反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中阿米替林及其代谢物去甲替林的总浓度和游离浓度

目的　建立灵敏、简便、适合临床监测阿米替林及其代谢物去甲替林总浓度与游离浓度的反相高效液相色谱法(RP HPLC)。方法　血样在碱性条件下 ,经一步液 液提取法后 ,在C 18柱上进行分离。流动相为乙腈∶水 =30∶70(V/V) ,其中含三乙胺 0 5 %和磷酸 0 3%。血浆样品药物总浓度测定为RP HPLC ,游离药物测定为超滤离心 /RP HPLC。结果　阿米替林和去甲替林的标准曲线在 4～ 2 0 0μg·L-1(总浓度 )和 4～ 6 4μg·L-1(游离浓度 )范围内呈线性。两药的平均回收率分别为 10 2 0 %± 3 77%与 99 3 %± 7 13 % ;日内RSD分别为 2 40 %～ 4 39% ,3 0 2 %～4 2 8% ;日间RSD分别为 4 92 %～ 6 15 % ,6 35 %～7 48%。测定了 7例健康志愿者单剂量口服盐酸阿米替林片 5 0mg后 6h的血药浓度。血浆阿米替林总浓度为 18 0～ 2 7 2 μg·L-1,游离浓度为 1 4～ 2 5 μg·L-1。血浆去甲替林总浓度为 (2 0± 0 4) μg·L-1(1 5～ 2 5 μg·L-1)。阿米替林的血浆蛋白结合率在 89 8%～ 92 6 %之间。结论　本方法简便、快速 ,灵敏度与选择性高 ;成本低 ,可用于临床上阿米替林治疗中的血药总浓度和游离浓度监测     

HPLC法同时测定人血浆中舍曲林与氯氮平的浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中舍曲林、氯氮平浓度的方法。方法:血浆样品以乙酸乙酯-二氯甲烷(80:20)进行提取并测定,色谱柱为DiamonsilTMC18反相柱,流动相为30mmol.L-1醋酸铵-乙腈(22:78),流速为1.0mL.min-1,柱温为40℃,检测波长为210nm。结果:舍曲林、氯氮平血药浓度分别在20.0～600.0μg.L-1、50.0～1000.0μg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r分别为0.9986、0.9993),分析方法的检测限为10.0μg.L-1;舍曲林、氯氮平的低、中、高3种浓度平均相对回收率均>95%,提取回收率均>70%。日内、日间RSD均<10%(n=5)。结论:该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床舍曲林与氯氮平血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中盐酸舍曲林的浓度

目的建立LC-MS联用测定人血浆中盐酸舍曲林血药浓度的方法。方法采用Waters AlltimaTMC18柱(100mm×2．1 mm,3．0μm),柱温30℃;流动相:0．1％甲酸溶液-乙腈=40:60(V/V);流速0．2 mL·min-1;进样量2止;气动辅助电喷雾离子化(ESI),正离子检测,SRM,盐酸舍曲林:[M H]离子m/z 306．1,碎片子离子m/z 275．1,碰撞能量18 V;内标:盐酸帕罗西汀[M H]离子m/z 330．1,碎片子离子m/z 192．1,碰撞能量27 V。结果该法专属性好,对盐酸舍曲林的最低检测限为0．673μg·L-1,血浆样品检测的线性、精密度、回收率等指标均符合生物样品分析标准,在应用中取得良好的效果。结论本法可用于血浆中盐酸舍曲林的测定。     

HPLC／MS测定人血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度

目的 :用高效液相 /质谱联用法测定人血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度。方法 :液相 :采用SupelcodiscoveryC18色谱柱 (5 μm ,2 5 0mm× 4 6mm) ;柱温 40℃ ;流动相为甲醇 -醋酸铵溶液 (0 0 0 7mol·L-1) (2 0∶80 ) (并用冰醋酸调 pH =4 8) ,流速 0 6mL·min-1,进样量 6 0 μL ;质谱 :大气压化学电离源 (APCI) ,选择性监测 (SIR)质荷比 (m/z)分别为 2 2 6 (特布他林 ) ,2 6 0 (内标 ) ,36 8(班布特罗 )带正电荷的分子离子峰定量。样品用固相萃取小柱提取处理。结果 :班布特罗线性范围 0 12 5～ 16 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·L-1。特布他林线性范围 0 312 5～ 40 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·L-1。班布特罗和特布他林的萃取回收率均在 90 %以上 ,日内、日间的RSD皆小于 15 %。结论 :适用于临床上测定血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度及药动学的研究     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中舍曲林浓度

目的 建立测定人血浆中舍曲林浓度的高效液相色谱法.方法 以Diamonsil(TM)C18反相柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为0.03mol·L-1醋酸铵-甲醇(24:76);流速:0.8mL·min-1;柱温:40℃检测波长:210nm.以乙酸乙酯与氯甲烷(80:20)为提取剂.结果 舍曲林的低...     

