抑郁症患者中的强迫症状

以自制的强迫症状调查表对８０例抑郁症患者进行强迫症状的调查，以ＨＡＭＤ量表及Ｙ－Ｂ量表对抑郁症状及强迫症状进行评分。结果发现，出现强迫症状者有３４例，占４２．５％，其中强迫性回已出现例数最多，无一例出现强迫性穷思竭虑，部分病人的强迫症状出现在疾病早期，抑郁症状的ＨＡＭＤ评分与强迫症状的Ｙ－Ｂ评分之间有显著的综合相关性。强迫症状与抑郁症状常共存，对强迫症状与抑郁症之间关系的研究，有助于对强迫症状精神     

精神分裂症伴强迫症状和药源性强迫症状的比较

目的 探讨精神分裂症伴强迫症状与药源性强迫症状的临床特点.方法 研究纳入32例精神分裂症伴强迫症状的患者(伴强迫组)和45例药源性强迫症状的患者(药源组),采用自编调查表、耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、临床总体评价量表(CGI)等评定患者临床症状及其特点.结果 伴强迫组中症状荒谬的患者比率高于药源组(50.0%vs20.0%,χ2=7.68,P=0.006);伴强迫组的自知力差于药源组[(1.06±0.72)vs(0.71±0.63),t=2.29,P=0.031;伴强迫组的疗效(CGI-SI评分)差于药源组[(4.53±1.37)vs(3.73±1.07),t=2.87,P=0.005];伴强迫组对强迫思维的痛苦程度(Y-BOCS评分)低于药源组(t=2.27,P=0.027);伴强迫组对症状的主动抵抗程度(Y-BOCS评分)低于药源组(t=-2.60,P=0.01).结论 精神分裂症伴强迫症状和药源性强迫症状有不同的临床特点,前者对症状的认识较差,治疗更困难.     

精神分裂症与抑郁症中强迫症状对照研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症和抑郁症伴有的强迫症状的临床特征。方法：收集１９９６年１月～１９９７年１月住我院的有强迫症状的精神分裂症患者３１例有强迫症状的抑郁症患者３４例，用强迫症状调查表及Ｙａｌｅ－Ｂｒｏｗｎ强迫量表进行调查评定。结果：两组在强迫行为的发生率、强迫行为分及强迫症状总分上有显著差异。结论：精神分裂症和抑郁症伴有的强迫症状临床特征上有差异，可能有助于两者的鉴别。     

精神分裂症患者的强迫症状

强迫症状是精神分裂症常见症状之一 ,也是药物治疗中常见的副反应 ,其发生率多报告在 14 %～2 5 %之间 ,也有报道为 3 5 % (回顾性方法 )或 4 6 % ,可能与不同研究人员使用不同检测工具、方法及对症状认识不同有关。Ｐｏｙｕｒｏｖｓｋｙ等[1] 发现 ,首发精神分裂症患者有 14 %伴强迫症状。Ｔｉｂｂｏ等[2 ] 发现 ,2 5 %的精神分裂症患者有强迫症状 ,用氯氮平治疗时 ,超过 10 %的患者出现强迫症状。1　机制探讨作者单位 :5 180 2 0　深圳市康宁医院体内 5 羟色胺 (5 ＨＴ)系统与多巴胺 (ＤＡ)系统有相互抑制作用 ,而非典型抗精神病药对 5 …     

