婴幼儿蜗神经管与蜗神经发育异常影像学分析

目的:探讨蜗神经管(CNC)狭窄或封闭与蜗神经发育异常(内耳M RI上蜗神经未显示或细小)的相关性.方法:回顾性分析33例经HRCT诊断为CNC狭窄或封闭且存在重度及以上感音神经性耳聋患儿的内耳HRCT和MRI图像.结果:33例(66耳)患儿中CNC狭窄或封闭且相应耳存在重度及以上感音神经性耳聋39耳,其中,C N C...     

蜗神经孔发育不良的CT表现

目的探讨蜗神经孔发育不良的多层螺旋CT表现。方法观察了50例100耳无中内耳疾患的正常人及9例10耳蜗神经孔发育不良患者蜗神经孔的CT特征，并在轴面图像上测量了蜗神经孔的横径值。结果正常组50例100耳均见筛孔区基底部骨性裂隙显示，蜗神经孔横径测量值为（2．32±0．25）mm。异常组9例10耳均表现为蜗神经孔狭窄，8耳筛孔区基底部骨性裂隙未显示；2耳筛孔区基底部骨性裂隙存在。合并内听道狭窄4例，前庭与水平半规管异常1例。异常组蜗神经孔经线测量结果：蜗神经孔横径最大1．5mm，最小0．9mm。结论蜗神经孔发育不良的典型CT表现为蜗神经孔狭窄，筛孔区基底部骨性裂隙消失。蜗神经孔发育不良可能是耳蜗发育不良的一种亚型。     

儿童蜗神经发育不良的影像学表现

目的：探讨儿童蜗神经发育不良（CND）的MRI及高分辨力CT表现。方法：回顾性分析34例（60耳）蜗神经发育不良的颞骨HRCT及内耳和内耳道MRI表现。分析比较3种影像学表现诊断CND的能力。结果：MRI显示蜗神经发育不良60耳,伴前庭神经异常28耳,伴面神经细小3耳,伴内耳畸形28耳。HRCT显示内耳道狭窄32耳,蜗神经孔狭窄28耳,骨性封闭25耳。MRI诊断CND明显优于CT（P〈0.001）;以HRCT显示蜗神经孔狭窄或封闭作为诊断CND的依据明显优于以HRCT显示IAC狭窄作为诊断CND的依据（P=0.043）。结论：MRI能准确显示CND,HRCT显示蜗神经孔狭窄或封闭高度提示CND,内耳道正常不能排除CND。     

Imaging for cochlear implants

Insertion of a sound amplification device into the round window niche (extracochlear implant) or into the coils of the cochlea (intracochlear implant) can give significant benefits to some carefully selected, severely deaf patients. Imaging has an essential role in selective and pre-operative assessment. Severe otosclerosis and post-meningitic labyrinthitis ossificans are common causes of deafness in these patients and can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT). The most suitable side for operation can be assessed. We describe our experiences with 165 patients, 69 of whom were found suitable for implants. Thin (1 mm) section CT in axial and coronal planes is the best imaging investigation of the petrous temporal bones but the place of magnetic resonance scanning to confirm that the inner ear is fluid-filled and polytomography to show a multichannel implant in the cochlea is discussed. No implants were used for congenital deformities, but some observations are made of this type of structural deformity of the inner ear.     

软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的32例软骨肉瘤的影像学特点。32例均行X线平片检查,其中25例行CT检查,MR检查14例。结果:32例平片发现病变内钙化28例。25例做CT者均见骨质破坏和钙化影,软组织肿块21例,骨膜反应2例。MR表现:肿瘤呈等长T1长T2为主的混杂信号,可见长T1短T2信号分隔,增强扫描示分隔强化和肿块周边部强化,钙化呈长T1短T2信号。结论:骨质破坏、钙化、软组织肿块、弓环状分隔等构成软骨肉瘤的主要影像学特点,对诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

