结核患者诊断中的价值

目的 探讨超声造影引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对菌阴疑似肺结核诊断的应用价值。方法 选取2018年1—12月同济大学附属上海市肺科医院收治的菌阴疑似肺结核、且行超声造影引导下经皮肺穿刺活检的患者56例。归纳总结常规超声及超声造影表现、坏死的检出率、穿刺活检的阳性率及术后并发症情况。结果 56例患者超声造影引导下经皮肺穿刺活检阳性率为78.6%(44/56),其中确诊肺结核35例(79.5%,35/44),非结核分枝杆菌病2例,肺癌2例,肺炎5例,未得到阳性结果患者12例(经临床诊断性抗结核药物治疗确诊为肺结核)。超声造影对肺结核病灶内部坏死的检出率(68.1%,32/47)高于常规超声(36.2%,17/47),两者检出率比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=9.592,P=0.002)。超声造影引导下经皮肺穿刺活检过程中发生咯血1例(1.8%,1/56),咯血量约20ml,留院观察30min,症状缓解,无继续咯血。结论 对于菌阴疑似肺结核患者,超声造影引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是一种有效而安全的检查方法,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Should pulmonary tuberculosis be an AIDS-defining diagnosis in patients infected with HIV?

Between 1983 and 1989, we cared for 56 patients with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In 37 patients (66%), tuberculosis occurred before any other AIDS-defining disease (group 1); in 10 (18%) it occurred during the same month as another AIDS-defining disease (group 2); and in 9 (16%), after the diagnosis of AIDS (group 3). Tuberculosis was entirely pulmonary in 14 patients (25%), entirely extrapulmonary in 9 (16%), and both pulmonary and extrapulmonary in 33 (59%). The frequency of extrapulmonary involvement was similar in patients from group 1 and from groups 2 and 3 (combined): 76% versus 74%. Needle biopsy of the liver revealed hepatic involvement in 18 patients (32%). The mean CD4 lymphocyte count was 232/mm3 when tuberculosis was entirely pulmonary, and 243/mm3 when extrapulmonary disease was present (difference not significant). In group 1, the onset of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurred at the same stage of HIV infection, 12 and 10 months, respectively, before any other AIDS-defining disease. Treatment, planned to last 1 year, was highly effective, despite frequent side-effects. Among the 32 patients who completed treatment, relapse of tuberculosis occurred in 2 (6%) with a mean follow-up of 16 months (0-53 months) after completion. Our results suggest that pulmonary tuberculosis should be included in the criteria for diagnosis of AIDS.     

128例脊柱结核耐药患者的临床分析

目的 分析脊柱结核病灶中结核分枝杆菌菌型,耐药性及耐药原因和处理原则。 方法 搜集首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院2005年1月至2012年1月确诊为脊柱结核的住院患者1057例。通过穿刺或外科手术获得骨病灶中的脓液及干酪样物,进行结核分枝杆菌培养和药敏试验。 结果 在1057例患者中,分枝杆菌培养阳性128例,阳性率12.1%;128例患者中耐一线药物异烟肼、利福平及链霉素最多,分别为22例、16例、27例,占17.2%,12.5%及21.1%;利福平、利福喷丁及链霉素的高浓度耐药情况严重,分别为16例、12例、25例,占耐该药菌株中的100.0%(16/16),75.0%（12/16）,92.6%(25/27);其中耐多药结核（MDR-TB）21例,占阳性患者的16.4％(21/128),均为复治患者,培养阳性患者均按照药敏试验结果给予规范的抗结核治疗或个性化治疗,同时择期给予手术治疗,均痊愈。 结论 脊柱结核病灶中结核分枝杆菌耐药仍以常规药物（异烟肼、利福平、链霉素、利福喷丁）为主,耐多药脊柱结核多为复治患者,即以获得性耐药为主。因此早期获得患者耐药及药敏,并给予合理的抗结核治疗并结合合理的手术方法是治愈结核病的关键,对防止耐多药发生有重要意义。     