三种不同情况强迫症状的临床特点及全血5-羟色胺浓度的比较研究

目的比较强迫症、精神分裂症伴有的强迫症状和精神分裂症经氯氮平治疗导致的强迫症状等3组不同患者在症状学和全血5-羟色胺(5-HT)浓度方面的差异,探讨强迫症状与5-HT异常间的关系。方法对强迫症、伴强迫症状的及氯氮平治疗导致强迫症状的精神分裂症各15例,不伴强迫症状的(19例)以及氯氮平治疗未导致强迫症状的精神分裂症组(15例)使用Yale-Brown强迫量表(YBOCS)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行临床症状评定;采用高效液相色谱法检测上述5组和正常组(15例)的全血5-HT浓度。结果强迫症和精神分裂症伴有的强迫症状中强迫思维和行为均多见,而氯氮平导致的强迫症状则以强迫行为为主。有无强迫症状的精神分裂症组比较,后者的PANSS阳性量表分低,HAMA评分高(P<0.05)。有强迫症状的3组患者的全血5-HT浓度均低于无强迫症状的3组(正常组,精神分裂症不伴强迫症状组和氯氮平治疗未导致强迫症状组)(P<0.05),并且全血5-HT浓度和这3组的YBOCS分,强迫思维评分及强迫行为评分均无显著相关性。结论强迫症状在强迫症和精神分裂症中存在着症状学差异;5-HT功能低下可能是这三种强迫症状产生的共同生化机制之一。     

抗精神病药物与强迫症状

目的探讨抗精神病药与强迫症状的关系。方法采用自编调查表对659例门诊精神分裂症病人做问卷调查并对病史资料进行统计分析。结果(1)精神分裂症伴强迫症状者122例,占18.5%(122/659),其中63例强迫症状在服用抗精神病药后出现,占9.6%(63/659);(2)非典型抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率依次为氯氮平14.2%,利培酮5.1%,奥氮平1.9%,经典抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率共计2.8%;(3)氯氮平高剂量者强迫症状的发生率高于低剂量者,约1/3的病人强迫症状出现在服用氯氮平1年以内,半数以上出现在服氯氮平3年以内。结论抗精神病药诱发的强迫症状并不少见,氯氮平是其中的常见药物,强迫症状的发生与用药剂量和时间有关。     

强迫症伴强迫型人格障碍患者的反应抑制功能

目的探索共病强迫型人格障碍对强迫症患者的反应抑制功能的影响。方法选取了45名强迫症伴强迫型人格障碍患者、42名强迫症不伴强迫型人格障碍患者、54名健康对照者参与停止信号任务。结果强迫症伴强迫型人格障碍患者有更高的抑郁、焦虑水平、以及强迫症状严重程度。两组强迫症患者的抑制过程的反应时(SSRT)都比健康对照者更长,但是两个强迫症组之间没有显著性差异。结论共病强迫型人格障碍并不会加重强迫症患者的反应抑制功能损害。     

不同精神障碍中的强迫症状

强迫症状是以反复出现的强迫观念和强迫动作为基本特征的一种常见而难治的精神症状。人们已经认识到该症状并非强迫性神经症所特有 ,在精神分裂症和抑郁症中强迫症状都占有相当比例 ;而且 ,抗精神病药物尤其是非典型抗精神病药物能引起或加重强迫症状 ,称为药源性强迫症。本文复习了近年来的文献 ,对此三种情况中的强迫症状与强迫性神经症进行临床比较分析 ,并探讨其发生机制。1　临床特点1 1　精神分裂症与强迫症状　不同文献报道强迫症状在精神分裂症中的发生率相差甚远。国外的报道为 1.1%～ 4 6 %不等 ,国内则在 1.7%～ 2 3%之间。各家…     

强迫症状评定量表研究进展

<正>强迫症(Obsessive Compulsive Disorder,OCD)是一种常见的慢性精神疾病,以强迫思维和强迫行为为主要临床表现。其终生患病率为1%~3%[1],长期患病导致患者出现社会功能损害,给个人、家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担[2]。早在20世纪90年代,美国因为强迫症造成的经济损失就高达3.3亿美元。临床上常使用强迫症状评定量表用以了解患者强迫症状的严重程度和特点,借助诊断量表进行强     

