New approaches in pulmonary rehabilitation

Patients who have mild to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may obtain improvement in dyspnea, exercise capacity, and health-related quality of life as a result of exercise training. The type and intensity of training is of key importance in determining outcomes. High-intensity aerobic training leads to physiologic gains in aerobic fitness. Nevertheless, extreme breathlessness or peripheral muscle fatigue may prevent some patients from performing high-intensity exercise; therefore, new tools are needed to improve the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation.     

COPD肺康复运动处方的研究进展

肺康复作为COPD管理的一项重要内容,能有效减轻COPD患者的呼吸困难症状,提高运动耐量和健康相关生活质量,在国内尚处于起步阶段,对运动训练在COPD肺康复中的具体方式、强度、时间、频率缺乏充分的认识,本文就COPD肺康复运动处方的研究进展进行综述.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的肺康复运动训练新进展

肺康复任慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗中有明确的效果,其核心内容是运动训练。对于慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者而言,运动训练的难点之一是如何提高运动强度并延缓呼吸困难的产生。近年来的部分研究通过吸入氦氧气体或呼吸训练等方式来改善运动中的过度充气,从而提高运动训练的效果。本文就这方而的进展作一综述。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复相关进展与运动心肺功能的应用

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者,特别是老年患者.运动耐力下降是其主要症状之一,不但严重影响了患者的生活质量,同时带来了沉重的社会家庭经济负担,随着人口老龄化的加深,这一问题愈显突出.很多国外研究已证明肺康复是改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动耐力的有效手段,且具有良好成本效益.同时越来越多的研究已将运动心肺功能作为其评估技术,并将其广泛运用到日常的诊疗活动中.目前国内对这方面的研究和应用还相对较少.本文将着重就肺康复及这一运动耐力评估方法作一综述.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复相关进展与运动心肺功能的应用

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者,特别是老年患者.运动耐力下降是其主要症状之一,不但严重影响了患者的生活质量,同时带来了沉重的社会家庭经济负担,随着人口老龄化的加深,这一问题愈显突出.很多国外研究已证明肺康复是改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动耐力的有效手段,且具有良好成本效益.同时越来越多的研究已将运动心肺功能作为其评估技术,并将其广泛运用到日常的诊疗活动中.目前国内对这方面的研究和应用还相对较少.本文将着重就肺康复及这一运动耐力评估方法作一综述.     

Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on quadriceps fatiguability during exercise

We have recently shown that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develop contractile fatigue of their quadriceps muscle following endurance exercise. Pulmonary rehabilitation can produce physiological adaptations in patients with COPD. We hypothesized that if pulmonary rehabilitation induces physiological adaptations in the exercising muscle, it should become more fatigue resistant. Twenty one patients with COPD, mean age 69.9 +/- 1.9 yr, FEV(1) 45 +/- 4% predicted, participated in an 8-wk outpatient, supervised pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program. Quadriceps contractile fatigue was detected by a fall in quadriceps twitch force postexercise. Twitch force was measured during magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve. Because potentiated twitches may be more sensitive at detecting fatigue, both unpotentiated (TwQu) and potentiated (TwQp) twitches were obtained before and 10, 30, and 60 min after constant load cycle exercise. Prerehabilitation, during constant load exercise, patients exercised at 37 +/- 4 W for 11.2 +/- 1.8 min. Prerehabilitation, TwQu fell significantly postexercise down to a minimum value of 82.5 +/- 3.1% of the baseline preexercise value (p < 0.001). Similarly, prerehabilitation, TwQp fell significantly postexercise down to a minimum value of 73.9 +/- 3.9% of baseline (p < 0.001). Postrehabilitation, for the same intensity and duration of exercise, TwQu was not significantly different from baseline at any time postexercise. Postrehabilitation, TwQp fell significantly postexercise but the fall in TwQp with exercise was significantly less postrehabilitation compared with prerehabilitation (p < 0.001). In conclusion, pulmonary rehabilitation resulted in increased fatigue resistance of the quadriceps muscle in patients with COPD.     

运动训练联合居家运动在老年肺康复病人中的应用

目的 探讨运动训练联合居家运动在老年肺康复病人中的应用效果及对圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)、呼吸困难指数(mMRC)评分的影响.方法 选择2017年6月至2019年6月进行肺康复锻炼的60例老年病人,按随机数字表法分为2组,每组30例.对照组给予常规康复模式,观察组采用运动训练方案联合居家运动,2组均完成4周干预.比较2...     

