48例早期乳腺癌仅行前哨淋巴结活检术的疗效观察

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检术（SLNB）替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND）在早期乳腺癌中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院行SLNB的48例早期乳腺癌患者的临床和病理资料,并与同期73例SLN阴性行ALND患者进行对比,比较两组患者的远期疗效及术后并发症情况。结果中位随访26月（2～40月）,SLNB组有1例患者于术后14月出现同侧腋窝淋巴结复发,ALND组有1例患者于术后33月出现同侧锁骨上淋巴结转移,两组淋巴结转移率分别为2.1%（1/48）和1.4%（1/73）,差异无统计学意义（P=1.000）;至随访结束,两组均未见远处转移及肿瘤所致死亡病例,总生存率均为100%。SLNB组和ALND组术后平均住院时间分别为5天（2~10天）和9天(5~16天)（P=0.004）,手术后6月时,两组患肢感觉异常发生率分别为4.2%（2/48）和71.2%(52/73)（P=0.000）,患肢水肿发生率分别为0和13.7%(10/73) （P=0.003）,差异均具有统计学意义。结论在SLN阴性早期乳腺癌中,仅行SLNB腋窝淋巴结复发率低,SLNB可以与取得ALND相同的疗效;同时,SLNB与ALND相比手术创伤小,术后并发症少。     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检替代腋窝淋巴结清扫的临床应用研究

目的 对前哨淋巴结活检(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)替代腋窝淋巴结清扫(axillary lymph node dis-section,ALND)在早期乳腺癌患者中的应用以及安全性研究及探讨.方法 回顾性分析行SLNB和ALND手术的503例早期乳腺癌病例,对患者住院时间、拔管时间及住院费用进行对比,以及对患者上肢并发症、腋窝局部复发及远处转移情况进行随访,随访至2016年06月,中位随访时间为32(6 ～52)个月.结果 在住院时间、拔管时间、住院费用以及上肢并发症方面,SLNB组明显优于ALND组,差异有统计学意义,而在腋窝局部复发及远处转移情况方面两组无统计学意义.结论 在SLN阴性早期乳腺癌中,SLNB与ALND可以取得相同的疗效,而且,SLNB与ALND相比,手术创伤小,麻木疼痛、肩关节活动受限等术后并发症明显减少,且可缩短患者住院时间,减轻患者的经济负担.     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检在简化腋清扫中的应用研究

[目的]探讨早期乳腺癌患者行前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）为阴性,行简化腋窝淋巴结清扫替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND）的临床效果。[方法]采用1%亚甲蓝染色法对65例早期乳腺癌患者行SLNB,60例成功行SLNB,其中40例SLN无转移者行简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术（简化组）;20例SLN有转移者行ALND（标准组）,比较两组患者术后上肢并发症的发生情况、腋窝复发及全身转移情况。[结果]简化组手术时间和腋窝引流时间比标准组明显缩短,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）;简化组术后患侧上肢的疼痛、肿胀、麻木症状明显较标准组少（P〈0.01）。两组生存曲线没有差异。[结论]亚甲蓝染色法能够比较准确地定位乳腺癌的前哨淋巴结。简化ALND替代ALND手术时间和术后引流时间缩短,方便可行,并发症明显减少,腋窝复发率低,是早期乳腺癌患者的安全分期手术。     

女性乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴结和非前哨淋巴结转移危险因素研究

目的 分析前哨淋巴结(SLN)与非前哨淋巴结(NSLN)转移的危险因素,从而避免过度的腋窝淋巴清除治疗.方法 收集2015-09-01-2020-04-25新疆石河子大学医学院第一附属医院收治的422例患乳腺癌并行前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)患者的相关临床资料,部分SLN阳性患者行腋窝淋巴结清除术(ALND).采用病例...     

