汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷

目的:探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷.方法:以47名四、五年级阅读障碍儿童和43名正常儿童为对象,系统考察了儿童的命名组词、阅读理解和阅读流畅性等阅读能力以及语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等阅读相关认知技能.结果:①阅读障碍儿童在所有阅读能力和阅读相关认知技能测验中均显著落后于正常儿童.②不同阅读相关认知技能对阅读能力的不同方面存在不同影响.③语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名相结合能有效地预测儿童是否患有阅读障碍.结论:汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等方面存在着不同缺陷,这可能是导致他们阅读能力落后的重要原因.     

汉语阅读障碍儿童的视觉空间注意能力及其与汉语阅读的关系

目的:探究汉语阅读障碍儿童的视觉空间注意与汉语阅读的关系。方法:依据识字量测试和瑞文智力测试得分筛选出阅读障碍(DD)儿童55例,并按年龄、智力匹配同年龄正常对照组(CA)儿童66例。采用数字划消测试测查两组儿童视觉空间注意能力。对所有被试进行阅读流畅性、阅读准确性、语音意识、语素意识等测试。结果:汉语DD儿童的注意划消得分低于CA儿童[(29.6±6.8) vs.(32.3±6.3),P0.05]。相关分析表明视觉空间注意与阅读流畅性(r=0.31,P0.01)和阅读准确性(r=0.31,P0.001)呈中度正相关。多重回归的结果表明语素意识和快速命名可以预测儿童的阅读准确性(β=0.4,P0.01;β=-0.39,P0.01)与流畅性(β=031,P0.01;β=-0.50,P0.01)。结论:视觉空间注意缺陷可能是引起汉语阅读障碍的原因之一,并且这种缺陷与阅读能力存在关系。     

汉语阅读障碍儿童的认知能力[I]

目的 :探讨汉语阅读障碍 (RD)儿童的认知功能特点。方法 :符合ICD -10阅读障碍诊断标准的 172例患儿和 6 3例正常儿童纳入研究 ,以韦氏儿童智力量表 (C -WISC)和韦氏记忆量表 (WMS -RC)以及汉语阅读技能诊断测验 (CRSDT)作为诊断与评估工具。结果 :RD儿童智力与记忆测验成绩明显低于正常儿童 (p <0 0 1) ,RD儿童PIQ与VIQ的差异比对照组明显 (p <0 0 1)。结论 :RD儿童存在多方面的认知功能缺陷 ,RD儿童左右半球功能不平衡。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍的认知特点研究进展

文章主要从言语认知和一般信息加工两个层面介绍汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的认知特点。其中,在言语认知层面汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在语音、语素、正字法和快速命名缺陷;在一般信息加工层面汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在视听觉、工作记忆和执行功能缺陷。从认知特点方面介绍汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的相关研究进展,供该领域研究者借鉴。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读特点

目的:探索汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读特点。方法:整群抽取武汉市3所小学3-5年级儿童820人,根据ICD-10诊断标准,采取分层检测的策略筛查出阅读障碍儿童55名。按1∶2配比选取年龄、性别、家庭经济状况相似的正常儿童110名进行配对研究,采用儿童汉语阅读障碍量表(Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children,DCCC)对汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童和正常儿童的阅读特点进行评估。结果:汉语发展性阅读障碍的筛出率为6.7%;阅读障碍组儿童DCCC8因子得分均高于正常对照组儿童(15.2±3.7/10.1±3.3、21.6±3.7/13.4±4.9、16.1±3.5/10.6±3.7、16.8±3.6/11.7±3.1、15.9±3.9/11.5±3.5、21.4±4.3/14.5±4.6、14.9±3.7/9.4±2.8、23.2±4.4/15.9±4.7,P均<0.001)。回归分析表明,各个因素的OR值均具有显著性意义(P均<0.001),但只有听知觉进入方程(OR=2.00);DCCC各项得分的性别间比较显示,正常儿童男生各因子分数均高于女生(P<0.05),而阅读障碍儿童仅口语能力得分男生低于女生(15.3±3.7/17.8±4.1,t=-2.057,P=0.045)(P<0.05)。DCCC各项得分的年级间比较显示,正常儿童各因子得分年级间差异均有显著性,而阅读障碍儿童的听知觉、意义理解、书写技能、阅读习惯因子得分年级间差异有显著性,三年级各项得分均为最高。结论:汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在阅读中各个环节均受损害,但以听知觉损害为主。     

汉语阅读障碍儿童在快速命名时的眼动特征

目的了解汉语阅读障碍儿童在进行字母、图片快速命名时的眼动特征与规律。方法依ICD-10诊断标准,从儿童发育行为门诊诊断遴选阅读障碍儿童20名,并按年龄、性别、年级匹配20例正常儿童为对照组。对他们进行颜色、数字、字母和图片快速命名测试,记录命名反应时间;采用Eyelink 2 High-Speed Eye Tracker眼动仪记录图片、字母快速命名时的眼动数据,比较两组儿童平均注视时间,平均眼跳幅度,注视次数,眼跳次数的差异。结果SRD组儿童颜色、数字、字母和图片的快速命名时间均长于对照组(44.9±16.1/28.5±3.9,P<0.001;22.3±6.5/16.8±4.3,P=0.001;58.1±32.3/33.1±9.0,P=0.001;54.2±20.4,41.3±7.0,P=0.003)。在字母快速命名中,SRD儿童的平均注视时间延长(342.8±64.2/309.7±42.8,P=0.038),注视次数和眼跳次数增多(126.1±60.1/92.9±21.5;149.4±78.8/95.2±21.5,P=0.011、0.003);在图片快速命名中,SRD儿童的平均眼跳幅度减小(2.9±0.6/3.7±1.0,P=0.10),注视次数和眼跳次数增多(118.0±52.2/98.9±20.3;137.8±58.9/106.9±19.2,P=0.039、0.016)。结论汉语SRD儿童存在快速命名障碍,在快速命名中存在异常的眼动模式,可能反映了其视觉空间和视觉注意缺陷。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的快速命名与正字法加工技能

