Role of Spectral Doppler Sonography in the Evaluation of Partial Testicular Torsion

Objective. The purpose of this series was to evaluate the role of spectral Doppler and color flow Doppler sonography in the evaluation of partial testicular torsion. Methods. Eight cases of partial testicular torsion, diagnosed on the basis of abnormal spectral Doppler waveforms or abnormal color flow Doppler findings, were retrospectively pooled from 2 teaching hospitals. Results. The age group ranged from 4 to 85 years. Testicles with partial testicular torsion showed variable spectral Doppler patterns, including increased, similar, or decreased amplitude of the arterial waveform relative to the contralateral testicle. Two cases showed reversal of arterial diastolic flow, and 1 case showed diastolic flow variability within the same testicle. Decreased blood flow was observed on color flow Doppler sonography in 7 of the 8 patients. Conclusions. Variability of the Doppler waveform when compared with the contralateral testicle and reversal of diastolic blood flow are indirect clues that aid in the diagnosis of partial testicular torsion.     

Torsion of the spermatic cord: the main gray-scale and doppler sonographic signs

Scrotal ultrasonography (US) is usually the initial imaging modality for evaluating patients who present with acute pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Acute epididymitis, acute epididymo-orchitis, torsion of the spermatic cord (TSC), and other acute scrotal abnormalities may have similar findings at clinical examination. Pain and swelling make the clinical examination difficult, sometimes practically impossible, potentially resulting in management delays. The objective of this review is to summarize the main clinical signs of the TSC and to illustrate and briefly discuss the US features of this entity, including gray-scale imaging, color Doppler with spectral analysis, and power Doppler sonography. Although TSC can occur at any age, it is most common in adolescent boys. The intensity of the symptoms and the US findings vary with the duration of the torsion, number of twists in the spermatic cord (degree of rotation), and how tightly the vessels of the cord are compressed. An enlarged, more spherical, and diffusely hypoechogenic testis without detectable arterial and venous testicular flow at color and power Doppler US is considered diagnostic of acute testicular ischemia. The presence of a color or power Doppler signal in one part of the testis does not exclude TSC. Positive blood flow but significantly diminished, usually near or inside the mediastinum, may be found, mainly in the partial or incomplete TSC. Identification of a large echogenic extratesticular mass distal to the site of the torsion, frequently misinterpreted as a chronic epididymitis, can be the key to the diagnosis of TSC. When a small arterial sign is found a low amplitude waveform is present with an increased resistive index on the affected side due to a diminished, absent, or reversed diastolic flow. Gray-scale imaging, color Doppler, power Doppler and pulsed Doppler with spectral analysis are very effective to make or exclude the diagnosis of TSC.     

Torsion and beyond: new twists in spectral Doppler evaluation of the scrotum.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate how spectral Doppler waveform analysis plays an adjunctive but very definite role in scrotal sonography. METHODS: The cases illustrate a variety of testicular disorders that were collected at a referral tertiary care center. RESULTS: Normal and a variety of pathologic conditions of the testes are discussed, along with their signature spectral waveforms. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the spectral waveform provides important additional information in various scrotal disorders with acute pain. Spectral waveform analysis is critical to diagnosing incomplete torsion when color and power Doppler examinations are indeterminate.     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸不全扭转治疗中的应用价值

目的深入研究睾丸不全扭转的血流动力学改变，探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDU）在睾丸不全扭转治疗中的应用价值。 方法对37例睾丸扭转患者和30例健康自愿者的阴囊高频CDU表现进行分析，对比研究睾丸的二维图像和血流动力学的变化，36例经手术证实。 结果37例睾丸扭转中，有10例为不全扭转，其中3例睾丸实质回声均匀，有2例血流信号减少，1例血流信号无减少，动脉血流频谱均呈低阻型，这3例施行松解固定术后睾丸均存活；另7例睾丸实质出现片状低回声，血流信号明显减少并多位于睾丸边缘，动脉血流频谱呈高阻型，5例施行松解固定术，1例行睾丸切除术，随访6例睾丸均萎缩。正常睾丸穿隔动脉及睾丸下极动脉的血流频谱可呈高阻型。 结论睾丸不全扭转，在睾丸内出现大片状低回声后即使仍有血流信号显示，术中也不宜松解精索、而应直接切除睾丸。了解睾丸动脉血流频谱形态的改变有助于对扭转后睾丸血流灌注状态的判断。     