伴与不伴焦虑症状的难治性抑郁症临床特征的比较

目的 探讨伴焦虑症状的难治性抑郁症的临床特征.方法 将327例难治性抑郁症患者,按照17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)焦虑/躯体化因子≥7分,分为焦虑组(229例)和无焦虑组(98例),比较2组患者的人口学特征和临床特征;对伴焦虑症状的危险因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 焦虑组平均年龄、首发年龄、HAMD17总分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)总分高于无焦虑组[(42.58±11.77)岁vs(36.78±11.84)岁,(34.60±11.66)岁vs(30.04±12.60)岁,(27.83±6.93)分vs(23.39±5.59)分,(21.11±6.61)分vs(13.88±4.68)分],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).焦虑组和无焦虑组性别(男:女,OR=0.51)、有无强迫症状(OR=3.67)、未成年和成年发病的构成比(OR=0.36)的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).年龄(OR=1.05)、HAMD17总分(OR=1.17)、有自杀观念(OR=2.70)和强迫症状(OR=4.59)与难治性抑郁症伴焦虑症状相关(P＜0.05).结论 伴焦虑症状的难治性抑郁症患者具有年龄较大、女性倾向较高、首发年龄较晚、成年发病的倾向较高、抑郁程度更严重、更可能伴强迫症状等特点;年龄、抑郁严重程度、自杀观念和强迫症状可能是难治性抑郁症伴焦虑症状的危险因素.     

Prospective Relationship Between Obsessive–Compulsive and Depressive Symptoms During Multimodal Treatment in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

The present study examined the prospective relationship between obsessive–compulsive and depressive symptoms during a multimodal treatment study involving youth with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants included fifty-six youth, aged 7–17 years (M = 12.16 years) who were enrolled in a two-site randomized controlled pharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy treatment trial. Obsessive–compulsive severity was measured using the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, and depressive symptoms were rated using the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Multi-level modeling analyses indicated that, on average over the course of treatment, variable and less severe obsessive–compulsive symptoms significantly predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms. Additionally, week-to-week fluctuations in OCD severity did not significantly predict weekly changes in depressive symptom severity. Level of baseline depressive symptom severity did not moderate these relationships. Findings suggest that when treating youth with OCD with co-occurring depression, therapists should begin by treating obsessive–compulsive symptoms, as when these are targeted effectively, depressive symptoms diminish as well.     

Prevalence and clinical correlates of obsessive–compulsive disorder in schizophrenia

Obsessive compulsive symptoms frequently occur in a substantial proportion of patients with schizophrenia. The term schizoobsessive has been proposed to delineate this subgroup of schizophrenia patients who present with obsessive–compulsive symptoms/disorder. However, whether this co-occurrence is more than just co-morbidity and represents a distinct subgroup remains controversial. A striking variation is noted across studies examining prevalence of obsessive–compulsive symptoms/disorder in schizophrenia patients and their impact on clinical profile of schizophrenia. Hence, in this study, we examined the prevalence of obsessive–compulsive symptoms/disorder in a large sample of consecutively hospitalized schizophrenia patients and compared the clinical and functional characteristics of schizophrenia patients with and without obsessive–compulsive symptoms/disorder. We evaluated 200 consecutive subjects with the DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, Family Interview for Genetic Studies and World Health Organization Quality of Life scale. The prevalence of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia was 24% (n = 48); 37 of them had obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and 11 had obsessive–compulsive symptoms not amounting to a clinical diagnosis of OCD (OCS). Schizophrenia patients with OCS/OCD had an earlier age at onset of schizophrenia symptoms, lower positive symptoms score, higher co-morbidity with Axis II disorders, higher occurrence of OCD in family and better quality of life. Findings of the study indicate a higher prevalence of OCS/OCD in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients with and without OCS/OCD have comparable clinical profile with few exceptions. High rates of OCD in first degree relatives suggest possible genetic contributions and differences in neurobiology. Finally, evidence to consider schizoobsessive as a distinct diagnostic entity is inconclusive and warrants further studies.     

