The Prevalence and the Characteristics of Tuberculosis Patients Undergoing Chronic Dialysis Treatment: Experience of a Dialysis Center in Southeast Turkey

Tuberculosis remains a significant health problem for patients receiving chronic dialysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of tuberculosis among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing chronic hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Between 1999 and 2006, we diagnosed 21 active tuberculosis patients among a total of 674-dialysis patient in our dialysis center (582 patients on hemodialysis and 92 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis program). Fourteen patients developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (generally tuberculous lymphadenitis, n = 8) and seven patients developed pulmonary tuberculosis. All patients who developed tuberculosis after starting dialysis had low creatinine clearances and, in general, anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Three of patients greater than 40 years died. In conclusion, tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in our dialysis population. If no cause is found despite extensive investigations in an end stage renal failure case with fever, loss of weight, and/or atypical lymphadenopathy, the physician should consider the possibility of tuberculosis. Finally, it was considered that ESRF is associated with depressed immune system and elevated risk of tuberculosis; thus, in this population, clinicians must evaluate patients carefully.     

The prevalence and the characteristics of tuberculosis patients undergoing chronic dialysis treatment: experience of a dialysis center in southeast Turkey

Tuberculosis remains a significant health problem for patients receiving chronic dialysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of tuberculosis among patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing chronic hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Between 1999 and 2006, we diagnosed 21 active tuberculosis patients among a total of 674-dialysis patient in our dialysis center (582 patients on hemodialysis and 92 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis program). Fourteen patients developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis (generally tuberculous lymphadenitis, n = 8) and seven patients developed pulmonary tuberculosis. All patients who developed tuberculosis after starting dialysis had low creatinine clearances and, in general, anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Three of patients greater than 40 years died. In conclusion, tuberculous lymphadenitis was the most frequent form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in our dialysis population. If no cause is found despite extensive investigations in an end stage renal failure case with fever, loss of weight, and/or atypical lymphadenopathy, the physician should consider the possibility of tuberculosis. Finally, it was considered that ESRF is associated with depressed immune system and elevated risk of tuberculosis; thus, in this population, clinicians must evaluate patients carefully.     

Tubercular splenic abscess in immunocompetent patients: a rare entity

Splenic abscess is an unusual, potentially life threatening condition associated with septiceamic conditions. Splenic abscess due to tuberculosis is a rare entity, specifically seen in immunocompromised individuals. However splenic tubercular abscess in immunocompetent individuals is rarer. We present two cases of splenic tubercular abscess in immunocompetent persons where a diagnosis of tuberculosis was made after splenectomy. The aim of presenting these cases is to stress the fact that tuberculosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in all cases of splenic abscesses in areas where tuberculosis is endemic.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen managed laparoscopically. Can preoperative imaging establish the diagnosis? Case report and literature review

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen, or inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, is an uncommon condition easily mistaken for a malignant process. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with nonspecific abdominal complaints. Mild constitutional symptoms have also been reported. The ability to diagnose this entity radiographically preoperatively may allow the uniform application of laparoscopy to manage this condition and spare patients open splenectomy. METHODS: Chart review and literature review. RESULTS: Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen was successfully managed laparoscopically. Preoperative evaluation suggested but could not confirm the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: A hypovascular solid splenic mass by Doppler ultrasound or CT scan suggests the diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor. Stellate central calcifications seen on CT scan make the diagnosis very likely. Laparoscopic splenectomy can be used for definitive diagnosis and symptomatic relief with minimal morbidity and mortality.     

Whither short-course chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis?

Short-course chemotherapy is well established for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis but not for extrapulmonary disease. We present a series of 35 cases in which chemotherapy for tuberculous meningitis was given for a period of less than 2 years. Short-term therapy was associated with recrudescence of tuberculous meningitis and, in some cases, with the development of deep cerebral infarcts and permanent neurological deficits. We think short-term chemotherapy for tuberculosis of the central nervous system is inadequate.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor presenting as a cystic tumor of the pancreas

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the pancreas occurs rarely. Eighteen cases have been described in the English literature. In all previous patients IPT of the pancreas presented as solid pancreatic mass. We are reporting a case of IPT presenting as a cystic mass of the pancreas, which has not been described previously. A review of IPT of the pancreas and a discussion regarding the management of pancreatic cystic neoplasm is provided.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen: Report of a case

A case of an inflammatory pseudotumor arising in the spleen of a 60-year-old Japanese male is described herein. This benign lesion is extremely rare, with only 12 cases, including our own, having been reported in the world literature. We preoperatively diagnosed the splenic tumor as a metastasis, due to the coexistance of advanced stage carcinoma in the sigmoid colon. However, after splenectomy, histopathological examination of the mass revealed aninflammatory process. Inflammatory pseudotumors often pose diagnostic difficulties because the clinical and radiologic findings are suggestive of malignancy. The clinical and pathological features of cases previously reported are reviewed following the presentation of this case.     