Anomalous facial nerve canal with cochlear malformations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anteromedial "migration" of the first segment of the facial nerve canal has been previously identified in a patient with a non-Mondini-type cochlear malformation. In this study, several patients with the same facial nerve canal anomaly were reviewed to assess for the association and type of cochlear malformation. METHODS: CT scans of the temporal bone of 15 patients with anteromedial migration of the first segment of the facial nerve canal were collected from routine departmental examinations. In seven patients, the anomalous course was bilateral, for a total of 22 cases. The migration was graded relative to normal as either mild/moderate or pronounced. The cochlea in each of these cases was examined for the presence and size of the basilar, second, and apical turns. The turns were either absent, small, normal, or enlarged. The CT scans of five patients with eight Mondini malformations were examined for comparison. RESULTS: The degree of the facial nerve migration was pronounced in nine cases and mild/moderate in 13. All 22 of these cases had associated cochlear abnormalities of the non-Mondini variety. These included common cavity anomalies with lack of definition between the cochlea and vestibule (five cases), cochleae with enlarged basilar turns and absent second or third turns (five cases), and cochleae with small or normal basilar turns with small or absent second or third turns (12 cases). None of the patients with Mondini-type cochlear malformations had anteromedial migration of the facial nerve canal. CONCLUSION: Anteromedial migration of the facial nerve canal occurs in association with some cochlear malformations. It did not occur in association with the Mondini malformations. A cochlea with a Mondini malformation, being similar in size to a normal cochlea, may physically prohibit such a deviation in course.     

Imaging findings of avalanche victims

Objective Skiing and hiking outside the boundaries remains an attractive wilderness activity despite the danger of avalanches. Avalanches occur on a relatively frequent basis and may be devastating. Musculoskeletal radiologists should be acquainted with these injuries. Design and patients Fourteen avalanche victims (11 men and 3 women; age range 17–59 years, mean age 37.4 years) were air transported to a high-grade trauma centre over a period of 2 years. Results Radiographs, CT and MR images were prospectively evaluated by two observers in consensus. Musculoskeletal findings (61%) were more frequent than extraskeletal findings (39%). Fractures were most commonly seen (36.6%), involving the spine (14.6%) more frequently than the extremities (9.8%). Blunt abdominal and thoracic trauma were the most frequent extraskeletal findings. Conclusion A wide spectrum of injuries can be found in avalanche victims, ranging from extremity fractures to massive polytrauma. Asphyxia remains the main cause of death along with hypoxic brain injury and hypothermia.     

Imaging findings of sternal abnormalities

Radiographic findings in the sternal abnormalities are often nonspecific, showing appearances from a localized benign lesion to an aggressive lesion as seen with infections and malignant neoplasms. A specific diagnosis of sternal abnormalities can be suggested on the basis of CT and MR characteristics. Familiarity with the presentation and variable appearance of sternal abnormalities may aid the radiologist is suggesting a specific diagnosis. We present among others characteristic radiographic findings of hemangioma, chondrosarcoma, hydatid disease, and SAPHO syndrome. In those cases in which findings are not specific, cross-sectional imaging modalities may help the clinician in their management. Received 3 May 1996; Revision received 10 July 1996; Accepted 1 August 1996     