简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的应用

目的探讨简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)在乳腺癌手术中的应用及效果。方法分析2009年1月至2013年6月间行前哨淋巴结活检(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)327例乳腺癌患者的临床资料,行亚甲蓝染色法SLNB后根据前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)冰冻病理结果,对SLN阳性者行规范的ALND,SLN阴性则行简化的ALND(只清扫LevelⅠ),比较两组在手术时间、术后住院时间、腋窝引流时间及术后并发症的差异。结果 327例患者中,314例成功进行了SLNB,119例SLN阳性者行标准的ALND,195例SLN阴性者行简化的ALND,11例SLN阴性患者出现LevelⅠ组织淋巴结转移;简化组手术时间、术后住院时间、腋窝引流时间明显缩短,术后腋窝积液、肌力减退、活动受限、疼痛、麻木、肿胀等并发症明显减少。术后随访3~60个月,患者无腋窝淋巴结复发及远处转移。结论蓝染法SLNB是乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移状态的重要检测技术,对SLN阴性行简化的ALND,可节省医疗资源、减少术后并发症。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检的研究

[目的]研究乳腺癌新辅助化疗后行前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的准确性、可行性.[方法]比较接受新辅助化疗的乳腺癌和未接受新辅助化疗乳腺癌SLNB的成功率、灵敏度、假阴性率、准确性,以及SLNB、腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)淋巴结检出枚数,同时对影响SLNB的因素进行讨论.[结果] 26例新辅助化疗后乳腺癌SLNB的成功率、灵敏度、假阴性率、准确性分别为92.3％、90.9％、9.1％和95.8％,SLNB和ALND平均检出淋巴结分别为1.5、13.5枚,对比非新辅助化疗病例,均无明显统计学差异.肿瘤的位置、多灶性、前哨淋巴结的数量等可能是影响乳腺癌新辅助化疗后SLNB的因素.[结论]乳腺癌新辅助化疗后SLNB基本上是安全可行的.     

ACOSOG Z0011试验标准用于中国前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者以避免腋窝淋巴结清扫的可行性研究

背景与目的:美国外科医师学会肿瘤学组(American College of Surgeons Oncology Group,ACOSOG)Z0011试验的结果改变了乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)阳性患者的传统治疗模式。本研究的目的在于探讨ACOSOG Z0011试验标准用于中国前哨淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者以避免腋窝淋巴结清扫(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)的可行性。方法:连续收集194例SLN阳性的乳腺癌患者,根据Z0011的标准分为可以只做前哨淋巴结活检(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)组和仍需做ALND组。将SLNB组患者的临床病理学特征与Z0011试验标准的原始入组人群进行比较,再将SLNB组与ALND组患者的临床病理学特征进行比较。结果:194例患者中有77例符合Z0011标准可以只做SLNB,117例患者不符合Z0011标准,需要做ALND;SLNB组患者与Z0011标准原始入组人群比较,T1期肿瘤、ER阳性肿瘤、淋巴结转移数目少的肿瘤、非前哨淋巴结(non-sentinel lymph node,NSLN)阴性的肿瘤都显著多于Z0011标准原始人群,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本研究ALND组患者与SLNB组患者比较,T2、T3期肿瘤较多,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ALND组腋窝淋巴结转移数目多的患者比例要明显多于SLNB组,NSLN阳性患者比例也高于SLNB组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:将Z0011试验标准用于SLN阳性乳腺癌患者,能够筛选出较Z0011标准研究中预后更好、更为低危的患者,使得该部分患者可以更为安全的只接受SLNB。     

