芦丁抑制氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的:探讨芦丁在氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖中的作用。方法:制备ox-LDL,采用贴壁法分离培养C57BL/6J小鼠的VSMC,将细胞分为对照组、芦丁组、ox-LDL组和芦丁+ox-LDL组,MTT法检测各组VSMC细胞增殖活性,Western blot检测VSMC中磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK)的表达情况。结果:芦丁组与对照组细胞增殖活性及p-ERK蛋白表达水平均无明显差异(P均0.05);ox-LDL组细胞增殖活性及p-ERK蛋白表达水平均显著高于对照组(P均0.05);与ox-LDL组相比,芦丁+ox-LDL组细胞增殖活性及p-ERK蛋白表达水平均明显降低(P均0.05)。结论:芦丁可能通过抑制ERK信号通路,抑制ox-LDL诱导的VSMC的增殖。     

Lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal acts synergistically with serotonin in inducing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

Formation of an atherosclerotic lesion is in part mediated by inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms including lipid peroxidation. To characterize the potential role of lipid peroxidation products in atherogenesis, we assessed the effect of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a component of oxidatively modified lipids on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation, and its interaction with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a known mitogen for VSMCs. Growth-arrested rabbit VSMCs were incubated with different concentrations of HNE in the absence or presence of 5-HT. VSMCs proliferation was examined by increases in [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and cell number. HNE and 5-HT stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. HNE had a maximal proliferative effect at a concentration of 1 microM (143% of the control) and 5-HT at 50 microM (211%). When added together, low concentrations of HNE (0.1 microM) and 5-HT (5 microM) synergistically induced DNA synthesis (273%). These effects on DNA synthesis were paralleled by an increase in cell number. A 5-HT2 receptor antagonist LY 281067 (10 microg/ml) and pertussis toxin (10 ng/ml) inhibited the mitogenic effect of 5-HT only. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin A (10 microM) completely inhibited the mitogenic effect of HNE and partially that of 5-HT and the combined effect of HNE+5-HT. Protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31-8220 (0.1 microM) completely inhibited mitogenic effects of both HNE and 5-HT, and also the combined effect of HNE+5-HT. The synergistic effect of HNE+5-HT on DNA synthesis was completely reversed by the combined use of LY 281067 (10 microg/ml) and antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (400 microM), vitamin C (200 microM), or vitamin E (20 microM). Our results suggest that HNE acts synergistically with 5-HT in inducing VSMCs proliferation. Combined use of both antiplatelet and antioxidant therapies may be useful for the prevention of VSMCs proliferative disorders associated with atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty.     

Gliclazide decreases vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction induced by cell-mediated oxidized low-density lipoprotein

Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in vascular dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of gliclazide, a second-generation sulfonylurea with free-radical-scavenging activity, on human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC)-mediated LDL oxidation and HASMC dysfunction induced by oxidatively modified LDL. Incubation of HASMCs with native human LDL (100 microg/mL) in the presence of increasing concentrations of gliclazide (1 to 10 microg/mL) resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in HASMC-mediated LDL oxidation. Exposure of HASMCs to gliclazide (1 to 10 microg/mL) and native LDL (100 microg/mL) also led to a dose-dependent decrease in oxidized LDL-induced human monocyte adhesion to HASMCs. In addition, incubation of HASMCs with gliclazide dramatically reduced the ability of oxidized LDL to stimulate the proliferation of these cells. Finally, treatment of HASMCs with gliclazide resulted in a marked decrease in oxidatively modified LDL-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and human heat shock protein 70 (hsp 70) expression, both at the gene and protein levels. These results show that gliclazide, at concentrations in the therapeutic range (5 to 10 microg/mL), is effective in vitro in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction induced by oxidatively modified LDL. These observations suggest that administration of gliclazide to type 2 diabetic patients could form part of the strategy for the prevention and management of diabetic cardiovascular diseases.     

Aldosterone and angiotensin II synergistically induce mitogenic response in vascular smooth muscle cells

Interaction between aldosterone (Aldo) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the cardiovascular system has been highlighted; however, its detailed signaling mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we examined the cross-talk of growth-promoting signaling between Aldo and Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Treatment with a lower dose of Aldo (10(-12) mol/L) and with a lower dose of Ang II (10(-10) mol/L) significantly enhanced DNA synthesis, whereas Aldo or Ang II alone at these doses did not affect VSMC proliferation. This effect of a combination of Aldo and Ang II was markedly inhibited by a selective AT1 receptor blocker, olmesartan, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, spironolactone, an MEK inhibitor, PD98059, or an EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478. Treatment with Aldo together with Ang II, even at noneffective doses, respectively, synergistically increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, reaching 2 peaks at 10 to 15 minutes and 2 to 4 hours. The early ERK peak was effectively blocked by olmesartan or an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor, AG1478, but not by spironolactone, whereas the late ERK peak was completely inhibited by not only olmesartan, but also spironolactone. Combined treatment with Aldo and Ang II attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression and increased Ki-ras2A expression. The late ERK peak was not observed in VSMC treated with Ki-ras2A-siRNA. Interestingly, the decrease in MKP-1 expression and the increase in Ki-ras2A expression were restored by PD98059 or AG1478. These results suggest that Aldo exerts a synergistic mitogenic effect with Ang II and support the notion that blockade of both Aldo and Ang II could be more effective to prevent vascular remodeling.     

