Inhibitory effect of antidepressants on B16F10 melanoma tumor growth

BackgroundAntidepressant drugs, like fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, desipramine, a nonselective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, and mirtazapine, an antagonist of noradrenaline α₂ auto- and heteroreceptors, are widely used for the treatment of depressive symptoms in cancer patients. Since these antidepressants have different activities targeting the immune system, they might also modulate tumor growth in cancer patients.MethodsIn the present study, we investigated the effects of administration of antidepressant drugs: fluoxetine, desipramine and mirtazapine on B16F10 melanoma tumor growth. These drugs were administered intraperitoneally (ip) for 17 days after subcutaneous injection of B16F10 melanoma cells to male C57BL/6J mice.ResultsFluoxetine significantly inhibited melanoma solid tumor growth and desipramine tended to decrease this parameter whereas mirtazapine had no effect.ConclusionThe inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on melanoma growth was associated with an increased mitogen-induced T cell proliferation which may at least partly participate in the mechanism of the antitumor effect of this antidepressant. It appears that the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on tumor growth is not related with changes in cytokine levels except for IL-10.     

Inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo by fucoxanthin against melanoma B16F10 cells

The present study was designed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin against melanoma cell lines (B16F10 cells). Fucoxanthin reduced the proliferation of B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by the induction of cell cycle arrest during the G₀/G₁ phase and apoptosis. Fucoxanthin-induced G₀/G₁ arrest was associated with a marked decrease in the protein expressions of phosphorylated-Rb (retinoblastoma protein), cyclin D (1 and 2) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and up-regulation of the protein levels of p15^INK4B and p27^Kip1. Fucoxanthin-induced apoptosis was accompanied with the down-regulation of the protein levels of Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), resulting in a sequential activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effect of fucoxanthin was assessed in vivo in Balb/c mice. Intraperitoneal administration of fucoxanthin significantly inhibited the growth of tumor mass in B16F10 cells implanted mice.     

3种药物对鼠黑素瘤细胞系B16F10黑素合成和细胞增殖的影响

目的 研究氨茶碱、前列腺素E1和雌激素是否能够影响B16F10鼠黑素瘤细胞的生物活性并探讨其可能的机制.方法 将上述3种药物各配制成4种不同的浓度加入到RPMI-1640培养液中与B16F10黑素瘤细胞共同培养.结果 氨茶碱在40 mg/L、160 mg/L的较高浓度时、前列腺素E1在0.01～0.64 mg/L、雌二醇在0.025～1.6 mg/L范围内对细胞增殖均有刺激作用(P＜0.05或＜0.01);氨茶碱于10～160 mg/L、前列腺素E1在0.01～0.64 mg/L、雌二醇在0.025～1.6 mg/L范围内对酪氨酸酶均有激活作用(P＜0.05或＜0.01);氨茶碱在40 mg/L、160 mg/L的较高浓度时、前列腺素E1在0.04～0.64 mg/L、雌二醇在0.025～1.6 mg/L范围内对黑素合成均有显著的促进作用(P＜0.05或＜0.01).结论 雌激素、前列腺素E1及较高浓度的氨茶碱均能对B16F10鼠黑素瘤细胞的细胞增殖、酪氨酸酶活性和黑素合成产生刺激作用.     

MUC1 plays an essential role in tumor immunity of colorectal cancer stem cell vaccine

