Lumbar plexus block with perineural catheter and sciatic nerve block for total hip arthroplasty

This case series describes the use of continuous lumbar plexus block with sciatic nerve block as an alternative anesthetic for total hip arthroplasty (THA). A retrospective chart review was performed on 10 consecutive patients who underwent THA at Walter Reed Army Medical Center using continuous lumbar plexus block and sciatic nerve block for anesthesia. Continuous lumbar plexus block with sciatic nerve block without concurrent general anesthesia has not been described previously for THA. Peripheral nerve block may provide superior intraoperative outcomes, as suggested by lower operative blood loss and potentially lower transfusion exposure. Lumbar plexus block with perineural catheter and sciatic nerve block with perioperative sedation is an effective alternative to general anesthesia for THA.     

腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞在高龄患者髋关节置换中的应用

目的探讨腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞对高龄髋关节置换术患者术后疼痛的缓解作用及对认知功能的保护机制。 方法选取2016年6月至2018年5月于海南省万宁市人民医院行单次全髋关节置换术的高龄患者120例,年龄80~100岁,纳入标准：年龄范围为80~100岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;符合全髋关节置换术相关手术指征;认知功能正常。排除标准：合并严重原发疾病者;合并精神病或神经系统疾病者;依从性较差者;对本研究麻醉方案过敏者。所有患者采用随机数字表法分为两组：全身麻醉组(GA组),腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞组(PCSNB组),每组各60例。比较两组术中情况(麻醉操作时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术中补液量),手术前后血清碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)水平。采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)评估两组患者术后疼痛程度,采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)及蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估两组患者认知功能。正态分布的计量资料采用t检验,同一指标在3个以上不同时间点上比较,采用重复测量方差分析。 结果PCSNB组麻醉操作时间显著高于GA组(t＝17.74,P<0.001),术中出血量及术中补液量均显著低于GA组(t＝7.56、14.59、7.60,均为P<0.001)。术后1 d两组血清bFGF水平均有所下降(t＝13.14、6.82,均为P<0.001),但PCSNB组血清bFGF水平显著高于GA组(t＝7.43,P <0.001)。PCSNB组术后2、12及24 h的VAS评分显著低于对照组(F＝8.03、6.56,均为P <0.001)。术后1 d,PCSNB组MMSE评分及MoCA评分均显著低于对照组(t＝3.89、4.58,均为P <0.001)。 结论腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞可减轻高龄髋关节置换术患者术后疼痛,对患者认知功能具有保护作用,可能与bFGF水平有关。     

Lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block for knee arthroplasty: comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine

PURPOSE: Information about the onset time and duration of action of ropivacaine during a combined lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block is not available. This study compares bupivacaine and ropivacaine to determine the optimal long-acting local anaesthetic for lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Forty adult patients scheduled for unilateral total knee arthroplasty, under lumbar plexus and sciatic block were entered into this double-blind randomized study. Patients were assigned (20 per group) to receive lumbar plexus block using 30 ml of local anaesthetic and a sciatic nerve block using 15 ml of local anaesthetic with either bupivacaine 0.5% or ropivacaine 0.5%. All solutions contained fresh epinephrine in a 1:400,000 concentration. Every one minute after local anaesthetic injection, patients were assessed to determine loss of motor function and loss of pinprick sensation in the L1-S1 dermatomes. The time to request first analgesic was documented from the PCA pump. This time was used as evidence of block regression. RESULTS: Blocks failed in four patients in each group. The mean onset time of both motor and sensory blockade was between 14 and 18 min in both groups. Duration of sensory blockade was longer in the bupivacaine group, 17 +/- 3 hr, than in the ropivacaine group, 13 +/- 2 hr (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that bupivacaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.5% have a similar onset of motor and sensory blockade when used for lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block. Analgesic duration from bupivacaine 0.5% was prolonged by four hours compared with an equal volume of ropivacaine 0.5%.     

A nomogram for predicting the need for sciatic nerve block after total knee arthroplasty

Purpose

Sciatic nerve block (SNB) is commonly performed in combination with femoral nerve block (FNB) for postoperative analgesia following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Despite the fact that 10–20 % of TKA patients require SNB for postoperative posterior knee pain, there are no existing studies that suggest a model to predict the need for SNB. The aim of our study was to develop a prediction tool to measure the likelihood of patients undergoing TKA surgery requiring a postoperative SNB.

Methods

With institutional review board approval, we obtained data from the electronic medical record of patients who underwent TKA at the Cleveland Clinic. A multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of requiring a postoperative SNB. Clinicians selected potential predictors to create a model, and the potential nonlinear association between continuous predictors and SNB was assessed using the restricted cubic spline model.