Hyperlipemic-very low density lipoprotein, intermediate density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein act synergistically with serotonin on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) from hyperlipidemic plasma are more atherogenic than those from normal plasma. Since platelet aggregation at sites of atherosclerotic injury exposes the cells to high concentrations of serotonin (5HT), a known mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), it was examined whether VLDL, IDL or LDL from plasma of 1% cholesterol-fed rabbits can potentiate the mitogenic effect of 5HT on VSMC. METHODS: Growth arrested primary aortic VSMC in 1st or 2nd passage were incubated with different concentrations of VLDL, IDL or LDL in the presence or absence of pertusis toxin (PTX) for 24 h followed by incubation with 5HT for 24 h. The amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated into the DNA as well as the increase in cell number was measured. RESULTS: Either VLDL, IDL or LDL at a concentration of 60 microg/ml induced proliferation of VSMC by themselves (196, 137 or 122% increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation, or 122, 119 or 122% increase in cell number, respectively when compared to the control, P<0.05). This effect on DNA synthesis was markedly potentiated by 50 microM 5HT to 465, 714 and 1369%, respectively. PTX reversed the mitogenic effect of 5HT, but not that of VLDL, IDL or LDL. Conclusion: These results suggest that even low concentration of VLDL, IDL or LDL from hypercholesterolemic plasma may significantly potentiate the mitogenic effect of 5HT, that is released by aggregating platelets at sites of vascular damage.     

氧化低密度脂蛋白损伤血管内皮细胞与平滑肌细胞增殖相关性研究

氧化修饰低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-densitylipoprotein,ox-LDL)损伤血管内皮细胞(VEC)是动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的重要因素之一。VEC结构和功能的损伤及血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖和迁移是AS形成及发展过程中重要的病理生理改变。流行病学资料表明,血脂水平高于正常与AS的发生及冠心病(CHD)的发病率有密切的相关性,从而明确高脂血症是AS及CHD的危险因素。许多学者认为,VEC结构和功能损伤是AS发生的始动环节,VSMC增殖和迁移是AS发生及发展的关键病理环节。人们在预防和治疗AS过程中,不仅要着眼于改善低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的氧…     

E-cadherin/beta-catenin/T-cell factor pathway is involved in smooth muscle cell proliferation elicited by oxidized low-density lipoprotein

The E-cadherin/beta-catenin/T-cell factor (Tcf) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis and has recently emerged in atherosclerosis. The aim of this work was to investigate whether this signaling pathway is involved in smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In human aortic smooth muscle cells, mitogenic concentration of mildly oxidized LDL induced the activation of beta-catenin, as assessed by the dissociation of the beta-catenin/cadherin complex, and the concomitant rise of active beta-catenin in the cytosol. The oxidized LDL-induced rise of active beta-catenin required metalloproteinase activation, as well as epidermal growth factor receptor and Src signaling, as assessed by the use of pharmacological inhibitors and cells overexpressing a SrcK-inactive form. The concomitant phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt activation and glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta phosphorylation induced the inhibition of the proteasomal degradation of beta-catenin. Then active beta-catenin associated with Tcf4 and translocated into the nucleus. This enhanced the expression of the cell cycle activator cyclin D1. This crucial role of beta-catenin in the mitogenic effect of oxidized LDL was confirmed by silencing beta-catenin by specific small interfering RNA that blocked DNA synthesis. Immunohistochemistry staining of stable and disrupted plaques from carotid endarterectomy sections showed a correlation between active beta-catenin and Ki67, a proliferation marker, and a more intense staining in the smooth muscle cell layer surrounding the lipid core of disrupted plaques. In conclusion, the beta-catenin pathway is required for the mitogenic effect of oxidized LDL on human aortic smooth muscle cells. This study highlights the putative important role of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling pathway in atherosclerosis.     