目的:探查汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童快速命名和正字法加工的特点。方法:运用小学生识字量评价量表和标准瑞文智力测试,从171名小学二至四年级学生中选出20名发展性阅读障碍(DD)儿童、22名同年龄对照组(CA)儿童、18名同阅读水平对照组(RL)儿童。三组儿童进行数字、图片快速命名,和正字法加工技能测试,即真字、假字、非字判断任务,记录反应时和错误率。结果:DD组在数字、图片快速命名上的反应时均长于CA组(均P0.01),图片命名的反应时与RL组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而数字命名反应时短于RL组(P0.05)。DD组和RL组均表现出拒绝假字的时间长于拒绝非字(均P0.05),而CA组儿童此效应无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:本研究提示汉语阅读障碍儿童存在数字快速命名缺陷,其图片快速命名速度落后,与其阅读水平表现一致。本样本中的发展性阅读障碍儿童表现出明显的正字法效应,即能很好地判断假字和非字。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童执行功能和工作记忆特点的初步探讨

目的:探讨我国注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的执行功能和工作记忆特征.方法:采用修订版威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和韦氏记忆量表(WMS)中代表工作记忆的分测验,对汉族57例ADHD儿童和63例正常儿童进行测试.结果:①ADHD儿童在WCST中的持续性错误数(RPE)、总错误数.(RE)、持续性反应数(RP)、完成总应答数(BA)均多于对照组儿童(26.8±10.9/22.8±10.4、57.6±18.1/49.3±18.6、30.4±13.9/25.5±12.7、127.6±1.8/122.9±11.0,P=0.040、0.015、0.046、0.001),而完成分类数(CC)、正确应答数百分比(RCP)、概念化水平(RFP)均少于对照组儿童(2.9±1.5/3.8±1.8、55.0±14.0/60.5±13.4、40.8±17.6/47.8±17.7,P=0.003、0.028、0.033);②ADHD组顺背、倒背数字,数字广度、听故事理解、数字量表、积累量表得分低于对照组(7.5±1.3/8.0±1.3、4.3±1.2/4.9±1.7、11.7±1.9/13.5±2.8、6.4±3.1/8.8±3.3、9.1±2.7/10.8±3.6、9.2±3.1/11.0±2.5,P=0.025、0.029、0.001、01000、0.011、0.002);③控制年龄后,ADHD组的故事理解粗分、理解量表分、听看故事分均与WCST的总错误数、非持续性错误呈负相关(r=-0.32～-0.43,P<0.05),与完成分类数、正确应答数、正确应答数百分比、概念化水平呈正相关(r=0.32～0.39,P<0.05).结论:ADHD儿童存在执行功能、工作记忆等神经心理学功能缺陷,ADHD儿童的语音信息工作记忆存在缺陷;ADHD儿童的WCST成绩差与工作记忆能力缺陷有关.     

识字障碍儿童日常记忆研究

目的:研究识字障碍儿童的日常记忆是否存在落后。方法:从情境、面孔、物品及空间记忆四个维度比较30名五年级识字障碍儿童和30名正常儿童日常记忆的表现。结果:1.识字障碍组在自由回忆和线索回忆都比对照组差(如情境测验中,障碍组和对照组儿童自由回忆成绩的均值分别为3.9±0.9和5.8±1.2,t=6.36,P<0.01,线索回忆为7.2±1.0和8.4±1.1,t=2.89,P<0.05,其他分测验中也有类似结果)说明识字障碍儿童在日常记忆中的表现低于正常儿童;2.识字障碍组和对照组都是线索回忆成绩好于自由回忆成绩(如上述情境记忆中,识字障碍组儿童成绩提高更明显3.9±0.9/7.2±1.0,增高3.3分,t=9.50,P<0.01;正常组儿童也有提高,5.8±1.2/8.4±1.1,t=6.13,P<0.01),说明识字障碍儿童的日常记忆更加依赖线索提示,他们落后的原因是提取困难。结论:识字障碍儿童在日常记忆方面存在落后,其落后主要表现在信息的提取上。     

学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的视觉-运动整合能力

目的:探讨学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的视觉-运动整合能力特点,为实施有针对性的早期干预方案提供依据.方法:采用1∶1病例对照的设计,选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ) ADHD诊断标准的4～6岁儿童(混合型37例、注意缺陷为主型28例、多动/冲动为主型14例)及正常对照各79例.采用视觉-运动整合发育测验(VMI)来评定视觉-运动整合情况.结果:ADHD儿童VMI测验异常检出率高于对照组(32.9％ vs.7.6％,P＜0.01);ADHD各亚型VMI测验异常检出率从高到低依次为混合型、注意缺陷为主型、多动/冲动为主型,各亚型组间差异均有统计学意义(45.9％ vs.25.0％ vs.14.3％,均P＜0.05);ADHD儿童的VMI测验得分低于正常对照组[(90.2±19.4) vs.(100.5±10.7),P＜0.05],混合型ADHD儿童的VMI测验得分低于注意缺陷为主型和多动/冲动为主型[(84.5±23.1) vs.(93.7±15.2),(97.9±11.5);均P＜0.05].结论:学龄前ADHD儿童可能存在视觉-运动整合能力方面的缺陷,对学龄前ADHD儿童视觉-运动整合能力的评估有助于早期识别和早期预防学习和行为问题.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.