Impact of obesity on exercise performance and pulmonary rehabilitation

While the impact of obesity on respiratory function has been extensively studied, and several definitive conclusions have emerged, its impact on exercise performance is complex, with the available data sometimes providing contradictory or inconclusive information. Based on the literature discussed, it appears that resting alterations in lung volumes and gas exchange become attenuated during exercise in the obese, while oxygen cost of breathing and dyspnoea are increased. Respiratory muscle function also seems to be impaired, such that inspiratory muscle strength is reduced and respiratory drive is increased. Furthermore, while there is no reduction in the absolute values of maximal oxygen uptake compared with normal-weight subjects, oxygen uptake at a given workload is increased and maximal workload is reduced in the obese, caused by increases in body mass and/or basal metabolic rate. To date, obesity has not been listed as an indication for pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), hence the reason why conclusive data on the impact of obesity per se on PR are lacking. The majority of evidence discussed is based on comparative data from obese versus normal-weight patients, with respiratory disorders currently established as indications for PR. The best evidence currently available regarding the impact of obesity on PR is for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); here, it appears that obesity per se has no negative impact on PR. Otherwise, there are no conclusive data on the impact of obesity on PR in respiratory disorders other than COPD, and this remains to be investigated in the future.     

中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺康复运动强度的评估

目的探索反映中重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者运动强度的较好指标和方法，用于制订和监测个体化运动强度。方法分析30例中重度男性COPD患者心肺运动试验中获得的运动强度指标，比较在不同最大摄氧量百分比（VO2max％）运动强度下各指标的分布，采用多元回归方法分析心率和Borg指数与VO2max％的相关关系。结果在取值上，心率储备百分比（HRR％）的实际值接近于VO2max％，而HRR％的预计值与VO2max％相差较远。在不同VO2max％运动强度下，HRR％实际值比预计值的分布变异更大。Borg指数越大越能准确反映COPD患者的VO2max％运动强度，Borg指数分别为3分（轻度气促）、4分（中度气促）和5分（比较重的气促）的运动强度分别达到60％、72％和78％VO2max心率和Borg指数与VO2max％的相关系数分别为0．807和0．834，在已知心率和Borg指数时，采用VO2max％运动强度的预计方程式可预计患者实际达到的运动强度。结论HRR％实际值能更好地反映VO2max％运动强度，建议采用心肺运动试验中获得的实际最大心率制订中重度男性COPD患者的运动强度。Borg指数是简单适用的运动强度制订和监测指标，建议中重度男性COPD患者在肺康复运动训练中应达到Borg指数4分。VO2max％运动强度的预计方程式可用于运动强度的监测。     

Oxygen supplemented exercise of ventilatory and nonventilatory muscles in pulmonary rehabilitation

An outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program was evaluated for evidence of patient improvement. All patients exercised on 4 LPM oxygen (O2). Inspiratory resistive loading (ventilatory muscle modality) was prescribed to achieve one-half of the patient's maximal inspiratory force at minute ventilation (VE) not greater than one-and-one half times resting VE. Walking (nonventilatory muscle exercise) was prescribed at work level requiring VE of 50 percent of maximum breathing capacity, if a ventilatory limit to exercise, or a work level set at 60 percent of VO2 maximum, if no ventilatory limit to exercise. Significant improvement was noted after rehabilitation in maximum workload, 12 min walk, and endurance both on room air (RA) and O2, as compared to pre-rehabilitation values. No improvement was noted in resting pulmonary function, gas exchange, exercise-induced hypoxemia or VO2 max. O2 increased work performance compared to values in the same patients on RA, both before and after rehabilitation, an effect possibly mediated by O2-induced reduction in submaximal VE.     

Maintaining exercise capacity and quality of life following pulmonary rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE: The optimum method for sustaining the benefits gained from pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has not been determined. In this report the authors describe the 4-year referral and uptake patterns to a hospital-based outpatient PR programme, and the sustained benefits of PR in patients with COPD attending a community-based maintenance exercise programme. METHODS: Entry and exit data were mapped for all patients referred to the PR service over the review period. All eligible patients were offered a community-based maintenance exercise programme upon completion of PR. A total of 21 patients underwent follow-up assessment of functional exercise capacity, quality of life (QOL) and health-care utilization. RESULTS: Over a 4-year period, 467 patients (80% with COPD) were referred to the programme, of whom 230 entered PR. In total, 172 patients completed PR, with attrition (25%) being mostly due to medical problems. Of the 84 patients who elected for the community-based programme, 46 were still attending at follow up and 21 patients with moderate-to-severe COPD (44.9 +/- 12.6 (mean +/- SD) FEV(1)% predicted) were reassessed at 18.4 +/- 11.9 months post PR. Significant improvements (mean change (95% confidence interval)) persisted in 6-min walk distance (41.1 m (15.7-66.5)), distance walked in 20 min (195.1 m (82.3-308)) and in QOL (Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire) (11.0 points (4.4-17.6)) (P < 0.01). The QOL improvements exceeded the minimum clinically important difference. A trend towards a reduction in COPD-related hospital admissions, bed-days and emergency department presentations was observed in the 12 months following PR. Self-reported adherence with the home exercise programme indicated that 67% of patients were exercising at least 3-5 days each week in addition to attending a class. CONCLUSION: For patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, a weekly community-based maintenance exercise class, supervised by a physiotherapist, combined with a home exercise programme is an effective intervention for maintaining improvements following PR.     