腋窝逆向淋巴示踪预防乳腺癌患者上肢淋巴水肿的研究

目的：探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活组织检查（ SLNB）或腋窝淋巴结清扫（ ALND）过程中,进行腋窝逆向淋巴示踪（ ARM）以保留引流上肢淋巴液的腋窝淋巴结的可行性,及其对术后上肢淋巴水肿的预防作用。方法选择2012年1月至2013年6月本科71例全乳房切除术＋前哨淋巴结活组织检查术患者（ SLNB组）和134例乳腺癌改良根治术患者（ ALND组）进行临床研究。将SLNB组和ALND组分别随机分为对照组和示踪组,即：SLNB对照组36例,SLNB示踪组35例;ALND对照组64例,ALND示踪组70例。 SLNB示踪组和ALND示踪组的手术方式除与其对照组相同外,还需进行ARM以保留引流上肢淋巴液的腋窝淋巴结（ ARM淋巴结）。前哨淋巴结和ARM淋巴结定位方法如下：术前2 h,在患者乳房肿块周围及患侧上臂内侧皮下注射^99Tc^m-Dx标记的同位素,并于术前5 min在患侧上臂内侧皮下注射2 ml亚甲蓝进行ARM淋巴结显色,术中用同位素γ探测仪探测放射性核素热点进行前哨淋巴结定位,并用γ探测仪结合蓝色染料定位ARM淋巴结。术中注意观察ARM淋巴结蓝染情况及其与前哨淋巴结有无重合,若无重合则保留所有蓝染的ARM淋巴结,若有重合则同时切除前哨淋巴结和ARM淋巴结;术后统计切除的淋巴结数量、术中出血量、置管时间、引流液体量及手术时间。术后6个月随访两组患者上肢淋巴水肿的发生情况。定量资料分析采用 t检验,定性资料比较采用秩和检验或χ^2检验。结果在SLNB示踪组35例患者中,26例（74．29%,26/35）术中检测到ARM淋巴结,其中1例患者前哨淋巴结与ARM淋巴结重合,此患者在SLNB过程中也接受了ARM淋巴结切除,因此SLNB示踪组ARM淋巴结保留率为71．43%（25/35）。在ALND示踪组70例患者中,67例（95．71%,67/70）术中检测到ARM淋巴结,其中5例患者前哨淋巴结与ARM淋巴结重合,此部分患者在ALND过程中同时接受ARM淋巴结切除,因此ALND示踪组ARM淋巴结保留率为88．57%（62/70）。在SLNB对照组与SLNB示踪组之间以及ALND对照组与ALND示踪组之间,腋窝淋巴结切除数量、术中出血量、术后引流液体量及置管时间的差异均无统计学意义（ t=-1．136、-0．570、0．032、0．903,P=0．264、0．570、0．975、0．370;t=1．149、0．416、1．405、-0．547,P=0．253、0．678、0．162、0．585）,但是SLNB示踪组和ALND示踪组的手术时间均长于其对照组[（90．26±6．04） min比（86．61±5．62） min,t=-2．616,P=0．011;（112．24±7．94） min比（92．33±6．88） min,t=-15．399,P=0．000]。术后随访6个月：SLNB对照组与SLNB示踪组上肢淋巴水肿发生率分别为11．11%（4/36）和8．00%（2/25）,两者间差异无统计学意义（P=1．000）;ALND对照组与ALND示踪组上肢淋巴水肿发生率分别为31．25%（20/64）和6．45%（4/62）,两者间差异有统计学意义（χ2=12．560,P=0．000）。结论乳腺癌患者行SLNB或ALND的过程中可以行ARM。 SLNB过程中保留ARM淋巴结对降低术后上肢淋巴水肿发生率无意义,而ALND过程中保留ARM淋巴结可有效降低术后上肢淋巴水肿发生率。     

早期乳腺癌中前哨淋巴结导航的淋巴结群切除的价值

[目的]比较腋窝前哨淋巴结（SLN）导航的淋巴结群切除与单纯前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）的优劣,探讨其作为早期乳腺癌外科腋窝处理手段的可行性及临床意义。[方法]2003年10月至2009年5月．连续入组305例早期乳腺癌手术病例,术中序贯施行腋窝SLNB、SLN所在淋巴结群切除及全腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）,比较SLNB与SLN导航的淋巴结群切除活检预测腋淋巴结状态的差异并分析影响淋巴结状态的因素。[结果]SLNB成功率为99.34％（303／305）。SLNB假阴性10例,SLNB预测淋巴结状态假阴性率为9．80％（10／102）、敏感性90．20％（92／102）、准确性96．70％（293,303）、阴性似然比0．098。SLN导航的淋巴结群切除活检预测腋淋巴结状态的假阴性率为1．96％（2／102）、敏感性98．04％（100／102）、准确性99．34％（301／303）、阴性似然比0．020。淋巴结状态与肿瘤大小、脉管浸润、组织学分级及Her-2状态相关（P〈0．05）。[结论]以腋窝SLN导航的淋巴结群切除替代ALND治疗早期乳腺癌较单纯SLNB更具安全性及应用价值。结合肿瘤大小、脉管浸润、组织学分级及Her-2状态有助于更准确地指导腋窝淋巴结处理方式.     

