MRSA耐药相关TG-TPase嵌合基因的原核表达与纯化

目的 设计、构建耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)耐药相关TGTPase嵌合基因,进行原核表达、纯化探索,为进一步利用其酶学活性建立抑制剂筛选系统奠定基础.方法 通过引物设计,从盐平板法筛选的MRSA菌株中分别克隆PBP2的TG基因片段和PBP2a的TP片段,分别克隆入T载体,对阳性重组子进行酶切/再连接,构建TG-TPase嵌合基因,经核苷酸测序鉴定正确的嵌合基因再亚克隆到pET22b,构建表达载体,转化Rosetta(DE3)plysS,用LPTG进行诱导表达,并对表达的蛋白进行SDS-PAGE、质谱和Westem blotting鉴定.小量发酵重组菌,对嵌合基因表达产物进行初步纯化.结果 从13株临床分离的金葡菌中筛选出2株高耐药性MRSA菌株,用PCR法从中成功地克隆到青霉素结合蛋白PBP2的TG片段和PBP2a的TP片段,构建了TG-TPase嵌合基因及其原核表达载体,并在大肠埃希菌中表达,产量达菌体总蛋白的43%.融合蛋白纯化分析表明,嵌合蛋白以包涵体形式存在,在变性条件下经Ni-NTA亲和柱纯化,纯度达90%以上.结论 成功设计并构建了耐药性金葡菌TG-TPase嵌合基因及其重组表达工程菌,为进一步利用其酶学活性进行抗耐药性金葡菌抑制剂的筛选奠定基础.     

猪链球菌2型四川人源分离株ZYH24细胞外蛋白因子的原核表达及活性分析

目的：克隆、表达猪链球菌2型四川人源分离株ZYH24细胞外蛋白因子基因片段，分析蛋白活性。方法：根据GenBank S.suis 2 epf基因序列设计引物，克隆ZYH24株epf基因片段并进行序列分析；构建原核表达质粒pGEX4T-2-epf，在大肠杆菌中诱导带有谷胱苷肽转移酶（GST）标签的融合蛋白EF-GST的表达；亲和层析法纯化融合蛋白EF-GST，用凝血酶切除重组蛋白中的GST，获得纯化的EF抗原；SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析诱导表达及纯化的重组蛋白。结果：序列分析表明，获得的epf基因片段长895bp；原核表达的融合蛋白EF-GST分子量约62000，凝血酶处理后的EF抗原分子量约35000，两者均可与制备的EF多克隆抗血清发生特异性反应。结论：成功克隆了人源分离株ZYH24 epf基因片段，在原核系统实现高效的功能性表达，为开展EF蛋白的相关研究奠定了基础。     

金葡菌TG-TPase嵌合基因在甲醇营养型酵母中的表达

目的 设计耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)耐药相关TG-Tpase嵌合基因,构建其真核表达质粒,为嵌合基因的高效、分泌型表达奠定基础.方法 在序列结构分析的基础上,设计引物从MRSA菌株中扩增其耐药性相关转糖基酶(Tgase)和转肽酶(Tpase)活性片段,进一步用酶切连接等分子生物学操作构建TG-Tpase嵌合基因,亚克隆至酵母表达质粒pPIC9K中,转化DH5a大肠埃希菌.经酶切、PCR和核苷酸测序鉴定正确的重组质粒用Sal I线性化,整合入甲醇营养型毕赤酵母GS115中,在DNA和基因转录水平鉴定出阳性重组酵母.结果 采用PCR从MRSA基因组中扩增得到了873 bp的Tgase片段和1 044 bp的Tpase片段.以酶切连接构建的TG-Tpase嵌合基因经酶切、PCR鉴定,能获得约1 900 bp的融合片段,与预期结果 相符,测序表明序列和阅读框均正确.线性化的重组质粒转化GS115后,得到5个高拷贝阳性转化子,经诱导表达和PCR鉴定,这些转化子能转录出目的基因的mRNA.结论 成功构建了含TG-Tpase嵌合基因的重组毕赤酵母工程菌,为进一步高效制备嵌合蛋白、进而利用其酶学活性进行抗耐药性金葡菌抑制剂的筛选创造前提.     