Serotonin potentiates angiotensin II--induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a key feature in the development of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty, which can occur in response to many different humoral and mechanical stimuli. We investigated the growth promoting activities of two potent vasoactive substances, angiotensin II (Ang II) and serotonin (5-HT), on cultured rabbit VSMCs. Growth-arrested VSMCs were incubated with serum-free medium containing different concentrations of Ang II in the presence or absence of 5-HT. [3H]thymidine incorporation into VSMC DNA was measured as an index of cell proliferation. Ang II and 5-HT stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 1.75 microM for Ang II (202%) and 50 microM for 5-HT (205%). When added together, low concentrations of Ang II (1 microM) and 5-HT (5 microM) synergistically induced DNA synthesis (363%). Candesartan (1 microM), an AT(1) receptor antagonist, but not PD 123319 (1 microM), an AT(2) receptor antagonist, inhibited the mitogenic effect on Ang II and its interaction with 5-HT. Sarpogrelate (10 microM), a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist, and pertussis toxin (10 ng/ml) inhibited the mitogenic effect of 5-HT and its interaction with Ang II. The protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31-8220 (0.1 microM), the Raf-1 inhibitor radicicol (10 microM), and the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD 098059 (10 microM) abolished mitogenic effects of Ang II and 5-HT, and also their synergistic interaction. The JAK2 inhibitor AG 490 (10 microM) had only a minimal inhibitory effect of Ang II-induced DNA synthesis but significantly inhibited the interaction of Ang II with 5-HT. The synergistic effect on Ang II (1 microM) with 5-HT (5 microM) on DNA synthesis was completely reversed by the combined use of both candesartan (1 microM) and sarpogrelate (10 microM). Our results suggest that Ang II and 5-HT exert a synergistic interaction on VSMC proliferation via AT(1) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. The activation of MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways may explain the synergistic interaction between Ang II and 5-HT.     

Src在氧化型低密度脂蛋白诱导平滑肌细胞表型转化中的作用

目的:探究Src对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)诱导血管平滑肌细胞表型转化的调控作用。方法:体外培养小鼠原代平滑肌细胞,以不同浓度的oxLDL刺激血管原代平滑肌细胞,检测平滑肌细胞表型分子平滑肌细胞表型肌球蛋白重链11(MYH11)、巨噬细胞表型CD68的表达变化,以及Src的激活情况。通过小干扰RNA(siRNA)抑制Src蛋白表达,Src特异性抑制剂PP2抑制Src激活,观察Src对oxLDL诱导的平滑肌细胞表型转化的影响。结果:分别以0、12.5、25.0、50.0μg/mL oxLDL刺激血管平滑肌细胞后发现MYH11的mRNA及蛋白表达逐渐下降(P<0.05),CD68的mRNA及蛋白表达逐渐升高(P<0.05)。以不同浓度(12.5、25.0、50.0μg/mL)、不同时间(15、30、60 min)的oxLDL刺激平滑肌细胞后,发现Src活性逐渐升高(P<0.05)。敲减Src siRNA或以PP2抑制Src蛋白活性后,oxLDL诱导的平滑肌细胞向巨噬细胞转化的分子表型的表达水平受到抑制。结论:oxLDL可以通过提高Src活性,进而诱导平滑肌细胞表型改变。     

Sirt1 inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cells inflammatory response

正Objective To investigate the mechanism of inflammation of smooth muscle cells induced by oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein through Sirt1 in the atherosclerosis.Methods The expression of Sirt1 had been measured in the plaque tissues of human and mice.The affection of overexpression of SIRT1 on the ox LDL induced-inflammatory response and ROS generation had been detected in this study.Results Sirt1 decreased in smooth muscle     

Suppression by eicosapentaenoic acid of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lysophosphatidylcholine-induced migration in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells

The migration of medial smooth muscle cells into the intima is proposed to be an initial process of intimal thickening in atherosclerotic lesions. The present study was designed to determine whether pretreatment with the antiatherogenic agent eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) inhibits the migration induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its major phospholipid component, lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC), in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) using Boyden's chamber method. The effects of EPA pretreatment on angiotensin II (Ang II)- and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF BB)-induced migration were also examined in these cells. Oxidized LDL and lyso-PC induced migration in a concentration-dependent manner. EPA pretreatment clearly suppressed oxidized LDL (200 microg/mL)- and lyso-PC (10(-5) mol/L)-induced migration between 40 and 160 micromol/L. EPA pretreatment also suppressed Ang 11 (10(-7) mol/L)- and PDGF BB (5 ng/mL)-induced migration at a concentration of 80 and 160 micromol/L. However, in a trypan blue exclusion test, dead cells stained with trypan blue were not found 24 hours after treatment with EPA. These results suggest that EPA suppresses VSMC migration induced by oxidized LDL and lyso-PC, as well as Ang II and PDGF BB. These preliminary data concerning the effects of EPA may partly explain the antiatherosclerotic effects of this agent.     