Results

In total 6279 TKA cases involving 2329 patients with complete datasets were used for building the prediction model, including 276 (12 %) patients who received a postoperative SNB and 2053 (88 %) patients who did not. The estimated C statistic of the prediction model was 0.64. The nomogram is used by first locating the patient position on each predictor variable scale, which has corresponding prognostic points. The cut-off of 11.6 % jointly maximizes the sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion

This is the first study to be published on SNB prediction after TKA. Our nomogram may prove to be a useful tool for guiding physicians in terms of their decisions regarding SNB.

     

右美托咪定用于老年患者腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞下全髋关节置换术的辅助效果

目的 评价右美托咪定用于老年患者腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞下全髋关节置换术的辅助效果.方法 择期行单侧全髋关节置换术患者50例,性别不限,年龄80 ～ 93岁,体重指数17 ～ 25kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=25):生理盐水组(NS组)和右美托咪定组(D组).神经刺激仪引导腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞后20 min,D组静脉输注右美托咪定负荷剂量0 5 μg/kg(输注时间10 min),继以0.2μg·kg-1·h-1维持输注至术毕,NS组以同样方式输注等容量的生理盐水.阻滞效果欠佳时静脉注射丙泊酚20 mg或氯胺酮10 mg.于入室时、静脉给药即刻、手术开始即刻、10、30 min及术毕(T0-5)时记录MAP、HR、SpO2、RR,记录术中不良反应发生情况、丙泊酚或氯胺酮的使用情况及术者的满意情况.结果 与T0时比较,NS组T2-5时MAP升高、HR增快(P＜0.05),D组各时点血液动力学指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与NS组比较,D组MAP和HR、呼吸抑制和躁动发生率、丙泊酚或氯胺酮使用率降低,术者满意率升高(P＜0.05),RR和SpO2差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者均未发生心动过缓和低血压.结论 右美托咪定用于老年患者腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞下全髋关节置换术的辅助效果确切,血液动力学平稳,不良反应少.     

髋关节置换手术患者实施超声定位神经阻滞麻醉的护理

对37例全髋关节置换手术患者实施超声定位神经阻滞麻醉,麻醉科护士对患者进行术前访视与宣教,提前准备麻醉所需仪器、药品和物品,熟悉神经阻滞麻醉的过程,主动配合麻醉医生操作,手术过程中严密监测患者生命体征,协助麻醉医生做好患者呼吸道管理和液体管理,阻滞麻醉后苏醒期观察与评估患者出入液量、疼痛情况、感觉阻滞平面、运动阻滞平面等。结果所有患者神经阻滞效果良好,均顺利完成手术。提出麻醉科护士在超声定位神经阻滞麻醉过程中发挥重要作用,提高了麻醉质量和效率。     

不同浓度罗比卡因腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞用于膝关节镜手术的比较

目的观察一定剂量的罗比卡因配成不同浓度溶液用于腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞在膝关节镜手术的麻醉效果比较.方法40例拟行单侧膝关节镜手术患者随机分为A、B两组,每组20例,均在神经刺激仪定位下行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞,在腰丛神经和坐骨神经处均分别注入罗比卡因150 mg.A组将150 mg罗比卡因稀释到20 ml使用,即浓度为0.75%;B组稀释到30 ml,即浓度为0.5%.观察患者感觉和运动阻滞起效时间及维持时间,以及麻醉满意程度.结果两组患者感觉阻滞维持时间差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,感觉及运动阻滞起效时间A组比B组明显缩短（P＜0.05）,而运动阻滞维持时间A组明显延长（P＜0.05）,麻醉满意度B组明显优于A组（P＜0.05）.结论A组麻醉比B组起效快,但只运动阻滞时间明显延长,且麻醉满意度较差.所以在相同剂量的情况下,用0.5%的罗比卡因比用0.75%的罗比卡因行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞更适合于膝关节镜手术.     

Effects of local infiltration analgesia for posterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty: comparison with sciatic nerve block

Background

Although femoral nerve block provides good analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), residual posterior knee pain may decrease patient satisfaction. We compared the efficacy of periarticular infiltration analgesia (PIA) and sciatic nerve block (SNB) for posterior knee pain.

