低位直肠癌保肛术式的选择

目的 对低位直肠癌保肛术式的选择方法进行探讨.方法 2003年1月至2008年1月期间,对137例低位直肠癌按无瘤原则行保肛术,术中将血供良好的结肠断端无张力拉下吻合,恢复肠道肛管的连续性.结果 行双吻合器低位前切除术102例中,91例直肠癌基底距肛缘6～8 cm,11例直肠癌基底距肛缘5～6 cm,后者肿瘤均位于直肠后壁;行Parks术或改良Bacon术35例中,直肠癌基底距肛缘均为5～6 cm.Parks术19例均为乙状结肠与肛管吻合;改良Bacon术16例均行降结肠经肛管拖出手术.结论 对肿瘤基底距肛缘6～8 cm和少数较瘦患者、基底距肛缘5～6 cm、且肿块位于直肠后壁的低位直肠癌可以采用双吻合器低位前切除术.对肿瘤基底距肛缘5～6 cm的低位直肠癌,可以行Parks术或改良Bacon术,其中乙状结肠较长时可以行乙状结肠与肛管吻合的Parks术;乙状结肠长度不够时可以游离结肠脾曲或左半结肠,行降结肠经肛管拉出的改良Bacon术.     

直肠拖出单吻合器技术行超低位直肠癌保肛术

目的:探讨超低位直肠癌经直肠拖出采用单吻合器技术行保肛手术的可行性。方法:对近8年来收治的31例超低位直肠癌（肿瘤下缘距肛缘≤5 cm）患者，采用全直肠系膜切除、直肠拖出、双荷包、单吻合器技术行结肠肛管吻合术。结果:31例患者均顺利完成直肠癌保肛根治切除手术，且均未行预防性回肠或结肠造口。术后发生吻合口瘘5例（16.1%），吻合口狭窄2例（6.5%），局部复发2例（6.5%），无大便失禁及围手术期死亡。5年的生存率为78.6％ (11/14)。结论:对于超低位直肠癌保肛手术，采用直肠拖出单吻合器技术一期手术，安全可行，且费用相对较低。     

弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的 总结弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用.方法 将121例低位直肠癌患者随机分成两组,分别应用弧形切割吻合器(A组,60例)和TLH30直线切割闭合器(B组,61例)闭合直肠远端行保肛手术,比较两组保肛率、吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、切口感染及术后排便次数.结果 两组吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、术后排便次数比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而A组保肛率(98.3%)高于B组(68.9%)、切El感染率(4.0%)明显低于B组(9.5%)(均P＜0.05).结论 应用弧形切割吻合器行低位直肠癌保肛手术是安全可靠的,而且能明显增加保肛率,减少切口感染率.     

支撑捆扎套入法结肠-肛管吻术(Povrk)在低位或超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的:介绍用支撑捆扎套入法结肠肛管吻合术(Povrk)在保留齿状线和肛门内括约肌的低位或超低位直肠癌中的应用方法。方法:37例低位直肠癌在术前放疗,在全直肠系膜切除基础上用支撑套入法结肠肛管吻合术完成手术,术后予希罗达口服化疗。结果:本组37例无死亡病例。近期吻合口瘘2例,均引流后治愈,直肠癌距肛门4～7cm术后排便功能恢复好。结论:支撑法结肠肛管吻合术用于低位直肠癌保肛手术可作为双吻合器保肛手术的替代或改良方法以应用。     

荷包缝合钳代替直线型吻合器行直肠癌低位保肛术

目的 探讨经济、实用、安全的直肠癌低位保肛手术方法。方法 对245例中低位直肠癌患者按全直肠系膜切除术(TME)要求切除直肠，荷包缝合钳封闭直肠残端，管型直肠吻合器行低位保肛术。结果 低位前切除106例，超低位前切除117例，结肠肛管吻合术22例。本组切缘均无肿瘤残留。术后出现吻合口瘘10例(4．1％)，均经横结肠造瘘后痊愈；尿潴留16例(6．5％)；手术死亡1例(0．4％)。结论 用荷包缝合钳代替直线型吻合器行直肠癌低位保肛术安全、简便、经济。     