His 标记 STAT4(565-748 氨基酸)肽段融合蛋白原核表达及纯化

目的:构建His 标记的人STAT4 C-端565-748 氨基酸肽段原核表达载体,埃希氏菌中诱导表达,并纯化蛋白。方法:PCR 扩增编码STAT4 C-端565-748 氨基酸肽段的基因片段,克隆到pET-28a 原核表达载体,转化感受态细菌BL21,IPTG诱导蛋白表达,经包涵体变性、复性、树脂纯化、透析。免疫印迹鉴定纯化的融合蛋白。结果:PCR 扩增获得目的片段,克隆到pET-28a,转化感受态细胞,IPTG诱导发现融合蛋白存在于包涵体。经变性、复性、树脂纯化和透析,免疫印迹实验发现融合蛋白表达、被纯化。结论:成功构建人STAT4(565-748aa)肽段原核表达质粒并获纯化融合蛋白。     

肾癌相关抗原G250的原核表达、纯化及抗原活性检测

目的 构建原核表达质粒pET-42a-hG250,表达并纯化肾癌相关抗原G250融合蛋白,并检测G250融合蛋白的抗原活性.方法 利用PCR从pGEM-T-G250质粒中扩增G250基因片段(112～1242 bp),测序正确后将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-42a中构建重组载体pET-42a-hG250.将其转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,通过IPTG诱导G250蛋白的原核表达,随后将表达的融合蛋白进行纯化.经SDS-PAGE分析后,Western blot法检测纯化的蛋白,将纯化蛋白进一步包板后用ELISA对其抗原活性进行评价.结果 酶切和测序结果证实pET-42a-hG250原核表达载体构建成功;转化后可以成功诱导并纯化出大小与预期一致的G250融合蛋白;Western b1ot法和ELISA检测证实纯化的蛋白能与特异性的抗体发生反应,显示纯化后的G250融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性.结论 成功构建了肾癌相关抗原G250基因的原核表达载体,纯化获得了G250融合蛋白,该蛋白具有良好的抗原活性.     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽Attacin基因的克隆表达及抑菌生物学活性

目的克隆家蝇幼虫Attacin抗菌肽基因,构建原核融合表达载体,建立Attacin体内抗菌活性检测系统,优化表达和纯化Attacin目的蛋白,并初步研究其抗菌生物学功能。方法以pUCm-T/Attacin重组质粒为模板,设计特异性引物,PCR扩增Attacin编码区序列,分别克隆至原核表达载体pET30a( )和pGEX-4T-1,构建原核重组质粒,转化大肠埃希菌,表达重组Attacin蛋白,并在大肠埃希菌中体内检测Attacin的抗菌活性。利用亲和层析柱纯化重组融合蛋白Attacin,SDS-PAGE进行纯度分析,琼脂糖平板抑菌试验鉴定其生物活性。结果pET30a(a )/Attacin和pGEX-4T-1/Attacin重组质粒分别转化大肠埃希菌后,以IPTG诱导表达,与未诱导对照相比,含有重组质粒的宿主菌生长受到抑制,从pET30a( )/Attacin重组质粒的表达宿主菌中未能获得His-Attacin融合蛋白,而从pGEX-4T-1/Attacin重组质粒转化菌种获得GST-Attacin融合蛋白。SDS-PAGE分析表明Attacin重组蛋白分子量与预期结果一致,琼脂糖平板抑菌试验显示重组Attacin具有抗菌活性。结论Attacin基因在原核系统中成功表达,并且纯化后具有抑菌活性,为下一步研究Attacin的生物学功能及其应用开发奠定了基础。     