前哨淋巴结活检指导乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的研究进展

腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection,ALND）对降低乳腺癌患者的复发转移率、延长乳腺癌患者生存期具有重要意义,临床上绝大部分前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）结果阳性的乳腺癌患者均接受ALND。但现有研究显示,部分前哨淋巴结阳性的乳腺癌患者并没有因ALND而取得生存获益,这就引发了对于SLNB阳性的乳腺癌患者是否必须行ALND问题的思考。本文就近年来SLNB指导乳腺癌患者ALND相关研究的新进展进行综述。     

Evaluation of lymph node counts in primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection

BACKGROUND:

Lymph node counts are a measure of quality assurance and are associated with prognosis for numerous malignancies. To date, investigations of lymph node counts in testis cancer are lacking.

METHODS:

By using the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Testis Cancer database, the authors identified 255 patients who underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) between 1999 and 2008. Features that were associated with lymph node counts, positive lymph nodes, the number of positive lymph nodes, and the risk of positive contralateral lymph nodes were evaluated with regression models.

RESULTS:

The median (interquartile range [IQR]) total lymph node count was 38 lymph nodes (IQR, 27‐53 total lymph nodes), and it was 48 (IQR, 34‐61 total lymph nodes) during the most recent 5 years. Features that were associated with higher lymph node count on multivariate analysis included high‐volume surgeon (P = .034), clinical stage (P = .036), and more recent year of surgery (P < .001); whereas pathologist was not associated significantly with lymph node count (P = .3). Clinical stage (P < .001) and total lymph node count (P = .045) were associated significantly with finding positive lymph nodes on multivariate analysis. The probability of finding positive lymph nodes was 23%, 23%, 31%, and 48% if the total lymph node count was <21, 21 to 40, 41 to 60, and >60, respectively. With a median follow‐up of 3 years, all patients remained alive, and 16 patients developed recurrent disease, although no patients developed recurrent disease in the paracaval, interaortocaval, para‐aortic, or iliac regions.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results suggested that >40 lymph nodes removed at RPLND improve the diagnostic efficacy of the operation. The authors believe that these results will be useful for future trials comparing RPLNDs, especially when assessing the adequacy of lymph node dissection. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a useful way of assessing axillary status and obviating axillary dissection in patients with node-negative breast cancer. A combination of dye- and gamma probe-guided methods can identify SLN more accurately and easily than either of these techniques alone. On the other hand, SLN biopsy is highly accurate and sensitive in patients with small tumors, and no false-negative SLN biopsy has been reported for a breast cancer < 1.0-1.5 cm. Moreover, extensive intraoperative examination of SLNs using frozen sections can attain a sensitivity comparable to that obtained by histologic examination on the permanent sections. In practice, therefore, axillary dissection can be avoided in patients with small tumors in whom the SLNs are negative.     

Plasmacytoma of lymph nodes

A case of primary plasmacytoma in a lymph node accompanied by IgG Kappa paraproteinemia is described. Eight months after the plasmacytoma's removal, the paraprotein was undetectable in the serum and the patient has remained well for a year. Abundant crystalline inclusions were present in the tumor and the immunoperoxidase technique was used to show that these consisted of monotypic immunoglobulin are were contained predominantly within macrophages. Reported cases of plasmacytoma in lymph nodes are reviewed and the natural history of this group of tumor is discussed.     

Erythropoietin induces lymph node lymphangiogenesis and lymph node tumor metastasis

Cancer therapy often produces anemia, which is treated with erthropoietin (EPO) to stimulate erythrocyte production. However, concerns have recently arisen that EPO treatment may promote later tumor metastasis and mortality. The mechanisms underlying such effects are unknown, but it is clear that EPO has pleiotropic effects in cell types other than hematopoietic cells. In this study, we investigated how EPO affects lymphangiogenesis and lymph node tumor metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer and melanoma. In these models, EPO increased lymph node lymphangiogenesis and lymph node tumor metastasis in a manner associated with increased migration, capillary-like tube formation, and dose- and time-dependent proliferation of human lymphatic endothelial cells. EPO increased sprouting of these cells in a thoracic duct lymphatic ring assay. These effects were abrogated by cotreatment with specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase, under conditions in which EPO increased Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Intraperitoneal administration of EPO stimulated peritoneal lymphangiogenesis, and systemic treatment of EPO increased infiltration of CD11b(+) macrophages in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Finally, EPO increased VEGF-C expression in lymph node-derived CD11b(+) macrophages as well as in bone marrow-derived macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results establish that EPO exerts a powerful lymphangiogenic function and can drive both lymph node lymphangiogenesis and nodal metastasis in tumor-bearing animals.     