75岁以上高龄患者低位直肠癌保肛手术后控便情况分析

目的评价高龄患者低位直肠癌保肛手术后的肛门控便功能。方法对年龄在75岁以上、肿瘤距肛缘7cm以下、采用保肛手术治疗的39例低位直肠癌患者,按吻合口位置和手术方式分组,研究术后控便情况。结果患者排便次数达到正常的时间为术后(9.8±2.9)个月。肛门控便情况和直肠测压结果在低位吻合组与超低位吻合组及肛管吻合组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);肛管吻合组与超低位吻合组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。贮袋组术后(7.7±1.7)个月排便次数趋于正常,与直吻组(10.6±2.8)个月比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后36.1%的患者出现I度失禁的表现,贮袋组与直吻组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);保肛术后贮袋组直肠测压指标优于直吻组。结论高龄患者采用结肠贮袋直肠肛管吻合术能够明显改善近期的控便功能。     

直肠拖出双吻合器超低位直肠癌保肛术：附46例报告

目的：评价以直肠拖出和双吻合器技术实施超低位直肠癌保肛手术的疗效。方法：1997年12月—2005年12月利用直肠拖出和双吻合器保肛技术，对46例超低位直肠癌患者行癌肿切除术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘4～7 cm，平均5.5 cm。Dukes分期：A期26例，B期16例，C期4例。结果：46例均成功地保留了肛门和大便控制功能。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2.2％），吻合口狭窄4例（8.7％）。全组平均随访54个月，其中有2例（4.3％）局部复发。5年生存率为81.3％;无发生排尿功能障碍者;82.4%的男性患者和83.3％女性患者术后性功能良好。结论：直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的，为超低位直肠癌患者提供了新的保肛术式选择。     

腹腔镜缝合术在直肠癌超低位吻合术中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜缝合术在直肠癌超低位保肛治疗术中的应用及可行性。方法:按全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)原则,用腹腔镜对30例超低位直肠癌患者行TME超低位结肠、直肠(肛管)吻合术,其中用双吻合器(DST)手术17例,手工缝合直肠远端加吻合器手术13例。结果:手术均获成功,无中转开腹。平均手术时间双吻合器组190min(170～250min),缝合组270min(260～360min)。术中出血30～180ml,平均60ml;术后2d患者恢复胃肠功能并下床活动;平均住院11d(7～30d)。5例出现吻合口漏(DST组2例),均保守治愈。结论:腹腔镜缝合术用于直肠癌超低位吻合术是可行的。     

套扎式结肠-肛管吻合术在中低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

我院 1994～ 2 0 0 1年对 113例中低位直肠癌采用套扎式结肠 肛管吻合术治疗 ,取得理想效果。现总结分析如下。1　临床资料本组 113例 ,男 69例 ,女 44例。年龄 2 3～ 73岁。肿瘤距肛缘 4～ 8cm ,距齿状线 3 5cm以上。其中粘膜管状腺癌 82例 ,低分化腺癌 2 1例 ,粘液癌 10例。按Dukes分期 ,A期 3例 ,B期 69例 ,C期 2 9例 ,D期 8例。术后新鲜离体标本测定下缘距肛缘最长 6cm ,最短 2cm ,平均 3cm。手术方法 :开腹术操作如同Miles手术。游离解剖直肠肿瘤远侧 2～ 5cm后 ,肛门组碘伏消毒肛管 ,伸入食管引导 ,于肿瘤下缘 2～ 3cm处切断直肠…     

支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用

目的探讨支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用。方法对117例直肠癌患者采用支撑捆扎法完成超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。患者均在术前行纤维结肠镜检查和活组织检查,确诊为直肠腺癌,且经直肠腔内B超、盆腔CT及MR I排除肿瘤侵犯肛提肌和盆腔淋巴结广泛转移。结果117例超低位直肠癌保肛手术围手术期呼吸衰竭死亡1例,术后吻合口漏2例,1例局部引流治愈,1例直肠阴道瘘行横结肠造瘘转流手术。未发生吻合口狭窄,术后3月排便功能评价:优29例,良44例,一般31例,差13例,优良率为62.4%(73/117)。结论支撑捆扎法用于直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术安全、可行,可以完成从肛提肌内口到括约肌间沟的结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合,效果良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.