Increasing knowledge of colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) and tumor microenvironment improves our understanding of cellular mechanisms involved in the immunity against colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor associated antigens were evaluated via RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, evoking promising targets for tumor immunotherapy. MUC1 has been demonstrated to participate in the maintenance, tumorigenicity, glycosylation and metastasis of CCSCs, which may provide a new priority for CSC vaccination. In the present study, the vaccination with CCSCs with high expression of MUC1 was evaluated in a murine model for the vaccine’s immunogenicity and protective efficacy against CRC. CD133⁺ CCSCs were isolated from SW620 cell line using a magnetic-activated cell sorting system, and shMUC1 was further used to knock down the expression of MUC1 in CD133⁺ CCSCs. Mice were subcutaneously immunized with the cell lysates of CCSCs and shMUC1 CCSCs, followed by a challenge with SW620 cells at ten days after final vaccination. The results indicated CCSC vaccine significantly reduced the tumor growth via a target killing of CCSCs as evidenced by a decrease of CD133⁺ cells and ALDH⁺ cells in tumors. Moreover, CCSC vaccine resulted in the elevated NK cytotoxicity, production of perforin, granzyme B, IFN-γ, memory B cells, and anti-MUC1 antibodies. Of note, MUC1 knockdown partly impaired the anti-tumor efficacy of CCSC vaccine. Importantly, the CCSC vaccine has no toxic damage to organs. Overall, CCSC vaccine could serve as a potent and safe vaccine for CRC treatment, and MUC1 might play an essential role in CCSC vaccine.     

Potent homophthalimide-type inhibitors of B16F10/L5 mouse melanoma cell invasion.

Recently, we developed a series of novel and potent aminopeptidase inhibitors with a homophthalimide skeleton. Among them, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)homophthalimide (PIQ-22) possesses a specific aminopeptidase-inhibiting activity more potent than that of bestatin or actinonin, as assayed in terms of hydrolysis of L-alanine 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (Ala-AMC) by human acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells. We show here that PIQ-22 and its 2,6-dimethylphenyl derivative (PIQ-11) are more potent inhibitors of tumor cell invasion than bestatin and actinonin in a Matrigel assay using mouse melanoma B16F10/L5 cells.     

胡桃醌对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10体内迁移的影响

目的:研究胡桃醌对小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10体内迁移的影响.方法:采用小鼠B16/F10黑色素瘤人工肺转移模型研究胡桃醌对肿瘤细胞血道转移的作用.结果:与溶剂对照组相比,4.5、3、1.5和0.75 mg/kg胡桃醌组显著减少小鼠黑色素瘤B16F10血道转移(P＜0.05),其抑制率分别为27.30％、55.35％、31.52％和25.34％;3 mg/kg胡桃醌与阳性对照组相比,抑瘤率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:胡桃醌可抑制小鼠黑色素瘤B16F10血道转移.     

Silencing of endo-exonuclease expression sensitizes mouse B16F10 melanoma cells to DNA damaging agents

Summary We previously identified an endo-exonuclease that is highly expressed in cancer cells and plays an important role in DSB repair mechanisms. A small molecular compound pentamidine, which specifically inhibited nuclease activity of the isolated endo-exonuclease from yeast as well as from mammalian cells, was capable of sensitizing tumor cells to DNA damaging agents. In this study, we investigated the effect of precisely silencing the endo-exonuclease expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) upon treatment with a variety of DNA damaging agents in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells. A maximum of 3.6 to ∼4-fold reduction in endo-exonuclease mRNA expression was achieved, over a period of 48–72 h of post transfection with a concomitant reduction in protein expression (∼4–5 fold), resulting in a substantial reduction (∼45–50%) of the corresponding nuclease activity. Suppressed endo-exonuclease expression conferred significant decrease in cell survival, ranging from ∼30 to ∼50% cell killing, in presence of DNA damaging drugs methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), cisplatin, 5-fluoro uracil (5-FU) and gamma-irradiation but not at varying dosages of ultra violet (UV) radiation. The data strongly support a role for the endo-exonuclease in repairing DNA damages, induced by MMS, cisplatin, 5-FU and gamma irradiation but not by UV radiation. The results presented in this study suggest that the endo-exonuclease siRNA could be useful as a therapeutic tool in targeting the endo-exonuclease in cancer therapy.     