DnaJ类分子伴侣PBP基因的原核表达及兔抗PBP抗体的制备

目的:在原核系统中表达DnaJ类分子伴侣感光受体外周蛋白结合蛋白(PBP)基因,并制备兔抗PBP的抗体鉴定其特性。方法:应用RTPCR从人胎脑组织总RNA中扩增PBPcDNA。测序后将其克隆到表达载体pET28a中,并在大肠杆菌中以IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经NiNTA亲和层析柱纯化后,用SDSPAGE进行鉴定。以所获纯化的PBP免疫新西兰白兔,制备兔抗PBP抗体。抗体的效价及特异性用Westernblot进行测定和分析。结果:扩增和克隆出了720bp的PBP基因。构建的重组质粒pET28aPBP在大肠杆菌中得到高表达,诱导表达的蛋白存在于包涵体和细菌裂解上清中,纯化的PBP经SDSPAGE鉴定呈单一条带。以纯化的PBP免疫兔,制备了兔抗PBP抗体。Westernblot鉴定证实,该抗体可与原核表达的PBP特异性结合,抗体效价为1∶1600。结论:在原核细胞中表达了具有生物学活性的PBP,并以其为免疫原制备了兔抗PBP的抗体,为进一步研究PBP的结构与生物学活性奠定了基础。     

人GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白的原核表达、纯化及功能初步检测

目的:构建人Cdc25C基因原核表达载体,获得纯化的GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白,并对其功能进行初步检测。方法:用PCR方法从乳腺文库中扩增Cdc25C基因编码序列,将其正确插入pGEX-KG载体,重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Ros-sate表达后,用GST-Sepharose 4B珠子纯化融合蛋白,并用SDS-PAGE和Western blot方法检测融合蛋白表达,通过GSTpull-down技术检测纯化蛋白与已知结合蛋白Chk2的相互作用。结果:构建得到Cdc25C基因的原核表达载体,双酶切鉴定得到与预期片段大小相符的外源基因插入片段,经测序与目的序列完全一致;在Rossate菌中诱导表达出相对分子质量(Mr)约为80 000的目的蛋白,经SDS-PAGE和Western blot检测,融合蛋白成功表达,并纯化得到GST-Cdc25C融合蛋白,GST pull-down检测证实GST-Cdc25C蛋白可以和已知相互作用蛋白Chk2相互作用。结论:成功克隆Cdc25C基因,并获得了活性良好的GST-Cdc25C蛋白,为进一步研究细胞周期蛋白调控机制奠定了实验基础。     

人血管抑素A K(1-3)基因的克隆表达、纯化及活性鉴定

目的 克隆人Angiostatin K(1-3)基因,获得有活性的重组人血管抑素蛋白,为进一步开发应用奠定基础.方法 以人新鲜肝脏组织为材料,通过RT-PCR得到人Angiustatin基因的AK(1-3)片段.构建重组质粒pET30a-Angiostatin,转化表达菌Rosetta(DE3),对转化子进行诱导表达,利用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化目的 产物,并验证其活性.结果 获得了人Angiostatin基因AK(1-3)片段的正确序列,表达和纯化了人血管抑素蛋白,表达量占菌体总蛋白的30%,纯化后证明表达产物具有较高纯度(达到90%).结论 Anginstatin K(1-3)可在原核融合蛋白表达载体中表达,且得到有活性的目的 蛋白.     

人血管抑素A K(1-3)基因的克隆表达、纯化及活性鉴定

目的 克隆人Angiostatin K(1-3)基因,获得有活性的重组人血管抑素蛋白,为进一步开发应用奠定基础.方法 以人新鲜肝脏组织为材料,通过RT-PCR得到人Angiustatin基因的AK(1-3)片段.构建重组质粒pET30a-Angiostatin,转化表达菌Rosetta(DE3),对转化子进行诱导表达,利用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化目的 产物,并验证其活性.结果 获得了人Angiostatin基因AK(1-3)片段的正确序列,表达和纯化了人血管抑素蛋白,表达量占菌体总蛋白的30%,纯化后证明表达产物具有较高纯度(达到90%).结论 Anginstatin K(1-3)可在原核融合蛋白表达载体中表达,且得到有活性的目的 蛋白.     