HPLC-荧光法同时测定人血浆中3种抗抑郁药的浓度

目的:建立以高效液相色谱-荧光法同时测定人血浆中文拉法辛、氟西汀、舍曲林浓度的方法。方法:以异丙嗪为内标,样品碱化后经液-液萃取,用Phenomenex-C18反相色谱柱进行分离,流动相为乙腈∶磷酸盐缓冲液(50mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钠用磷酸调节pH值至2.5)=35∶65,流速为1.2mL.min-1,柱温为40℃。荧光检测文拉法辛,激发波长为276nm,发射波长为598nm;紫外检测氟西汀和舍曲林,检测波长为200nm。结果:文拉法辛、氟西汀、舍曲林血药浓度分别在5～1000μg·L-1(r=0.9980)、40～1000μg·L-1(r=0.9990)、20～800μg·L-1(r=0.9980)范围内线性关系良好;日内、日间RSD均<10%,提取回收率均>70%,方法回收率均>90%。结论:本法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可用于文拉法辛、氟西汀、舍曲林的治疗药物监测、中毒分析及药动学研究。     

HPLC法同时测定血浆地西泮及其代谢物浓度

目的 :建立同时测定血浆中地西泮及其代谢物浓度的方法。方法 :选用ZORBAXRP C18柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ;甲醇 - 2 5mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液 (6 0∶4 0 ,V/V)作流动相 ;流速 0 8mL·min-1;检测波长 2 30nm。取血浆样品 0 5mL ,在碱性条件下用二氯甲烷 -正己烷提取 ,HPLC检测。结果 :本法对替马西泮、去甲地西泮和地西泮 3种物质的最低检测限均为 2 μg·L-1,线性范围为 10～ 15 0 0 μg·L-1;奥沙西泮的最低检测限为 5 μg·L-1,线性范围为 2 0～ 15 0 0 μg·L-1。回收率均接近 10 0 % ,日内、日间RSD <5 %。结论 :本法能同时测定血浆中地西泮及其代谢物浓度 ,具有重现性好 ,灵敏、可靠 ,可用于地西泮中毒的监测     

高效液相色谱法测定健康人血浆中舍曲林浓度

目的建立测定舍曲林的高效液相色谱法并测定人血浆中舍曲林的含量。方法色谱柱为AgilentZorbaxExtend-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.15mol·L-1NaH2PO4(pH3.0)=40∶60,流量为0.80mL·min-1,紫外检测波长230nm。结果舍曲林浓度在1.0~150.0ng·mL-1内,线性关系良好(γ=0.9999);最低检出限为1ng·mL-1;平均回收率为(100.54±4.01)%,日内、日间精密度均<5%。结论本方法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于舍曲林浓度测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中舍曲林、喹硫平浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中舍曲林、喹硫平浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:以Diamonsil TM C18反相柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为30 mmol.L-1醋酸铵-乙腈(24∶76);流速1.0mL.min-1;柱温40°C;检测波长210 nm。以醋酸乙酯与二氯甲烷(80∶20)为提取剂。结果:舍曲林在20.0～480.0μg.L-1、喹硫平在25.0～1 000.0μg.L-1范围内,峰面积与其浓度呈良好线性关系;舍曲林、喹硫平的低、中、高3种浓度相对平均回收率大于95%,提取回收率大于70%。日内、日间RSD均低于10%(n=5)。结论:该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床血药浓度监测和药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸舍曲林片的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸舍曲林片含量的方法.方法 使用Hypersil ODS2 (4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-甲醇-0.05mol·L-1醋酸铵溶液(38∶38∶24)为流动相;流速1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为266nm,进样量20μL.结果 盐酸舍曲林在30μg·mL-1～252μg·mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999.平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.77%,n=9.结论 该方法简单、灵敏、准确,可用于盐酸舍曲林片的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.