Laparoscopic diagnosis of splenic tuberculosis

Isolated tuberculous splenic microabscesses are uncommon except in immunocompromized patients. The diagnosis is often made after splenectomy and histologic examination of the spleen. We report here a case of splenic tuberculosis in an immuno-competent patient. The diagnosis was made solely by laparoscopic biopsy of the spleen without the need for splenectomy. The patient was started on antituberculosis therapy with marked recovery. We believe that this might be the first reported case of isolated splenic tuberculosis ever diagnosed by laparoscopy only.     

脾肿瘤56例诊治分析

目的探讨脾肿瘤的临床特点、诊断方法和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析34年间56例经手术治疗并病理证实的脾肿瘤患者的临床资料。 结果良性39例，其中确诊为脾囊肿25例，血管瘤9例，错构瘤3例，血管淋巴管瘤1例，炎性假瘤1例，其中4例脾囊肿、1例脾血管瘤和1例脾错构瘤行脾部分切除术，其余均行脾切除术；除5例失访外预后均良好。原发性恶性肿瘤12例，其中淋巴瘤2例，血管肉瘤2例，网织细胞肉瘤2例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例，平滑肌肉瘤1例，恶性神经鞘瘤1例，肌纤维母细胞瘤1例，未分型1例；其中1例行坏死感染引流术，1例行脾胰体尾联合切除，其余均行脾切除或加脾门淋巴结清扫术；获随访者8例中生存5年以上者3例，3年存活1例，4例手术后1年内死亡。脾脏转移癌5例，行脾切除或联合脏器切除术。结论影像学检查是诊断脾肿瘤的主要方法。脾良性肿瘤主张行脾部分切除术。脾恶性肿瘤应采用以手术为主的综合治疗。     

Three-chamber priapism in a patient with primary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of penis

The incidence of tuberculosis in the United States is on the rise, in part, because of its association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Genitourinary tuberculosis remains one of the most common forms of secondary or extrapulmonary disease. We present an unusual case of tuberculous epididymitis with extensive retroperitoneal and mediastinal spread. The possible routes of dissemination, as well as the efficacy of antimycobacterial therapy in the management of tuberculous epididymitis, are discussed and the relevant literature is reviewed.     

Cardiac Valvular Inflammatory Pseudotumor

Inflammatory pseudotumors are quasineoplastic lesions that occur in the lungs as well as other extrapulmonary sites. The heart is an uncommon site of origin. We report a valvular pseudotumor that produced chronic mitral and aortic regurgitation in an elderly woman.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of carotid artery: a case report.

Inflammatory pseudotumor is an uncommon round and spindle cell proliferative lesion of unknown etiology that occurs most commonly in the lung. But it also occurs in diverse extrapulmonary locations such as the abdomen, retroperitoneum, pelvis, heart, head and neck, upper respiratory tract, trunk, bladder and extremities. The extrapulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor is often larger, less well circumscribed and multinodular. Proximity of the tumor to vital structures or involvement of vital organs compromises the opportunity for complete resection, thus higher recurrence rates are often reported even after surgical treatment. The authors report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor originating from the common carotid artery in a 42-year-old female patient with a rapidly growing neck mass, treated by en-bloc resection of inflammatory pseudotumor and a long segment of common carotid artery followed by PTFE graft interposition.     

脾脏炎性假瘤七例诊治报告

目的探讨脾脏炎性假瘤的临床诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2015年3月7例经手术和病理证实的脾脏炎性假瘤的临床资料以及结合文献探讨其CT表现。结果 7例病人中2例有外伤致脾脏包膜下血肿病史,病程较长,早期无自觉症状,其余病例均由体检发现脾脏占位,无特异性临床表现,均行脾脏切除术。术后定期随访均无并发症。结论脾脏炎性假瘤的治疗主要是通过手术,增强CT对脾脏炎性假瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

脾创伤保脾手术术式的选择（附158例分析体会）

目的　探讨脾创伤保脾术的术式选择。方法　对脾创伤采用术中保脾的 15 8例手术方式进行分析 ,其中氩气刀止血 5例 ,ZT生物胶止血 3例 ,单纯脾修补术 2 6例 ,脾部分切除术 77例 ,修补加脾部分切除术 12例 ,脾切除自体脾组织片网膜囊内移植术 35例。结果　全组病例治愈出院。脾切除自体脾组织片网膜囊内移植术组 35例中 ,2例出现粘连性肠梗阻 ,11例出现各类术后感染 ,而其它术中保脾组 12 3例中 ,10例出现术后感染 ,两组总感染数比较 ,P <0 .0 1。结论　脾创伤术中保脾术的术式选择 ,应根据病人个体情况及脾破裂的类型而定 ,必要时采用联合多种术式保脾。对伴有空腔脏器破裂者也可选择性保脾。但应慎重选择脾切除自体脾组织片网膜囊内移植术。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver and the spleen

Inflammatory pseudotumor is rare benign lesion ad uncommon is a multiple localization of the liver and spleen. We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver associated with an other lesion in the spleen, a 53-years-old ma in which we observed the evolution of clinical picture. Making the diagnosis is often difficult, despite the use of the modern imaging and laboratories techniques, and generally these masses often confuse with others lesions, such as primary or secondary neoplasm, because the clinical presentation and morphological appearance are often unspecific. The medical treatment seems to be more appropriate for patients when it is possible make a correct diagnosis with a biopsy of the lesion. In the other cases, the surgical procedure is the best treatment that must be supported by histologic examination.     