Validation of rapid screening tests for the identification of methicillin resistance in staphylococci

The Velogene Rapid MRSA Identification Assay (Alexon-Trend Inc., Ramsey, MN), a commercially available 90-min genotypic test using a chimeric probe for the cycling-mediated recognition of the mecA gene in staphylococci, was compared with the MRSA-Screen latex agglutination test, a 15-min phenotypic test (Denka Seiken Co., Tokyo, Japan) for the identification of the mecA gene product PBP 2a. The results of both techniques were compared with mecA gene PCR. A total of 210 stock-culture strains were tested, consisting of 108 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains and 92 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. The performance of the assays was good, displaying sensitivities and specificities for Velogene and MRSA Screen of 96.7% and 100% and 96.7% and 100%, respectively. Both Velogene and MRSA Screen could not correctly identify three of the MRSA strains each. Repeat testing with a larger inoculum or exposure of the three distinct strains to methicillin, respectively, resolved these problems. All MSSA strains as well as the other genera were correctly addressed by both techniques. The 10 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were detected by both techniques. Both the Velogene and the MRSA Screen assays accurately identified mecA-positive staphylococcal strains and can be successfully used for routine application in clinical microbiology laboratories.     

Evaluation of three rapid methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

The probe-based Velogene Rapid MRSA Identification Assay (ID Biomedical Corp., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) and the latex agglutination MRSA-Screen (Denka Seiken Co., Tokyo, Japan) were evaluated for their ability to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to distinguish strains of MRSA from borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (BORSA; mecA-negative, oxacillin MICs of 2 to 8 microgram/ml). The Velogene is a 90-min assay using a chimeric probe to detect the mecA gene. MRSA-Screen is a 15-min latex agglutination test with penicillin-binding protein 2a antibody-sensitized latex particles. We compared these assays with the BBL Crystal MRSA ID System (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, Md.) and with PCR for mecA gene detection. A total of 397 clinical isolates of S. aureus were tested, consisting of 164 methicillin-susceptible strains, 197 MRSA strains, and 37 BORSA strains. All assays performed well for the identification of MRSA with sensitivities and specificities for Velogene, MRSA-Screen, and BBL Crystal MRSA ID of 98.5 and 100%, 98.5 and 100%, and 98.5 and 98%, respectively. Three MRSA strains were not correctly identified by each of the Velogene and MRSA-Screen assays, but repeat testing with a larger inoculum resolved the discrepancies. The BBL Crystal MRSA ID test misclassified four BORSA strains as MRSA. Both the Velogene and the MRSA-Screen assays are easy to perform, can accurately differentiate BORSA isolates from MRSA isolates, and provide a rapid alternative for the detection of methicillin resistance in S. aureus in clinical laboratories, especially when mecA PCR gene detection is unavailable.     

Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus obtained from Southeast of Iran (Kerman)

Staphylococcus aureus infections, particularly infections caused by methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, are emerging as a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA, antibiotic resistance profile and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type of MRSA isolates obtained from clinical samples. Totally, 162 S. aureus isolates were obtained from clinical samples at three university hospitals in Kerman, Iran from March 2011 to February 2012. All isolates were identified as S. aureus by phenotypic methods and confirmed by PCR amplification of the nuc gene . MRSA isolates were screened by phenotypic tests and confirmed by presence of mecA gene. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the MRSA isolates against antibacterial agents were determined by E‐test. All isolates were analyzed by PCR for the presence of mecA and pvl genes. SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates was performed by multiplex PCR assay. Strain typing was carried out with REP‐PCR. Using mecA gene PCR and phenotypic methods, 56.8% of the isolates were identified as MRSA. All MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. The sensitivity of MRSA isolates to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and erythromycin was 70.66, 66.53, 42.4, 38.05, and 29.35%, respectively. The most frequent SCCmec types were type III (48.31%) followed by type V (19.1%), type I (16.85%), and type IV (3.37%). The pvl gene was detected in 3.08% of isolates (two MRSA and three MSSA isolates). REP‐PCR typing divided the 92 MRSA isolates into 10 distinct clusters. Our results indicate that vancomycin and linezolid are the most effective antibacterial agents against MRSA isolates and SCCmec type III is predominant in MRSA strains in this area.     