睾丸动脉舒张期反向血流的临床意义

目的探讨阴囊急症中睾丸动脉舒张期反向血流的形成及其临床应用价值。方法回顾124例阴囊急症高频彩色多普勒超声检查结果,重点分析精索内动脉及其分支的多普勒频谱形态变化,并与治疗结果对照。结果在124例中共检出10例动脉舒张期反向血流,包括睾丸不全扭转7例,急性睾丸附睾炎2例,鞘膜积液伴急性感染1例。检出舒张期反向血流的血管为精索内动脉末段及包膜动脉和(或)睾丸穿隔动脉。8例施行手术均发现睾丸存在不同程度供血障碍。结论精索内动脉及其分支舒张期反向血流可作为睾丸急性血运障碍的评判指标,其临床应用值得进一步研究。     

小儿阴囊急症的诊断和处理（附106例临床分析）

目的：探讨小儿阴囊急症的临床诊断和处理方法。方法：回顾性分析我院自1985-1999年收治的106例睾丸扭转、睾丸附件扭转和睾丸附睾炎的小儿阴囊急症病例。对其在病史、体征和彩色多普勒超声等方面进行统计学处理。结果：全部14例睾丸扭转均有睾丸触痛和提睾反射消失。有6例睾丸扭转患者通过彩色多普勒超声证实而手术,睾丸附件扭转88.9%有附睾触痛,85.2%有睾丸上极触痛以及37.0%有硬结,睾丸附睾炎90.8%有阴囊红肿,结论：体格检查在鉴别小儿阴囊急症中有显著作用。提睾反射的消失是睾丸扭转最敏感。最准确的体格检查表现。彩色多普勒超声在小儿阴囊急症的诊断中是一项有价值的辅助检查。如已明确或怀疑睾丸扭转,应尽可能早地施行探查手术。     

Neonatal testicular torsion with an unusual sonographic feature

Neonatal testicular torsion is a rare entity, the exact etiology of which is not elucidated. Imaging is performed using color Doppler ultrasound and scintigraphic studies with typically diminished testicular flow on the side with torsion. We present a case of testicular torsion in a newborn with increased testicular vascularity demonstrated by ultrasound and suggesting a torsion-detorsion sequence. Management of patients with torsion involves assessing the risks of neonatal surgery versus the possibility of finding viable testicular tissue at surgical exploration.     

睾丸扭转的高频彩超诊断及临床分析

目的 探讨高频彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转诊断中的价值,提高睾丸扭转的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析28例睾丸扭转病例的临床资料,总结分析其临床表现及CDFI声像图特征。结果 28例睾丸扭转患者高频彩超显示睾丸、附睾在阴囊内位置、内部回声改变,睾丸内血流减少或消失。所有病例均经手术证实。结论 高频彩色多普勒超声为睾丸扭转首选检查方法,结合临床表现可确诊睾丸扭转。     

实时精索团块在超声诊断睾丸扭转中的价值

目的 探讨实时精索团块在超声诊断睾丸扭转中的价值。方法 经超声检查的睾丸扭转患者42例,分析其阴囊的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现,仔细研究精索的走行,寻找有无实时精索团块。结果 所有病例均经手术证实。37例为完全扭转,二维及彩色多普勒上均可见精索团块,精索团块及其远端无血流信号。5例为不完全扭转,二维及彩色多普勒上均可见精索团块,精索团块内血流减少。结论 实时精索团块是诊断睾丸完全、不完全扭转最敏感、最特异的超声表现。     