表型药物敏感性试验与GeneXpert MTB/RIF在耐药脊柱结核诊断中的作用

目的分析表型药物敏感性试验(简称"表型药敏试验")与GeneXpert MTB/RIF在耐药脊柱结核诊断中发挥的作用。方法回顾性分析2015-2018年首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院514例临床诊断为脊柱结核的患者资料,通过穿刺或外科手术获得病灶中的脓液、肉芽组织及干酪样坏死组织,并以无淀粉改良罗氏培养和浓度法进行结核分枝杆菌培养和表型药敏试验,同时进行GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测。结果 514例患者中,男260例(50. 6%),女254例(49. 4%);年龄1～86岁,平均(46. 2±18. 7)岁;腰椎结核200例(38. 9%),胸椎结核186例(36.2%),腰骶椎结核60例(11. 7%),胸腰段结核46例(8.9%),颈椎结核14例(2. 7%),颈胸段结核8例(1.6%)。109例培养阳性并获得表型药敏试验结果 ,阳性率为21. 2%;检出耐药患者25例(4. 9%,25/514),其中耐多药结核病(MDR-TB)和广泛耐药结核病(XDR-TB)患者9例,占阳性患者的8. 3%。GeneXpert MTB/RIF阳性383例(74.5%),其中发现rpoB突变47例(9. 1%, 47/514),包括表型药敏试验检出的9例MDR-TB和XDR-TB患者。结论脊柱结核病灶中耐药结核分枝杆菌通过表型药敏试验检出率偏低,不能及早发现耐药结核病患者,通过GeneXpert MTB/RIF方法可尽早发现更多耐药结核病患者。     

超声造影在疑似胸壁结核患者穿刺活检术中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影在疑似胸壁结核患者穿刺活检术中的应用及其临床价值。方法 选取2017年4月至2019年6月入住浙江省中西医结合医院的疑似胸壁结核(均局部形成肿块)患者78例,男31例,女47例;年龄18~67岁,平均年龄(33.8±4.7)岁。依据时间对照法,将患者分为两组:A组42例,2017年4月至2018年5月入住我院的疑似胸壁结核患者,依据超声扫描所示行超声引导下组织学穿刺活检术,并对无回声区行穿刺抽液术;B组36例,2018年1月至2019年6月入住我院的疑似胸壁结核患者,先行超声造影,依据超声造影表现在超声选择性引导下行穿刺抽液术或组织学穿刺活检术。对所有患者的超声表现及病理结果进行回顾性分析。两组患者获取的组织标本送病理检查,同时送MTB、普通细菌培养及GeneXpert MTB/RIF检测。结果 A组:42例患者穿刺取出脓液的成功率为77.4%(24/31),获取活检组织标本的成功率为88.1%(37/42)。B组:36例患者穿刺取出脓液的成功率为100.0%(23/23),获取活检组织标本的成功率为100.0%(36/36),较A组均明显提高(χ ²值分别为4.132和2.814,P值分别为0.001和0.003)。A、B两组患者诊断为胸壁结核在内所有疾病的诊断阳性率分别为83.3%(35/42,其中确诊为胸壁结核33例)和100.0%(36/36,其中确诊为胸壁结核34例),B组较A组诊断阳性率明显提高(χ ²=4.713,P=0.001)。结论 超声造影在疑似胸壁结核患者穿刺活检术中的临床应用价值突出,对提高诊断阳性率有重要价值。     

Role of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection in patients with hematologic diseases

The goal of our study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection in patients with hematologic disease. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 16 patients with hematologic diseases, who were initially suspected to have pulmonary fungal infection clinically and underwent further diagnostic methods including blood culture, sputum culture and percutaneous lung biopsy. Of the 16 patients, 10 were diagnosed fungal infection (8 aspergillus, 2 mold fungus), 4 chronic organizing pneumonitis, 1 tuberculosis, and 1 Pneumocystis carinii through histological examination after percutaneous lung biopsy. However, the results of blood culture and sputum culture were negative. CT-guided biopsy showed 100% overall accuracy and 62.5% (10/16) fungal infection rate. The biopsy-induced complications encountered were pneumothorax in 3/16 (18.75%) and hemoptysis in 1/16 (6.25%). No serious complication was found in this series. In conclusion, CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy is an effective and safe method for the diagnosis of pulmonary fungal infection in patients with hematologic diseases.     