甘草查尔酮A抑制小鼠黑色素瘤B16F10细胞增殖机制研究

目的研究甘草查尔酮A抑制B16F10细胞增殖机制。方法 SRB法检测甘草查尔酮A对B16F10细胞增殖影响,Giemsa染色法观察细胞形态变化,比色法检测B16F10细胞内、外黑色素含量,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染检测细胞凋亡率,流式细胞术测定细胞周期分布,Q-PCR法检测细胞凋亡相关基因B淋巴细胞-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin E2)和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶-2(CDK2)的mRNA表达。结果甘草查尔酮A能有效抑制B16F10细胞增殖,呈现浓度依赖性和时间依赖性;随药物浓度增加,细胞增殖速度降低,细胞形态由树突状变为固缩圆球状,并伴有黑色素颗粒物出现,且细胞内、外黑色素含量呈浓度依赖性增加趋势,甘草查尔酮A能使细胞阻滞在G1期,在低浓度时,诱导细胞分化,高浓度时,诱导细胞凋亡;同时,甘草查尔酮A下调凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2/Bax比率,抑制周期相关蛋白Cyclin E2、CDK2的mRNA表达。结论甘草查尔酮A抑制B16F10细胞增殖机制可能是通过使B16F10细胞G1期阻滞,进而诱导细胞分化和凋亡。     

In vitro and in vivo transfection of melanoma cells B16-F10 mediated by cholesterol-based cationic liposomes

In vitro and in vivo transgene expression in B16-F10 melanoma cells has been investigated using an original cationic liposome prepared with triethyl aminopropane carbamoyl cholesterol iodide (TEAPC-Chol) as carrier. TEAPC-Chol/DOPE (dioleoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine) liposomes are unilamellar, very stable and not toxic in the used concentration range. The yield in complexation with plasmid DNA can reach 100% even in the presence of fetal calf serum. The transfection level has been evaluated by luminometric measurements of luciferase expression. With TEAPC-Chol/DOPE (1:1) liposomes, a relatively high transfection level in B16-F10 cells has been observed comparing to commercial reagents. For in vivo assays, the transfection level in tumors induced in Nude mice has been optimized by studying the effects of charge ratio, of the helper lipid and of the injection volume. Results showed that TEAPC-Chol/DOPE (1:1) liposomes have improved 10-fold transfection level versus direct gene transfer of free DNA.     

Evaluation of anti-metastatic potential of Cisplatin polymeric nanocarriers on B16F10 melanoma cells

Nanoparticles are being increasingly used in the field of cancer treatment due to their unique properties and advantages. The aim of the present research work was to prepare and characterize a polymeric albumin nanosystem for Cisplatin and evaluate its in-vitro efficacy against B16F10 melanoma. The developed nanoparticles were almost spherical in shape with a particle size in the range of 150–300 nm, low polydispersity values and about 80% drug entrapment efficiency. Albumin nanocarriers sustained the release of Cisplatin for more than 48 h, suggesting the reduction in dosing schedule for this drug. The results from in-vitro cell line studies indicated the dose dependent cytotoxic potential of drug loaded albumin nanoparticles, their potential to inhibit cell proliferation and induce morphological changes. In addition, these nanoparticles exhibited superiority to Cisplatin in hampering the cell migration. Developed nanoparticles caused cell cycle arrest along with time and concentration dependent cellular uptake in B16F10 cell line. These results signify that the prepared Cisplatin albumin nanoparticles could serve as a promising approach for B16F10 melanoma treatment.     

Cytotoxic,genotoxic and oxidative stress induced by 1,4-naphthoquinone in B16F1 melanoma tumor cells

Quinones have diverse pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anticancer activity. The cytotoxic potential of 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ14) was studied against B16F1 melanoma cells grown in vitro. NQ14 treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity as indicated by MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay. Depletion in cellular glutathione levels after 1 h incubation with NQ14 correlated with the corresponding increase in reactive oxygen species generation as determined by 2′,7′-dicholorofluorescein diacetate assay suggests the role of oxidative stress in cell death. The frequency of micronucleated binucleate cells increased with increasing doses of NQ14 with a corresponding decrease in the cytokinesis block proliferation index indicating the drug induced genotoxicity and cell division delay. Further, a dose-dependent decrease in the clonogenic cell survival indicated the potential of NQ14 to inhibit cell proliferation contributing to cell death. The cell death after NQ14 treatment may be attributed to apoptosis as seen in DNA ladder pattern along with necrosis as indicated in flow cytometric analysis of Annexin V/PI stained cells. Results of the present study demonstrate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of NQ14 by the induction of oxidative stress mediated mechanisms leading to tumor cell kill.     