Methods

Forty-nine patients scheduled for TKA were prospectively randomized into the PIA group (n = 25) or SNB group (n = 24) and received general anesthesia with ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block (FNB). In the PIA group, 60 ml 0.5 % ropivacaine and 0.3 mg epinephrine were injected intraoperatively into the periarticular soft tissue before inserting the components. In the SNB group, patients received ultrasound-guided SNB with 20 ml 0.375 % ropivacaine and periarticular infiltration with 20 ml normal saline and 0.3 mg epinephrine. We evaluated postoperative pain scores, posterior knee pain, frequency of rescue analgesics for 36 h, and performance time of PIA and SNB.

Results

Visual analogue pain scores at 12–24 h were significantly lower in the PIA group than in the SNB group (p < 0.05). The majority of patients had no posterior knee pain. There were no significant differences between the groups in frequency and time of first administration of rescue analgesics and in side effects. Time for performance of periarticular infiltration was significantly shorter than that for SNB (p < 0.05). The dose of intraoperative remifentanil was significantly lower in the SNB group than in the PIA group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The combination of FNB and PIA provides sufficient analgesia after TKA. The rapid and convenient periarticular infiltration technique could be a good alternative to SNB.     

腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞对膝关节置换围术期影响

[目的]探讨超声引导下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞对人工全膝关节置换患者围术期应激反应、糖脂代谢的影响。[方法]选取本院择期行全膝关节置换术(单侧骨水泥型)患者80例,采用随机数字表法,随机分为全身麻醉组(全麻组)和腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞联合全身麻醉组(联合组),每组40例。记录两组患者术中Ⅱ导联心电图心律失常的发生情况和术后不良反应的发生情况。比较两组患者围术期总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、皮质醇(Cor)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)。[结果]全麻组心律失常的发生率为32.50%,而联合组为12.50%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);全麻组患者术后恶心、呕吐、低血压等不良反应的发生率为40.00%,而联合组为17.50%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与术前比较,术后两组患者TC、TG、HDL、LDL水平均降低(P<0.05),FPG、FINS、Cor、PGE2水平均升高(P<0.05)。术前两组间各项检测指标的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是术后联合组相较于全麻组患者TC、TG、LDL、FPG、FINS、Cor、PGE2降低(P<0.05),而HDL水平升高(P<0.05)。[结论]超声引导下腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞可减少围术期应激反应的发生,改善人工全膝关节置换术患者围术期糖脂代谢,减少不良反应的发生。     

Continuous intra-articular local anesthetic drug instillation versus discontinuous sciatic nerve block after total knee arthroplasty

Study objectiveSciatic nerve block (SNB) is commonly used as adjunct to femoralis nerve block (FNB) to achieve high-quality pain relief after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, this combination is associated with considerable muscle weakness, foot drop and surgically related nerve injuries may be masked. The purpose of this study was to assess whether low risk continuous intra-articular anesthetic drug instillation is an adequate alternative to SNB when adding to FNB after TKA.DesignRetrospective investigational follow-up study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital. Interdisciplinary postoperative anesthetic and orthopedic survey.PatientsFor this investigational analysis, 34 of 50 consecutive patients were available.InterventionsAll patients underwent primary unilateral TKA. Group A (18 patients) received a continuous intra-articular 0.33% ropivacaine (5 mL/h) instillation for the first 48 h postoperatively. In Group B (16 patients) a discontinuous SNB was used. Both groups were treated with a continuous FNB.MeasurementsMain endpoints were mean and maximum postoperative pain intensity levels for both anterior and posterior knee side, amount of postoperative administered opioid drugs, differences in functional outcome or hospital stay and rate of postoperative complications.Main resultsGroup A showed higher pain intensity levels for the posterior knee side (P ≤ .042). Merely on the second postoperative day there were no differences within either study group. No differences were found regarding anterior knee pain. Group A showed a significant higher postoperative piritramid consumption (P ≤ .007). Length of hospital stay or postoperative functional outcome was not significant different. Postoperative complications were not related to anesthesia techniques.ConclusionsSNB technique resulted in superior pain relief in comparison to continuous intra-articular local anesthetic drug instillation as adjunct to continuous FNB after TKA.     