Bone marrow and blood involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a study of clinicopathologic correlations and prognostic significance in relationship to the Working Formulation

In a series of 172 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) classified according to the Working Formulation (WF) the overall incidence of bone marrow infiltration (BM+) at diagnosis was 39%: 59% for low-grade (LGML), 30% for intermediate-grade (IGML), and 25% for high-grade malignant lymphomas (HGML). The features most significantly correlated with the presence of BM+ were a low grade of histological malignancy, the degree of splenomegaly and high values of LDH, while those correlated with the extent of BM+ were a non-focal pattern of BM disease, the presence of blood involvement at diagnosis, and the degree of BM fibrosis. Blood involvement was detected at diagnosis in 13% of patients, and a further 16% developed a leukemic phase during the course of the disease. Blood involvement correlated significantly with splenomegaly, bulky disease, advanced clinical stage, and extent of BM+. The presence of BM infiltration 'per se' at diagnosis did not significantly affect prognosis. However, the extent of BM disease was correlated with a poorer outcome in IGML and HGML patients. Regarding peripheral blood involvement, in LGML patients only late leukemic conversions were significantly associated with a worse prognosis. In patients with IGML and HGML, either initial or subsequent blood involvement was correlated with significantly poorer outcome.     

The usefulness of colonoscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis and pattern of concomitant extra-intestinal tuberculosis]

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intestinal tuberculosis can be difficult to diagnose because it may mimic many other intestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of colonoscopic biopsy and frequency of concomittent extra-intestinal tuberculosis in intestinal tuberculosis. METHODS: The medical records of 225 consecutive patients with intestinal tuberculosis (81 men, 144 women; mean age 40.6 yrs) were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Histological examination of colonoscopic biopsy specimens revealed granulomas in 163 (72.4%) of the 225 patients. However, caseous necrosis was found in only 25 (11.1%) patients, and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were noted in 39 (17.3%) of the 225 patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the culture of biopsy specimens in 52 (29.3%) of 177 patients. Eighty-four patients (37.3%) had concomitant extra-intestinal tuberculosis and 67 (29.8%) showed active pulmonary tuberculosis. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens enabled the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis by the presence of either caseating granulomas or AFB in 52 (23.1%) patients. Combination of histological examination and Mycobacterium culture established the diagnosis in 87 (38.7%) patients. Before getting the result of Mycobacterium culture, the diagnosis could be made, by either histological examination or the presence of extra-intestinal tuberculosis in 107 (47.6%) patients. Combination of caseating granulomas, AFB staining, Mycobacterium culture, and the presence of extra-intestinal tuberculosis resulted in the diagnosis in 126 (56.0%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: To increase the diagnostic yield, AFB staining and Mycobacterium culture should be routinely performed on biopsy specimens in addition to routine histological examination for caseating granulomas.     

La tuberculose digestive dans la région de Marrakech. Aspects épidémiologiques, diagnostiques et thérapeutiques

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is still a public problem of health in Morocco. The aim of our study is to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and developmental aspects of gastrointestinal tuberculosis in the hospital complex university Mohammed-VI of Marrakech. It is a retrospective study including all the cases of gastrointestinal tuberculosis admitted to the gastroenterology unit of HCU Mohammed-VI of Marrakech over 9 years. The diagnosis was based on histological tests. In the absence of histological tests, diagnosis was based on a range of arguments. 120 patients were included in the study. The average age was 38.3 years (12–90 years). 62.5% of the patients were female. Different forms of abdominal tuberculosis were reported (peritoneal, intestinal, peritoneo-intestinal, peritoneal lymph node, intestinal lymph node, deep isolated lymph node, liver and pancreatic forms). The diagnosis was confirmed by the histological study of biopsies performed during laparoscopy, laparotomy or panendoscopy. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal tuberculosis was definite in 42.3%, and presumptive in 57.7% of the cases. Antituberculosis treatment was initiated in all patients. The clinical picture of gastrointestinal tuberculosis was polymorphic, dominated by the peritoneal form. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the determination of adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) and interferon-γ are the other ways to make the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tuberculosis easier and less invasive. Treatment was based on antituberculosis drugs. The outcome was generally good under early and subtle treatment.