巴戟天和恩施巴戟天的区别

巴戟天首载于《神经本草经》,为茜草科巴戟属植物巴戟天（MorindaofficinalisHow）的干燥根。产于广东、广西、福建、江西等地,功能补肾阳、壮筋骨、祛风湿。近年来,在药品质量检查中,多次发现有使用外地购进的“巴戟天”,经检验,鉴定为恩施巴戟,恩施巴戟乃茜草科植物四川虎刺DamnacanthusonlclnahmHuang的干燥根,和正品巴戟天虽同为西单科,但品种不同,应为伪品。我们从二者的主要性状特征和显微特征上加以区别。1性状特征的区别（见表1）。2显微特征的区别（见表2）。3小结巴朝天与恩施巴朝天同科但品种不同,它们在性状和显微…     

运用近红外光谱法建立珍菊降压片一致性检验模型

目的:运用近红外漫反射分析技术建立珍菊降压片的一致性检验模型。方法:在12 000～4 000 cm-1范围内对珍菊降压片进行全谱扫描,建立一致性检验模型,并对图谱进行比对分析。结果:正品珍菊降压片与其伪品存在着较大差别,利用一致性检验模型及图谱比对法均可以判断。结论:该文建立的检验模型简单、快速、有效,能应用于珍菊降压片的日常监督打假和流通企业的验收工作中。     

炮制方法对巴戟天糖类成分影响

目的:探讨不同炮制方法对巴戟天糖类成分所带来的影响。方法:通过运用紫外-可见分光光度计对巴戟天生品与不同炮制品中水溶性糖与醇溶性糖进行测定。结果:巴戟天不同炮制品与生品中含有的糖类成分含量有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论:不同的炮制方法对巴戟天中的糖类成分所带来的影响有所差异。     

紫锥菊属不同植物的胶束动电色谱分析

一些紫锥菊属 Echinacea 植物的根及地上部分的制剂常作为免疫刺激剂。其主要活性成分包括高分子多糖、聚乙炔、高度不饱和酰胺以及咖啡酸衍生物。其中咖啡酸衍生物在该属不同植物中的分布不同,因此可用它来鉴定市售制剂中该属植物的种类。     

白术、大黄与菊三七、藏边大黄的简易鉴别

白水、大黄为常用中药，笔者在工作中常有发现。菊三七充白术使用。藏边大黄充正品大黄使用。因其功效与白术、大黄截然不同，但外观与正品极为相似，放在工作中要认真加以区别。现将以上2种药材与菊三七、藏边大黄的功效、性状、显微特征及理化实验进行比较，供参考。1．白术与菊三七的鉴别：白术为菊科植物白术AtactyLodesmarrocePhalaKoidz.的干燥根茎。其性温、味甘、苦有补脾和中，操湿利水功效。用于脾胃虚弱、食少胀满、倦怠无力、泄泻及水湿停留、痰饮、水肿和表虚自汗等症。而伪品菊三七为菊科植物主三七CynuraSege－turn（lour…     

巴戟天及混淆品的鉴别

巴戟天为茜草科植物巴戟天的干燥根。又名:鸡肠风、三蔓草、不凋草、三角藤。始载于《神农本草经》。以后历代本草均有记载。如《本草经疏》:“巴戟天,主大风邪气,及头面游风者,风为阳邪,势多走向,《经》曰:邪之所凑,其气必虚,巴戟天性能补助元阳,而兼散邪,况真元得补,邪安所留,此所以愈大风邪气也。”《本草汇》:“巴戟天,为肾经血分之药。盖补助元则胃气滋长,诸虚自退。”其用途广泛,如阳萎遗精,宫冷不孕,月经不调,风湿痹痛等。在以前使用过程中曾出现过一些伪品如:羊角藤,假巴戟天,铁箍散等掺入到正品巴戟中,近期,在检验中北京市崇文区药…     

巴戟天及其伪品的鉴别

巴戟天始载于《神农本草经》被列为上品,为茜草科(Rubiaceae)植物巴戟天Morinda Offinalis How的干燥根。主要用于:补肾壮阳,强筋健骨,祛风湿等方面。由于其价格较贵,市场上伪劣品种较多,现将正品与伪品区别如下: 1巴戟天又名三蔓草《唐本草》,不雕草《日华子本草》,鸡眼藤、黑藤钻、糠藤、三角藤。     

基于国家药品评价性抽检的巴戟天饮片质量分析与研究

目的：通过国家药品评价性抽检工作，了解市场上的巴戟天饮片质量及存在的问题，为巴戟天的质量标准提高和市场监管提供数据支持。方法：从全国24个省级行政区抽取巴戟天饮片，按照《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版（一部）巴戟天性状项和薄层鉴别项方法开展检验工作，并进行DNA条形码技术、指纹图谱、环烯醚萜含量测定、真菌毒素残留量共4项探索性研究，分析检验结果以评价巴戟天饮片的市场情况。结果：本次抽检的88家企业的巴戟天饮片共计108批，按照国家法定标准检验的合格率为100%。DNA条形码技术可以有效区分巴戟天及其混伪品。指纹图谱研究结果显示，正品巴戟天指纹图谱相似度均超过95%，混伪品相似度均低于70%。含量测定结果显示，不同巴戟天炮制品中环烯醚萜从种类和含量上具有显著性差别。真菌毒素筛查试验结果显示，有1批样品的黄曲霉毒素G1超出药典限度。结论：按标检验结果显示，市场上巴戟天饮片质量基本合格。根据探索性研究结果，建议标准增加环烯醚萜含量测定和黄曲霉毒素限量检查。     

一种丹参新伪品的真伪鉴别

目的：对丹参伪品作定性鉴别,并与正品丹参作比较鉴别。方法：采用性状,显微,薄层色谱及紫外吸收光谱等鉴别方法。结果：丹参伪品为菊科植物牛蒡的根。其表皮黑褐色;含多数菊糖和淀粉粒;薄层色谱显示无丹参所含成分的斑点,紫外吸收光谱显示其在334nm处有一平坦峰,而正品丹参则在419nm处有最大吸收。结论：本实验提供的鉴别方法,能客观准确地把牛蒡根和丹参加以区别。     

不同巴戟天炮制品中糖的分布与含量测定

目的：探讨不同巴戟天炮制品的糖含量与入药意义。方法：采用紫外可见分光光度法对净巴戟天、去木芯巴戟天、巴戟天木芯及蒸制后的巴戟天肉中总糖和多糖含量进行测定。结果：净巴戟天总糖为54.83%,多糖为12.09%;去木芯巴戟天总糖含量为59.58%,多糖为13.01%;巴戟天木芯总糖为23.12%,多糖为5.91%;而炮制后的巴戟肉总糖为56.61%,多糖为12.93%,糖的含量比净巴戟天高。结论：巴戟天糖主要分布在肉的部分,不同巴戟天炮制品中其糖的含量存在明显的差异。通过蒸制除去木芯,使药材得到净化,更有利于用药准确。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.