超声引导下外侧入路坐骨神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术后镇痛中的应用

目的研究超声引导下外侧入路坐骨神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后镇痛中的应用情况,并与传统的后入路法比较,评价其临床应用价值。方法选择气管插管全麻下行单侧TKA手术患者60例,男22例,女38例,年龄60～85岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,所有患者术毕拔管送麻醉恢复室,在超声引导下行单次股神经联合坐骨神经阻滞镇痛,根据坐骨神经入路不同,随机分为2组(n=30):外侧入路组(L组),仰卧位下于转子下股骨干中上段外侧行坐骨神经阻滞镇痛;后入路组(P组),侧卧位下于坐骨结节和股骨大转子间行坐骨神经阻滞镇痛。记录坐骨神经阻滞操作完成时间、穿刺针深度、最低平均电流刺激的强度、穿刺成功率、坐骨神经感觉阻滞起效时间、持续时间和患者对操作满意度评分;收集术后36h内不同时点静息和活动时VAS评分及并发症的发生情况。结果L组操作完成时间明显短于P组(P0.05),进针深度明显浅于P组(P0.05),穿刺的成功率和患者满意度均明显高于P组(P0.05);两组术后不同时点静息和活动时VAS评分、术后镇痛药物使用情况和肌力差异无统计学意义。两组术后36h内均未见局部红肿、感染和神经损伤等麻醉相关并发症。结论与传统的转子间水平后入路法比较,超声联合神经电刺激针引导坐骨神经阻滞镇痛的外侧入路是一种更简单而安全有效的穿刺入路技术。     

Sciatic nerve palsy after total hip arthroplasty in a patient receiving continuous lumbar plexus block

We report a case of late-onset postoperative sciatic palsy after total hip arthroplasty in a 30-yr-old man with congenital hip dysplasia. The patient was receiving continuous lumbar plexus blockade and had received low-molecular-weight heparin 3 h before the onset of symptoms. Anatomic distinction between the nerve block and the sciatic palsy facilitated rapid diagnosis and treatment of a periarticular hematoma, with resulting neurologic recovery. This case illustrates that, with the expanded role of regional anesthetic techniques in acute pain management, the finding of a new postoperative deficit must be jointly investigated by both anesthesiologists and surgeons. Timely and open communication between services is critical because rapid intervention may be essential to achieving full recovery of an affected nerve. IMPLICATIONS: A case is presented of sciatic palsy developing after total hip arthroplasty in a patient receiving a continuous lumbar plexus block. The case highlights various issues in the use of continuous peripheral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia.     

超声引导腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞中两种体位的比较

目的 比较俯卧位和侧卧位下超声引导腰丛和臀大肌下入路坐骨神经阻滞的效果.方法 择期下肢手术患者40例,随机分为侧卧位组和俯卧位组,在超声联合神经刺激器引导下行腰丛和臀大肌下入路坐骨神经阻滞.超声测量穿刺深度,记录实际穿刺深度,对比操作时间和调整穿刺方向次数,评价手术麻醉效果并记录术后并发症.结果 俯卧位组腰丛阻滞操作时间短于侧卧位组(P<0.01),但俯卧位下行坐骨神经阻滞时常需改变体位方能成功,两组阻滞效果差异无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位和侧卧位均可用于腰丛和坐骨神经阻滞,腰丛阻滞时俯卧位优于侧卧位,臀大肌下入路坐骨神经阻滞侧卧位优于俯卧位.     

Comparing the effects of femoral nerve block versus femoral and sciatic nerve block on pain and opiate consumption after total knee arthroplasty

The goal of this study was to compare femoral and femoral plus sciatic nerve blocks in the postoperative pain management of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 97 patients participated in a convenience sample, comparative study. Patients who received femoral nerve block only (n = 30) reported statistically higher pain scores (P <.05) and showed 61% higher opiate consumption than those who received femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (n = 67) in the first 24 hours after surgery. The results suggest that the combined femoral and sciatic nerve block provides superior pain management in the early postoperative period after TKA.     

老年患者全髋关节置换术的腰丛-骶丛神经阻滞麻醉方法

目的 探讨改良的老年患者人工髋关节置换术的神经阻滞麻醉方法.方法 选取2015年3~6月于我院行全髋关节置换手术的14例老年患者,予腰丛-骶丛神经阻滞麻醉,术前运用针刺法测试麻醉平面,记录术中血流动力学变化、不良反应,评估麻醉效果.结果 臀上神经支配的阔筋膜张肌区域、臀下神经支配的臀大肌区域、股神经支配的股四头肌区域及坐骨神经支配的大腿后肌群区域皮肤痛觉消失.患者麻醉前即刻和切皮时收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)值比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).术中SBP、DBP和HR最大变化率分别为13.9%±6.2%、15.8%±7.8%和14.1%±4.8%,均在20%以内.所有患者均在单纯神经阻滞麻醉下顺利完成手术,术中均未追加阿片类药物.术中未出现局部麻醉药物中毒、血流动力学大幅波动、呼吸抑制等并发症.术者满意度评分均为10分.结论 本研究显示腰丛-骶丛神经阻滞麻醉可安全有效运用于老年患者人工髋关节置换术.受限于样本量,我们仍将在以后的临床工作中更进一步研究.