Schizophrenic with obsessive-compulsive disorder or symptoms

The concept of pseudo-obsessive schizophrenia has been often used in the past. Clinically, severe obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) are closed from psychotic symptoms and ask questions about differential diagnosis with schizophrenia. Moreover some characterized schizophrenia may present in some cases obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS). Finally, schizophrenia treated by atypical antipsychotics can be complicated by obsessive compulsive symptoms following the onset of the drug. Until now, there have been no control trials on this specific topic. Reviewing data of studies exploring the prevalence of OCD in schizophrenia this current article summarizes the different pharmaceutical approaches used in treating this disorder. In addition, a review about antipsychotics causing either emergence or exacerbation of OCS is presented.     

Relations between perfectionism and obsessive–compulsive symptoms: Examination of specificity among the dimensions

There is longstanding interest in a purported relation between perfectionism and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but many previous studies have either inconsistently measured one of the constructs or not accounted for shared distress variance. These two studies investigated whether different measures of perfectionism showed unique correlations with obsessive–compulsive symptoms after accounting for depression and the cognitive domain of responsibility/threat estimation, which both are related strongly to OCD. Contrary to previous research, results were that both measures of perfectionism evidenced significant unique correlations with OCD beyond variance contributed by the other predictors. Further, the strength of association was substantially greater than the (statistically significant) perfectionism–depression partial correlation. Conversely, content conceptualized as “adaptive” perfectionism showed no correlation with any obsessive–compulsive symptoms, but had a significant negative correlation with depression. Possible reasons for both convergence and discrepancy with previous research are discussed.     

Compulsive hoarders: How do they differ from individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder?

Hoarding has been considered a subtype of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Planned revisions to the diagnostic criteria propose that hoarding form a separate diagnosis in a larger category of obsessive compulsive related disorders. To date, there have been few direct comparisons between hoarding and those with other symptoms of OCD. This study builds on work that suggests compulsive hoarding, while similar to OCD, comprises a clinically distinct condition. Three groups were compared: those with OCD without compulsive hoarding symptoms (n=102), those with compulsive hoarding but not OCD (n=21), and individuals who satisfied both criteria (n=25). The groups were compared on obsessionality, compulsivity, overvalued ideas, depression, and anxiety. The two hoarding groups were also compared on hoarding symptoms and savings cognitions. Results indicated that the hoarding-only group reported fewer symptoms than both OCD groups, including fewer obsessions and compulsions and lower depression. Both hoarding groups showed significantly higher overvalued ideas when compared to the OCD-only group. These results suggest that hoarders experience less subjective distress than those with OCD, yet have greater difficulty in challenging dysfunctional cognitions associated with the presenting condition. These findings suggest that individuals with hoarding, whether with or without OCD, will show greater difficulty engaging in cognitive-behavioral interventions.     

Naturalistic course of obsessive compulsive disorder and comorbid depression. Longitudinal results of a prospective follow-up study of 74 actively treated patients

Seventy-four patients who met DSM-III-R criteria for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) were studied in a prospective follow-up study in order to investigate course and prognosis of OCD with or without comorbid depressive symptomatology. Subjects were examined three times: at admission (baseline), 6 months later (follow-up 1) and 12 months after follow-up 1 (follow-up 2). At admission, 51 (72.9%) OCD patients were assessed as depressive by the Hamilton Depression Scale score. Between admission and follow-up 1, all patients received behavior therapy and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, between follow-up 1 and follow-up 2 they received different kinds of treatment in order to maximize therapeutic effects. A 25% Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score reduction from admission to follow-up 2 and in addition, a total Y-BOCS score of below 16 at follow-up 2 was defined as 'good prognosis course'. The results obtained showed that OCD patients who followed a good prognosis course, showed no significant depressive symptomatology at follow-up 2 (p = 0.001). These results imply that patients with a diagnosis of OCD may present depression at admission and/or follow-up 1; however, if OC symptomatology decreases longitudinally, depressive symptoms disappear too. We may assume that OCD is dominant over depression, and it seems that a comorbid depression does not have any major influence on the prognosis of OCD.     