多重PCR对金黄色葡萄球菌杀白细胞素基因的检测

目的应用多重PcR检测含Panton-Valentine杀白细胞素（PVL）基因的金黄色葡萄球菌。方法收集我院2005年1月至2006年1月从临床多种标本中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌，用多重PCR同时检测葡萄球菌16SrRNA基因、mecA基因和lukS/F-PV基因。多重PCR检测MRSA的SCCmec基因型及亚型。结果195株金黄色葡萄球菌经多重PCR检测，121株为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA），74株为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA），共检测到26株金黄色葡萄球菌lukS/F-PV基因阳性，阳性率为13．3％（26，195）。其中19株为MRSA，阳性率为15．7％（19／121）；7株为MSSA，阳性率为12．2％（7／74）。19株lukS/F-PV基因阳性的MRSA的SCCmec基因型分别为SCCmec Ⅲ型10株、SCCmecⅢA型4株、SCCmecⅣ型4株及SCCmecⅠ型1株。26株lukS/F-PV基因阳性的分离株有11株分离自脓液或创面分泌物，10株分离自痰标本，3株分离自血液标本，2株分离自尿液。结论在温州地区分离的MRSA和MSSA中都能检测到Panton-Valentine杀白细胞素基因，含Panton-Valentine杀白细胞素基因MRSA的SCCmec基因型主要为SCCmec Ⅲ，含PVL基因的金黄色葡萄球菌主要引起化脓性感染和肺部感染。     

Clonal analysis and identification of epidemic strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antibiotyping and determination of protein A gene and coagulase gene polymorphisms.

Forty-three methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates with known genetic and epidemiological relatedness and different degrees of transmission were analyzed by antibiotyping, protein A gene polymorphism analysis, and coagulase gene polymorphism analysis. The three typing systems were evaluated for their performance and convenience to define clones and to discriminate between epidemic MRSA (EMRSA) and sporadic MRSA (SMRSA). Antibiotyping and AluI restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the coagulase gene were able to define clones in the same way as DNA macrorestriction analysis (SmaI). However, both techniques presented disadvantages, making neither of them useful as a single typing method. Protein A gene polymorphism analysis appeared to be of no value for clonal analysis. None of the three typing methods was able to differentiate between EMRSA and SMRSA.     

High proportion of wrongly identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers by use of a rapid commercial PCR assay due to presence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome element lacking the mecA gene

During a 9-month period, 217 patients were newly diagnosed as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers by using a commercial rapid PCR-based test (GeneXpert). However, no MRSA was recovered by culturing the second swab in 61 of these patients. Further analyses showed that 28 (12.9%) of the patients harbored S. aureus isolates with a staphylococcal cassette chromosome element lacking the mecA gene and were thus incorrectly determined to be MRSA carriers.     

Two clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poland

Objective: To evaluate relatedness among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated in Poland.
Method: Ninety-three MRSA hospital isolates were collected from different regions in Poland from 1990 to 1992. Strains were analyzed with respect to heterogeneity of methicillin resistance, phage types, resistance patterns, crystal violet staining, chromosomal DNA Sma I restriction patterns by PFGE, ERIC1 and ERIC2 AP-PCR types and DNA repeat polymorphism within the protein A gene. Resistance to methicillin was confirmed by the detection of the mecA gene by PCR.
Results: The combined results of typing methods demonstrate that all MRSA strains analyzed could be easily divided into two distinct clones (clonally related strains). The first consisted of strains with clear heterogeneous expression of resistance to methicillin (34 isolates) and the second showed more homogeneous resistance (59 isolates). In this study the best method for epidemiologic analysis of MRSA was found to be PFGE. A good correlation between the epidemic behavior of MRSA and a high number of repetitive DNA units within the protein A gene was observed.
Conclusions: Results show that in Poland two distinct clones of epidemic MRSA have circulated in the past, easily discriminated by pheno and genotyping methods, and both could be found together in a single hospital.     