Sonographic differential diagnosis of acute scrotum: real-time whirlpool sign, a key sign of torsion.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the role of high‐resolution and color Doppler sonography in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum and testicular torsion in particular. Methods. Patients who underwent sonography for acute scrotum between April 2000 and September 2005 were included in the study. Gray scale and color Doppler sonography of the scrotum was performed. The spermatic cord was studied on longitudinal and transverse scans from the inguinal region up to the testis, and the whirlpool sign was looked for. Results. During this period, 221 patients underwent sonography for acute scrotum. Sixty‐five had epididymo‐orchitis with a straight spermatic cord, a swollen epididymis, testis, or both, an absent focal lesion in the testis, and increased flow on color Doppler studies along with the clinical features of infection. Three had testicular abscesses. Sonography revealed features of torsion of testicular appendages in 23 patients and acute idiopathic scrotal edema in 19. Complete torsion was seen in 61 patients who had the whirlpool sign on gray scale imaging and absent flow distal to the whirlpool. There was incomplete torsion in 4 patients in whom the whirlpool sign was seen on both gray scale and color Doppler imaging. Nine patients had segmental testicular infarction, and 1 had a torsion‐detorsion sequence revealing testicular hyperemia. In 14 patients, the findings were equivocal. There was a complicated hydrocele, mumps orchitis, and vasculitis of Henoch‐Schönlein purpura in 1 patient each. Five patients had normal findings. Fourteen were lost for follow‐up. Conclusions. Sonography of acute scrotum should include study of the spermatic cord. The sonographic real‐time whirlpool sign is the most specific and sensitive sign of torsion, both complete and incomplete. Intermittent testicular torsion is a challenging clinical condition with a spectrum of clinical and sonographic features.     

彩色多普勒超声评价正常睾丸的血液循环特征

本文应用彩色多普勒超声分析了50例正常成人100只睾丸的血液循环特征。结果显示：睾九动脉、睾九包膜动脉及睾丸内动脉在所有阴囊内得以显示。尽管睾丸动脉主干的血流频谱有一定变异性，但三支动脉均显示为低阻力型血流频谱，提示睾丸为低阻力血液循环。本文尚建立了三支睾丸血管各种血流参数的正常值。我们认为彩色多普勒超声可以准确可靠地显示正常睾丸的血液循环特征，熟知睾丸动脉的正常彩色多普勒表现和频谱波型特征，将有助于诊断伴有血流改变的阴囊疾病。     

彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断及意义

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断及临床意义。方法：分析经手术证实的14例睾丸扭转患者的彩色多普勒超声表现。结果：病变侧睾丸血流减少伴阻力指数增高是诊断早期睾丸扭转的敏感指标，手术复位成功率高。病变侧睾丸血流消失是诊断睾丸扭转的可靠指标，如同时睾丸大小正常，回声均匀，可行手术复位；如伴睾丸肿大或缩小，回声极不均质，需手术切除。结论：彩色多普勒超声能较准确地判断睾丸扭转的程度及病情发展时期，对手术方案的选择有较大指导价值，应作为睾丸扭转的首选检查方法之。     

超声多普勒检查在阴囊急症中的应用

目的 探讨阴囊急症的彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和彩色多普勒能量图（CDE）特征及其鉴别诊断。方法 用CDFI和CDE观察64例阴囊急症病灶区血供状况,并与健侧比较。对37例急性附睾炎及睾丸炎的附睾动脉和3例早期睾丸扭转的睾丸内动脉的血流参数进行检测,并与30例正常人对照。结果 45例急性附睾炎及睾丸炎中37例表现为高血供,附睾内血流速度明显高于正常对照组,阻力指数低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;5例病变侧睾丸无血供或低血供,睾丸内血流阻力指数增高,超声诊断睾丸扭转,与手术病理诊断相符;3例睾丸附件扭转,附件内无血流信号显示,而附着处组织血供增多;11例阴囊外伤中,睾丸完全破裂1例,部分破裂2例,挫伤5例,单纯血肿3例。结论 CDFI和CDE可准确地鉴别睾丸扭转、睾丸附件扭转和炎症,有助于睾丸损伤的临床治疗方案的选择,可作为阴囊急症诊断的首选检查方法。     

超声诊断睾丸扭转的价值

目的探讨应用高频超声、彩色血流图及能量图对睾丸扭转的诊断价值。方法连续选择临床确诊睾丸扭转33例,用高频二维超声观察左右睾丸、附睾及精索的形态大小及内部回声等;用彩色血流图及能量图观察睾丸及附睾的血供信息。结果超声诊断睾丸扭转的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为97％、80％、95％。结论高频超声、彩色血流图及能量图对睾丸扭转的诊断有重要的临床价值。     