首发强迫症感觉门控变异及与临床症状的相关性

目的:了解首发强迫症(OCD)患者的听觉P50变异特点,探讨感觉门控抑制与强迫症状的关系。方法:应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪,采用听觉条件刺激(S1)-测试刺激(S2)模式对42例OCD患者和46名正常志愿者进行听觉P50检测;应用Yale-Brown强迫量表进行临床症状评定。结果:与正常组相比,强迫症组S2-P50波幅升高(P<0.05),S1-S2和100(1-S2/S1)均降低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。经Pearson相关分析,Yale-Brown强迫量表评分强迫思维因子分与S2-P50波幅呈正相关(P<0.05),与100(1-S2/S1)呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:首发强迫症患者的感觉门控变异特点为抑制不足,强迫思维与感觉门控抑制程度有一定的相关性。     

Obsessive compulsive disorder and symptoms may have different effects on schizophrenia

The aim of this study is to investigate the possible different effects of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive compulsive symptoms (OCS) on schizophrenia illness in regard to clinical characteristics such as severity of symptomatology.We included 184 patients with schizophrenia on monotherapy with a stable dose of antipsychotics for at least three months. Severity of clinical symptoms was evaluated by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. OCS was examined by Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) Checklist. We also assessed OCD by using Y-BOCS.Seventeen percent of the patients were diagnosed with current OCD, while 17.4% of the patients were found to have OCS without OCD. Age of onset for OCD group was earlier than non-OCS group (p = 0.007).The rate of occupation was higher (p = 0.001), prevalence of other comorbid psychiatric disorders was lower (p = 0.05), number of hospitalization was lower (p = 0.03), GAF score was higher (p = 0.03) and duration of education was longer (p = 0.02) in the OCS group than in the non-OCS group. The rate of occupation was higher (p = 0.04) and that rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders was lower (p = 0.01) in the OCS group than in the OCD group. We found more OCS in patients using atypical antipsychotics (p = 0.03).Our findings suggest that OCD and OCS might have different effects on schizophrenia.     

Subtyping Obsessive Compulsive Patients by Depressive Symptoms: A Retrospective Pilot Study

Depression is a frequent comorbid condition in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) patients and may impact upon treatment prognosis. Identification of OCD subtypes might ultimately aid in treatment decision-making as it has in other psychiatric disorders. A retrospective pilot study was performed examining depressive and OCD symptomatology by analyzing the relation between factor scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Maudsley Inventory (MOCI) in 41 OCD patients. Total BDI score was significantly correlated with total MOCI score (r = .36, p < .02). Checking was correlated with Retarded depression (r = .30, p < .05). Doubting correlated with both Guilty depression (r = .48, p < .002) and Retarded depression (r = .37, p < .02). None of the canonical correlations were significant. At p < .08, the first canonical correlation approached significance. The data were interpreted cautiously as suggesting that some OCD patients may exhibit symptoms of Doubting together with Guilty depression and Retarded depression symptoms. These data need replication in a larger, prospective study design.     

Obsessive compulsive symptoms at initial presentation of adolescent eating disorders

An association between obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorders has often been reported in the literature. It has been suggested that the association may be accounted for by depression, starvation or family factors but the literature remains inconclusive. In this study self-report scales were used to measure eating attitudes, obsessional symptoms, depressive symptoms and family functioning in an eating disordered group, a psychiatric control group and in the parents of both groups. The eating disordered group scored significantly higher than controls on the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory and the Leyton Obsessional Inventory but not on the Childhood Depression Inventory. The differences were not correlated with Quetelet's Body Mass Index. Both groups of parents scored within the normal range for all scales. The high obsessional scores in the anorexic group seem to be due to high scoring on items relating to perfectionism. The role of perfectionism as a risk factor for the development of eating disorders and OCD is discussed. Accepted: 23 December 1998