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides antagonize the suppression on lymphocytes induced by culture supernatants of B16F10 melanoma cells

Objectives Tumour cells produce factors such as interleukin 10 (IL‐10), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that suppress the function of immune cells or induce apoptosis of immune cells. One of the most important goals of tumour immunotherapy is to antagonize this suppression on immune cells. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl‐PS) may have this potential. The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of Gl‐PS on the suppression induced by B16F10 melanoma cell culture supernatant (B16F10‐CS) on lymphocytes. Methods Gl‐PS was used on lymphocytes incubated with B16F10‐CS. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of IL‐10, TGF‐β1 and VEGF in B16F10‐CS. The MTT assay was used to determine the proliferation of lymphocytes. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot assay were used to determine perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes. Key findings There were elevated levels of IL‐10, TGF‐β1 and VEGF in B16F10‐CS. The lymphocyte proliferation, and perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes after induction with phytohemagglutinin, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, were suppressed by B16F10‐CS. This suppression was fully or partially antagonized by Gl‐PS. Conclusions B16F10‐CS suppressed lymphocyte proliferation and perforin and granzyme B production in lymphocytes after induction with phytohemagglutinin, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. This suppression may be associated with elevated levels of immunosuppressive IL‐10, TGF‐β1 and VEGF in B16F10‐CS. Gl‐PS had antagonistic effects on the immunosuppression induced by B16F10‐CS, suggesting the potential for Gl‐PS in cancer immunotherapy.     

The use of Zymosan A and bacteria anchored to tumor cells for effective cancer immunotherapy: B16-F10 murine melanoma model

The idea of using killed microorganisms or their parts for a stimulation of immunity in the cancer immunotherapy is very old, but the question of interactions and binding of these preparations to tumor cells has not been addressed so far. The attachment of Zymosan A and both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to tumor cells was tested in in vivo experiments. This binding was accomplished by charge interactions, anchoring based on hydrophobic chains and covalent bonds and proved to be crucial for a strong immunotherapeutic effect. The establishment of conditions for simultaneous stimulation of both Toll-like and phagocytic receptors led to very strong synergy. It resulted in tumor shrinkage and its temporary or permanent elimination. The role of neutrophils in cancer immunotherapy was demonstrated and the mechanism of their action (frustrated phagocytosis) was proposed. Finally, therapeutic approaches applicable for safe human cancer immunotherapy are discussed. Heat killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis covalently attached to tumor cells seems to be promising tool for this therapy.     

Suppression of the migration and invasion is mediated by triptolide in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells through the NF‐kappaB‐dependent pathway

Melanoma cancer is one of the major causes of death in humans worldwide. Triptolide is one of the active components of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, and has biological activities including induced cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis but its antimetastatic effects on murine melanoma cells have not yet been elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effect of triptolide on the inhibition of migration and invasion and possible associated signal pathways in B16F10 murine melanoma cancer cells. Wound healing assay and Matrigel Cell Migration Assay and Invasion System demonstrated that triptolide marked inhibiting the migration and invasion of B16F10 cells. Gelatin zymography assay demonstrated that triptolide significantly inhibited the activities of matrix metalloproteinases‐2 (MMP‐2). Western blotting showed that triptolide markedly reduced CXCR4, SOS1, GRB2, p‐ERK, FAK, p‐AKT, Rho A, p‐JNK, NF‐κB, MMP‐9, and MMP‐2 but increased PI3K and p‐p38 and COX2 after compared to the untreated (control) cells. Real time PCR indicated that triptolide inhibited the gene expression of MMP‐2, FAK, ROCK‐1, and NF‐κB but did not significantly affect TIMP‐1 and ‐2 gene expression in B16F10 cells in vitro. EMSA assay also showed that triptolide inhibited NF‐κB DNA binding in a dose‐dependent manner. Confocal laser microscopy examination also confirmed that triptolide inhibited the expression of NF‐κB in B16F10 cells. Taken together, we suggest that triptolide inhibited B16F10 cell migration and invasion via the inhibition of NF‐κB expression then led to suppress MMP‐2 and ‐9 expressions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1974–1984, 2016.     