Echo color Doppler findings in postpubertal mumps epididymo-orchitis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe echo color Doppler features of mumps epididymo-orchitis in postpubertal boys and men. METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of the scrotum in 12 patients (14-34 years old) with serologically proven mumps and symptomatic epididymo-orchitis (pain and scrotal swelling) were compared with color Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of the scrotum in 10 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Clinically evident testicular involvement was bilateral in 1 patient and unilateral in 11 patients (9 left- and 2 right-sided). Four (33.3%) of 12 patients had swelling and a heterogeneous echo texture of the epididymis and hydrocele. Two (16.7%) of 12 patients had swelling of both the epididymis and didymus of the involved side, with a heterogeneous echo texture of the didymus due to hypoechoic, irregularly shaped, confluent intraparenchymal areas. Two (16.7%) of 12 patients had only unilateral mild hydrocele and no testicular abnormalities. In 4 (33.3%) of 12 cases, B-mode ultrasonographic examination did not show any testicular abnormalities or hydrocele. Hydrocele was anechoic in 4 cases and multiseptated in 4. In 12 (100%) of 12 patients, color Doppler and power Doppler ultrasonography showed hypervascularity in the parenchyma of the affected testicle. In 11 patients, spectral Doppler examination of the arteries at the testicular hilum showed a significantly lower mean +/- SD resistive index (0.54 +/- 0.03; range, 0.48-0.57) on the inflamed side compared with the opposite unaffected side (mean, 0.66 +/- 0.04; range, 0.71-0.60) (P < .001). In the patient with bilateral involvement, the mean resistive index values in the right and left testicular arteries were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively. The mean resistive index of the 13 inflamed testicles (0.54 +/- 0.03; range, 0.48-0.57) was significantly different from the mean resistive index values of the right (0.68 +/- 0.03) and left (0.67 +/- 0.04) testicular arteries in healthy control subjects (P < .001). The mean resistive index in the 11 unaffected testicles in our patients (0.66 +/- 0.04; range, 0.71-0.60) was not significantly different from the mean resistive index in healthy control subjects. CONCLUSION. Ultrasonographic findings in mumps orchitis are not specific. Echo color Doppler examination is more sensitive than ultrasonography alone for revealing testicular inflammation.     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转中的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转中的应用价值。方法回顾分析15例睾丸扭转的二维超声表现,应用CDFI观察其血供状况,并与临床、手术及病理结果进行对照分析。结果 15例睾丸扭转患者中,患侧睾丸内血流消失5例,血流明显减少8例,血流无明显变化2例。超声准确诊断13例,2例误诊为急性睾丸炎。结论彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断准确率较高,对临床治疗方案的选择有重要的指导意义。     

高频彩色多普勒超声在睾丸附睾急症诊断中的应用

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒技术诊断睾丸附睾急症的价值。方法回顾分析111例睾丸附睾急症患者的声像图资料。结果 111例中,急性附睾炎68例,急性睾丸附睾炎8例,睾丸扭转16例,睾丸附件扭转3例,睾丸血肿10例,睾丸破裂6例。结论高频彩色多普勒超声在诊断睾丸附睾急症方面有很高的临床价值。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断和鉴别诊断小儿睾丸扭转

目的 评估彩色多普勒超声诊断及鉴别诊断小儿睾丸扭转的价值。 方法 回顾分析因急性阴囊肿痛而接受彩色多普勒超声检查的125例患儿的声像图特征,并与手术病理、临床最终诊断相比较。 结果 125例中,急性睾丸扭转14例,超声诊断符合率92.86%(13/14),均接受手术治疗,其中11例睾丸完全坏死切除,CDFI显示睾丸内无明显血流信号,3例手术复位后睾丸存活,CDFI示睾丸内有少量血流信号;急性睾丸附件扭转68例,睾丸上极或与附睾间见回声不均质结节,内无血流信号,超声诊断符合率97.06%(66/68);急性附睾炎43例,附睾内血流信号明显增多,超声诊断符合率100%(43/43)。 结论 彩色多普勒超声对小儿睾丸扭转具有较高的诊断及鉴别诊断价值,是临床首选的影像检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转和睾丸附件扭转诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转和睾丸附件扭转诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法：分析44例睾丸扭转和37例睾丸附件扭转彩色多普勒超声声像图特点, 总结二者鉴别诊断要点。结果：睾丸扭转特异性表现为睾丸内血运减少或消失以及睾丸上方无血运高回声团块。睾丸附件扭转超声表现为睾丸与附睾头之间或睾丸旁不均质高回声结节及睾丸、附睾内血运轻度增多。结论：彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转和睾丸附件扭转诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要诊断价值。