Measurement of the acute inflammatory response to walking exercise in COPD: effects of pulmonary rehabilitation

Objective:

This pilot study concerns the evaluation of the acute cytokine response to exercise and changes in this throughout a 7 week pulmonary rehabilitation programme.

Methods:

17 (10 male, 7 female) stable COPD patients, mean (SD) age 69 (8) yrs, mean FEV₁, 51.3 (17.3) % predicted entered into 7 weeks of rehabilitation. The acute cytokine response (ACR) was measured from serum cytokine levels; Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) taken pre, post and 1 hour post-maximal incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT). The ACR to maximal exercise was determined before rehabilitation (T0) and post rehabilitation (T7). The ACR (pre/post test) to iso-distance exercise (based on initial ISWT distance) was determined throughout the rehabilitation period at 2 (T2), 4 (T4) weeks and at the end (T7).

Results:

12 patients completed the study. Maximal ISWT distance significantly increased after rehabilitation. There was no significant change in baseline cytokine level throughout; or in pre/post-exercise cytokine levels prior to, during or following rehabilitation.

Conclusions:

There was no significant inflammatory response associated with maximal exercise before or after training. Cytokine responses to a fixed bout of exercise did not alter markedly throughout. Clinical PR is unlikely to exacerbate systemic inflammation in COPD.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺康复治疗效果及其评价

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）大部分中重度患者活动能力受限，并出现心理障碍及社会适应力降低，同时COPD的高患病率、高致残率使其占据了相当大的社会医疗资源。肺康复治疗的目的并非阻止或逆转肺功能的降低，而是通过肺康复计划改善患者的呼吸困难，提高运动耐力及生活质量，改善患者心理障碍及社会适应能力。全球COPD控制策略（GOLD）中首次将肺康复治疗，特别是下肢运动训练列为中重度COPD患者治疗的主要措施之一。目前国内对肺康复的重要性、相关的研究和临床工作与国外差距较大，对运动训练在肺康复中的重要地位缺少认识，且康复效果评价方法欠规范，在此就部分相关内容进行综述。     

肺康复对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效分析

目的探讨肺康复锻炼对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的临床疗效及意义。方法 300例稳定期慢阻肺患者,采用前瞻性随机对照法分为两组:康复组(n=149)给予门诊慢阻肺健康宣教,包括饮食干预,戒烟教育,用药指导;肺康复锻炼(呼吸运动训练联合步行运动训练)。对照组(n=151)仅给予门诊慢阻肺健康宣教。比较6个月后两组患者的血气分析、肺功能、6MWD(6分钟步行距离)及慢阻肺急性加重期住院的次数等。结果 6个月后共234例完成试验,康复组(n=121)较对照组(n=113)的6MWD,血气分析等指标有明显改善,具有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组间肺功能FEV_1/FVC、FEV_1%和慢阻肺急性加重期住院的次数无统计差异(P0.05)。结论肺康复锻炼(呼吸运动训练联合步行运动训练)能有效提高PaO_2及降低PaCO_2,提高6MWD,适度改善运动耐力,是一种简便易行的康复锻炼方法,值得临床应用及推广。     

基于心肺运动试验评价心血管疾病的临床康复优势

通过心肺运动试验（CPET）对心血管疾病（CVD）患者进行临床诊断和疗效评估已成为心脏康复（CR）领域的研究热点。本文基于CPET诊断和疗效评估优势,对核心指标如峰值耗氧量、无氧阈、心率储备、氧脉搏、代谢当量、二氧化碳通气斜率、吸氧效率斜率等的优势和特点进行总结,通过CPET相关随机对照临床试验,深入评估CPET在冠心病患者的心脏康复处方制定与调整、心脏康复疗效评价中的作用,为临床运用CPET辅助冠心病患者进行心脏康复提供依据和参考。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病2种肺康复策略的疗效比较

目的:比较2种不同的肺康复干预策略对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者BODE指数评分、焦虑抑郁及日常生活活动能力的改善及脱落率。方法:采用随机、对照的方法将155例稳定期COPD患者分为3组,肺康复干预Ⅰ组给予康复宣教、有氧呼吸操及体能训练;肺康复干预Ⅱ组仅给予康复宣教及有氧呼吸操,对照组不给予肺康复干预,为期20周。比较康复前后3组患者BODE指数、焦虑抑郁及日常生活活动能力评分及脱落的差异。结果:经过20周的肺康复干预,肺康复干预Ⅰ、Ⅱ组较对照组在焦虑抑郁评分、6 min步行距离、呼吸困难程度评分均明显改善(P<0.01),但脱落率明显高于其他2组(P