Molecular characteristics of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hokkaido, northern main island of Japan: identification of sequence types 6 and 59 Panton-Valentine leucocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) were studied in Hokkaido, the main northern island of Japan. Among the 1,015 S. aureus isolates derived from clinical specimens of outpatients collected in 2009, methicillin resistance gene mecA was detected in 189 isolates (18.6%). The most frequent staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type in MRSA was II (83.1%), followed by IV (6.9%) and V (3.2%). MRSA with type II-SCCmec showed multiple drug resistance and harbored various toxin and virulence factor genes except for Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) gene. These isolates were mostly classified into sequence type 5 (ST5) (or other STs in CC5) and coagulase genotype II and were thus genetically similar to hospital-acquired MRSA, which have been predominating in Japan (New York/Japan clone). PVL gene was detected in three MRSA strains belonging to ST6 (two strains) and ST59 (one strain), having type IVa- and Vt-SCCmec, respectively, and also in two methicillin-susceptible S. aureus ST121 and ST188. The arcA gene within the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) was detected in the two PVL-negative ST5 MRSA strains, which had type IIa- or V-SCCmec. The PVL gene-positive ST6 and ST59 CA-MRSA strains were susceptible to more antimicrobials and had less virulence factor genes than the PVL-negative ST5 MRSA, including the ACME-arcA-positive strains. In the present study, ST6 was identified as a lineage of PVL-positive CA-MRSA, the ACME-arcA was first detected in ST5 MRSA with type V-SCCmec, and ST59 Taiwanese CA-MRSA strain was isolated in Hokkaido for the first time. These findings suggest a potential spread of these emerging CA-MRSA clones in Japan.     

New real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus directly from specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci

Molecular methods for the rapid identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are generally based on the detection of an S. aureus-specific gene target and the mecA gene. However, such methods cannot be applied for the direct detection of MRSA from nonsterile specimens such as nasal samples without the previous isolation, capture, or enrichment of MRSA because these samples often contain both coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and S. aureus, either of which can carry mecA. In this study, we describe a real-time multiplex PCR assay which allows the detection of MRSA directly from clinical specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci in <1 h. Five primers specific to the different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) right extremity sequences, including three new sequences, were used in combination with a primer and three molecular beacon probes specific to the S. aureus chromosomal orfX gene sequences located to the right of the SCCmec integration site. Of the 1,657 MRSA isolates tested, 1,636 (98.7%) were detected with the PCR assay, whereas 26 of 569 (4.6%) methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains were misidentified as MRSA. None of the 62 nonstaphylococcal bacterial species or the 212 methicillin-resistant or 74 methicillin-susceptible CoNS strains (MRCoNS and MSCoNS, respectively) were detected by the assay. The amplification of MRSA was not inhibited in the presence of high copy numbers of MSSA, MRCoNS, or MSCoNS. The analytical sensitivity of the PCR assay, as evaluated with MRSA-negative nasal specimens containing a mixture of MSSA, MRCoNS, and MSCoNS spiked with MRSA, was approximately 25 CFU per nasal sample. This real-time PCR assay represents a rapid and powerful method which can be used for the detection of MRSA directly from specimens containing a mixture of staphylococci.     

Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage

Among bullous impetigo isolates, exfoliative toxin (ET) gene carriage was found in 61.5% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates versus 90.6% of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. MRSA-only cases were ETB or ETA positive, while MRSA/MSSA coinfection cases were ET negative for MRSA but ETA positive for MSSA. Collagen adhesin may facilitate some MRSA infections.