STAT3-siRNA induced B16.F10 melanoma cell death: more association with VEGF downregulation than p-STAT3 knockdown

STAT3 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been described to inhibit carcinogenic growth in various types of tumors. Earlier we have reported delivery of siRNA by oleic acid- and stearic acid-modified-polyethylenimine and enhancement of silencing of STAT3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in B16.F10 melanoma cell lines and consequent tumor suppression. Present investigation mainly focused on the downstream events involved in B16.F10 melanoma cell death and consequent tumor suppression following knockdown of p-STAT3 by siRNA. Lipid-substituted polyethylenimine (PEI)-p-STAT3-siRNA were prepared and characterized by measuring its N/P ratio, zeta potential, size, association and dissociation with siRNA. B16.F10 melanoma cells were treated with six different concentrations of PEI-p-STAT3-siRNA (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25?nM). Downregulation of p-STAT3 and VEGF were studied using western blot and ELISA in association with the melanoma cell death. PEI-p-STAT3-siRNA hydrodynamic diameter ranged from 110 to 270?nm. PEI assisted p-STAT3-siRNA delivery exhibited increased uptake by B16.F10, when analyzed by fluorescent and confocal microscopy along with flowcytometry. It induced concentration-dependent knockdown of the p-STAT3 that also downregulated VEGF expression in similar fashion and induced B16.F10 cell death. Higher concentrations of p-STAT3-siRNA appear to significantly downregulate the VEGF expression via p-STAT3 knockdown. Decreasing survival of B16.F10 cells with the increasing concentration of p-STAT3-siRNA significantly correlated with VEGF downregulation, not with p-STAT3 expression. Data suggest that VEGF downregulation following knockdown of p-STAT3 may be a key event in survival reduction in B16.F10 melanoma cells and.     

羟喜树碱对黑素瘤B16F10细胞侵袭和凋亡的影响及作用机制

目的:观察羟喜树碱(hydroxycamptothecin,HCPT)对黑素瘤B16F10细胞侵袭能力以及凋亡相关蛋白p53和Bcl-2表达的影响,并探讨其抑制黑素瘤细胞的作用机制.方法:分别用5、10、20、50μmol/L的HCPT处理B16F10细胞24 h及48 h,采用Transwell实验评价细胞的侵袭能力...     

Lysosomal membrane proteins exposed to melanin in melanocyte B16F10

There have been studied on therapeutic of anticancer and antimicrobial using by effective proteins or peptides. In this study, we examined the lysosomal membrane protein extracted from lysosomes isolated from melanocyte treated by melanin with 100 ppm for 24 hours in order to find them reacted to targeting ability to melanin using by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Consequently, we found 29 up-regulated (2.0 fold) and 23 down-regulated (2.0 fold) spots associated with melanin treatment. This result shown that lysosomal membrane proteins have function to react to treatment or decrease of melanin quantity through cellular activation of lysosomes.     

A novel mechanism of action of the fumagillin analog, TNP-470, in the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line

TNP-470, a semisynthetic derivative of fumagillin, is an acknowledged angiogenesis inhibitor, presently undergoing clinical trials. It exerts an anti-proliferative effect directed against endothelial cells. This effect is known to be based on cell cycle inhibition effected by the p53/p21 pathway. We observed short-term toxicity of TNP-470 in the B16F10 murine melanoma cell line in vitro and investigated the mechanism of action. Cell death occurred as soon as 2 h after the addition of TNP-470, without typical apoptotic features. The toxic effect could be modulated and it depended on the type of culture medium or supplementation with anti-oxidants. Addition of N-acetylcysteine protected B16F10 cells from TNP-470-induced death and inhibited an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are detected by the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate probe. We conclude that TNP-470 can induce intracellular generation of ROS, which act toxically inside B16F10 cells. One may suggest that this novel activity of TNP-470 might be beneficial in some cases, but it could also be responsible for some undesirable side-effects. The possibility of its modulation gives a prospect for controlling the action of this potential drug and probably its derivatives.