脾脏占位性病变的诊断和治疗：附22例报告

目的:探讨脾脏占位性病变的临床特点及诊治。方法:对1992年1月—2009年12月期间收治的22例脾脏占位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:全组良性占位18例,其中脾囊肿4例,脾血管瘤11例,脾脓肿3例;恶性占位4例,其中恶性淋巴瘤2例,胰腺癌脾转移1例,胃癌术后肝脾转移1例。20例行全脾切除术,2例部分脾脏切除。2例恶性淋巴瘤和2例转移癌患者中1例失访,1例1年后死亡,1例2年后死亡,1例2年半后死亡,良性病变均痊愈。结论:脾脏占位性病变的诊断主要靠临床表现及影像学检查,良恶性可根据超声造影,CT或选择性脾动脉造影,治疗以外科手术为主,恶性占位应辅以放疗和化疗。     

Tuberculous and nontuberculous cervical lymphadenitis: a clinical review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to identify differences in clinical characteristics between patients with tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis and those with nontuberculous cervical lymphadenitis and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Seventy-two patients with inflammatory cervical lymphadenitis were studied retrospectively. They were divided into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of those with tuberculous lymphadenitis and group 2 consisted of those with non-tuberculous lymphadenitis. The demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, and hematological and cytological results of the 2 groups were compared. RESULTS: Other than there being a significantly higher proportion of foreign-born patients in group 1, there were no differences in clinical characteristics between the 2 groups. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA cytology in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis were 88% and 96%, respectively. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to clinically differentiate tuberculous from nontuberculous lymphadenitis. FNA cytology is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. SIGNIFICANCE: In regions where tuberculosis is endemic, treatment can be instituted without the need for excisional biopsy if the FNA results show characteristic caseating granuloma.     

Minimally invasive splenectomy in grade IV splenic trauma: A case report associated with high-grade renal trauma

Introduction and importanceIn closed abdominal trauma, the spleen is the most frequently injured organ (30–45%). Splenic lesions grades IV-V have higher failure rates with nonoperative management (NOM). The minimally invasive approach is an alternative when NOM fails. This is the first reported case of a patient with splenic and left renal trauma, both grade IV, with combined management, which consisted of a minimally invasive surgical resolution of the splenic trauma and a conservative management of the renal trauma, with a satisfactory recovery of the patient. This contributes to understanding the benefits of minimally invasive surgery in moderate splenic trauma associated with other high-grade injuries.Case presentationWe present a 45-year-old woman with a multiple trauma after a motorbike vs car traffic accident. On physical examination, she was hemodynamically stable, with abdominal guarding and generalized rebound tenderness associated with multiple upper and lower limb fractures. An abdominal CT scan revealed grade IV splenic and left renal trauma, with moderate hemoperitoneum. A minimally invasive laparoscopic approach for hemoperitoneum drainage and splenectomy was performed.Clinical discussionThere is currently no consensus to define the indications for minimally invasive treatment on splenic trauma. While laparotomy is the standard treatment, it is not without potential severe complications, while laparoscopy providing a treatment option in selected cases with hemodynamic stability.ConclusionThe role of the minimally invasive approach is safe and feasible in selected patients with high-grade splenic lesions and hemodynamic stability, including the association with other organic lesions such as kidney trauma.     

应用选择性脾动脉阻断行原位保脾术的探讨

应用选择性脾动脉阻断行原位保脾术８例，其中外伤性脾破裂６例，病理脾２例。脾动脉理新开放５例，占６３％，认为脾动脉选择性阻断后，脾内贮血循脾静脉回流入体循环，脾内压降低２，脾内含液体居份减少，组织结构纤维成份相对增多，脾脏缩小，富有弹性，缝合时不易发生脾组织组织切割撕裂，止血彻底，安全可靠。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of urinary bladder – a diagnostic and management dilemma

Inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT) are uncommon, benign, non-epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder. Only less than 30 cases have been reported so far in world’s literature. The transititional cell carcinoma constitutes 90% of malignant epithelial tumors of urinary bladder. Large, endoscopically unresectable tumors require radical surgery. IPT resemble such tumors, morphologically, radiologically and clinically. The benign nature of this tumor warrants conservative surgical management, either transurethral resection or partial cystectomy. Awareness of this entity and its inclusion in the differential diagnosis may prevent unnecessary radical surgery. We report an unusual case of inflammatory pseudotumor of urinary bladder because of its diagnostic and management dilemma.