Angiotensin II increases the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human vascular smooth muscle cells via a lipoxygenase-dependent pathway

BACKGROUND: Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a membrane protein that can act as a surface endocytosis receptor for oxidized LDL (ox-LDL). As increased cellular uptake of ox-LDL by macrophages and activated smooth muscle cells may transform these cells into foam cells, potential interactions among LDL oxidation, ox-LDL uptake, and regulators of vascular smooth muscle cell function are of obvious interest. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of angiotensin II (AII) on the expression of LOX-1 and ox-LDL degradation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) METHODS: We performed in vitro experiments in a human VSMC line (T/G HA-VSMC) derived from normal aortic VSMC, using standards methods. RESULTS: We found that AII (10(-7) mol/L) increased the expression of LOX-1 (approximately 2.5-fold, P < .0001) in association with higher degradation of ox-LDL by HA-SMC (from 4019 +/- 529 ng/mg cell protein to 6207 +/- 287 ng/mg cell protein; P = .0033). AII also increased the expression of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) by approximately 2.2-fold (P = .03) and approximately 3-fold (P = .006), respectively. In addition, AII (10(-7) mol/L) increased the release of 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid from VSMC within 10 min approximately 3-fold (P = .03) and 50% (P < .05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings provide evidence that angiotensin II upregulates LOX-1 and 12-LO and 15-LO expression in human VSMC, thereby potentially providing mechanisms for both accelerated LDL oxidation within the cell and the internalization of exogenous ox-LDL, two processes that could increase the susceptibility of human VSMC to further transformation into foam cells.     

人白细胞介素10对血管紧张素II诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用

目的　观察重组人白介素 10 (rhIL 10 )对血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )刺激下离体大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖及对 p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响。　 方法　体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞 ,采用MTS/PES(methoxyphenyl tetrazoliumsalt/phenazineethosulfate)法确定血管平滑肌细胞的增殖状态。利用 p4 4 /p4 2磷酸化抗丝裂素活化蛋白激酶抗体的蛋白免疫印迹法测定丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白的表达 ;对照组为未用AngⅡ刺激的血管平滑肌细胞。　 结果　AngⅡ对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖具有明显的刺激作用 (1 311± 0 2 0 1对 0 781± 0 2 36 ,P <0 0 5 )。rhIL 10单独应用对血管平滑肌细胞生长没有影响 (0 783± 0 170对 0 781± 0 2 36 ,P >0 0 5 )。在AngⅡ刺激下 ,1、10、10 0ng/ml的rhIL 10均可抑制血管平滑肌细胞的生长 (分别为 0 984± 0 172、 0 932±0 134、0 784± 0 0 97对 1 311± 0 2 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。AngⅡ对p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白表达有显著的增强作用 (5 12± 78对 10 0 ,P <0 0 1) ,此作用可被rhIL 10抑制 (5 12± 78对 32 9± 5 9,P <0 0 1)。　结论　rhIL 10可抑制AngⅡ诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖及 p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白的表达。     

PKA and Epac synergistically inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation

Cyclic AMP signalling promotes VSMC quiescence in healthy vessels and during vascular healing following injury. Cyclic AMP inhibits VSMC proliferation via mechanisms that are not fully understood. We investigated the role of PKA and Epac signalling on cAMP-induced inhibition of VSMC proliferation. cAMP-mediated growth arrest was PKA-dependent. However, selective PKA activation with 6-Benzoyl-cAMP did not inhibit VSMC proliferation, indicating a requirement for additional pathways. Epac activation using the selective cAMP analogue 8-CPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP, did not affect levels of hyperphosphorylated Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a marker of G1-S phase transition, or BrdU incorporation, despite activation of the Epac-effector Rap1. However, 6-Benzoyl-cAMP and 8-CPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP acted synergistically to inhibit Rb-hyperphosphorylation and BrdU incorporation, indicating that both pathways are required for growth inhibition. Consistent with this, constitutively active Epac increased Rap1 activity and synergised with 6-Benzoyl-cAMP to inhibit VSMC proliferation. PKA and Epac synergised to inhibit phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. Induction of stellate morphology, previously associated with cAMP-mediated growth arrest, was also dependent on activation of both PKA and Epac. Rap1 inhibition with Rap1GAP or siRNA silencing did not negate forskolin-induced inhibition of Rb-hyperphosphorylation, BrdU incorporation or stellate morphology. This data demonstrates for the first time that Epac synergises with PKA via a Rap1-independent mechanism to mediate cAMP-induced growth arrest in VSMC. This work highlights the role of Epac as a major player in cAMP-dependent growth arrest in VSMC.