Intramammary lymph nodes

Radiographic, gross, and histopathologic studies on 158 whole breasts with primary operable carcinoma revealed intramammary lymph nodes in 28%, and of these breasts, 10% contained a metastatic deposit of carcinoma. Cancerous and noncancerous nodes were found in all quadrants of the breast with the positive ones being in the same quadrant as the carcinoma only 50% of the time. There was no demonstrable connection with the usual lymphatic drainage of the breast. With Stage II carcinoma, positive intramammary lymph nodes had no direct effect on prognosis, merely representing advanced disease and indicating a greater likelihood of axillary metastatic disease. There was a trend toward poorer prognosis in Stage I lesions with positive intramammary lymph nodes. This may indicate the Stage I carcinomas that have a similar prognosis as Stage II tumors. Conceivably, a Stage Ia, positive intramammary lymph node(s) but normal axillary lymph nodes, could be defined and used.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy alone without axillary lymph node dissection--follow up of sentinel lymph node negative breast cancer patients.

AIMS: To evaluate the rate of axillary recurrences in sentinel lymph node (SLN) negative breast cancer patients after sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) alone without further axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). METHODS: Between May 1999 and February 2001 all patients who had primary invasive breast cancer and were SLN negative were eligible for this prospective study. SLNB was performed by using the combined method with radioactive tracer and blue dye. SLNs were examined by frozen section, standard H/E staining and immunohistochemistry staining. SLN negative patients did not receive further ALND. Follow-up was done three-monthly with clinical controls, blood samples and ultrasound of the breast and axilla. An annual mammogram was performed. RESULTS: 116 patients with T1 or T2 invasive breast cancer were included in this trial. All 116 patients had negative SLNs in frozen sections, in H/E staining and in immunohistochemistry staining. The mean number of removed SLNs was 2.03+/-1.22. Mean tumor size was 17.15+/-7.62 mm. Postmenopausal patients totalled 79.3 and 20.7% of patients were premenopausal. No local or axillary recurrences occurred at a mean duration of follow-up of 22.12+/-6.38 months. CONCLUSION: The absence of axillary recurrences after SLNB without ALND in SLN negative breast cancer patients supports the hypothesis that SLNB is accurate and safe while providing less surgical morbidity. Short term results are very promising. SLNB without ALND in SLN negative patients is an excellent procedure for axillary staging in a cohort of breast cancer patients with small tumors.     

前哨淋巴结微转移与腋窝淋巴结复发关系的研究进展

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤，而腋窝淋巴结的转移状态与乳腺癌患者的预后相关。自从开展乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活组织检查以来，一部分乳腺癌患者因前哨淋巴结阴性而免除了腋窝淋巴结清扫，而另一部分患者因前哨淋巴结微转移选择术后放射治疗或是化疗以替代腋窝淋巴结清扫，从而减少了患侧上肢淋巴水肿、运动障碍以及感觉障碍等并发症的发生。近年来，少部分前哨淋巴结微转移患者发生了不同程度的腋窝淋巴结复发。对此，部分学者认为前哨淋巴结微转移患者即使不做腋窝淋巴结清扫，腋窝淋巴结复发率也未见明显增加；但部分学者则认为前哨淋巴结微转移应被视为腋窝淋巴结转移，残留的肿瘤病灶能增加腋窝淋巴结复发率，因此应行腋窝淋巴结清扫术。对于前哨淋巴结微转移的处理方式，国内外专家尚未得出一致的结论。目前众多研究者仍在不懈地进行相关临床试验及大数据分析，旨在为前哨淋巴结微转移患者寻求更佳的治疗方案。