获得性骨肥大综合征的影像表现

目的 分析获得性骨肥大(SAPHO)综合征的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析11例SAPHO综合征的影像资料,男6例、女5例,年龄28～68岁,平均51岁,X线平片检查9例、CT检查10例、MR检查3例、核索扫描检查3例.结果 9例胸前壁X线平片表现为胸骨上部、第一前肋及锁骨增生、硬化并肥大,相互之间骨桥形成或骨性融合;10例胸前壁CT检查,9例表现为胸、肋、锁骨区骨质增生硬化伴有骨质破坏,胸锁关节和胸肋之间骨性融合,1例仅表现为胸骨柄体关节骨质硬化,2例在轴面像上胸骨柄上缘似"海鸥翅"样改变.11例患者中除1例胸骨病变仪累及胸骨柄体关节外,其余10例胸前壁均多骨受累,其中8例呈对称性,2例为偏侧性(均为右侧).除胸前壁骨病变外,伴有骶髂关节炎、髂骨骨髓炎1例,胸椎骨髓炎2例,腰椎致密骨炎1例和双手掌指关节骨关节炎1例.MR检查3例,分别是胸锁关节、胸椎和骶髂关节,MRI显示锁骨头周围软组织肥厚,胸椎病变表现为椎体内T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈混杂信号,抑脂像以高信号为主,骶髂关节见软骨下长T1WI短T2WI信号.核素扫描3例,显示胸骨上部及锁骨区呈"T"形异常高浓聚.结论 胸前壁多骨受累是SAPHO综合征主要影像特点,可并发骶髂关节炎、脊椎及髂骨骨髓炎、腰椎致密骨炎和双手骨关节炎.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the imaging characteristics of SAPHO syndrome in 11 cases.Methods Clinical features and imaging findings from 11 patients (6 male,5 female, 28 to 68 years old)with SAPHO syndrome were analyzed retrospectively Including DR in 9 cases, CT in 10 cases, MRI and radioisotope scanning in 3 cases. Results Multi-bones of anterior chest wall disorders were shown in 9cases on DR images including superior sternum , anterior first rib and clavicle hyperostosis. Bony fusion and bony bridge were also seen in these cases. Hyperostosis osteosclerosis, bone destruction and bony fusion of sternoclavicular articulation and first rib were shown on CT images in 9 cases. Osteosclerosis of the joint between manubrium and midsternum was seen in 1 case on CT image. Thc sign of flying sea gull was seen in 2 cases on axial anterior chest wall CT images. The disorders of anterior chest wall were bilateral in 8 cases and unilateral in 2 cases. Sacroiliitis and osteomyelitis of ilium were found accompanied in 1 case.Osteomyelitis of thoracic vertebrae were found in 2 cases, while sclerosing osteitis of lumbar vertebrae and ostearthritis of bilateral hands were observed respectively in 1 case. The thicken soft tissue surround clavicle head, thoracic vertebra disease with long T1 ,jumbly T2 and high fat suppression signal ,long T1 and short T2signal under sacroiliac joint were shown on MRI. Radioisotope scanning displayed higher radioactive uptake of radionuclides, with T shape in sternoclavicular area in 3 cases. Conclusions Multi-bones of anterior chest wall involvement was the common imaging characteristics in 11 patients. Sacroiliitis, osteomyelitis of vertebrae and ilium, sclerosing osteitis, ostearthritis of hand could be seen in some cases.     

Imaging findings of thyroidal sarcoma

From 1997 to 2013, 8849 patients with several disorders of the thyroid were treated in our surgical department. In nine patients (0.1%), primary thyroid sarcoma (PTS) was diagnosed. In eight patients, PTS manifested as a thyroid mass (range, 25–90 mm). In one case, a global enlargement of the thyroid was seen. Clinically, all patients presented with neck swelling. On ultrasound, PTS was predominantly hypoechoic. On computed tomography, the sarcomas were hypodense. On magnetic resonance imaging, PTS had inhomogeneous signal increase on T2-weighted images and signal decrease on T1-weighted images with inhomogeneous enhancement.     

类风湿性关节炎的影像学表现

目的探讨类风湿性关节炎的影像特征,提高其诊断准确率。方法对经临床及实验室确诊的56例类风湿性关节炎患者的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果在56例的X线片上,手足小关节附近软组织呈梭形肿胀见于7例。表现为骨质疏松、关节间隙狭窄、骨性关节面骨皮质边缘不规整43例。骨质疏松、破坏、缺损、关节半脱位、骨性强直6例。结论类风湿性关节炎的影像学表现具有一定特征,临床、影像、实验室相结合可提高本病的诊断准确率。     

Charcot关节的影像表现

目的 探讨Charcot关节的MRI表现，评价X线片、CT及MRI对Charcot关节的诊断价值。方法 对8例Charcot关节作X线、CT及MR检查，其中6例患有脊髓空洞症，1例为胸髓损伤截瘫患者，1例为糖尿病患者，所有8例均有患肢的痛觉减退或消失。结果 (1)Charcot关节表现为增生和吸收2型。(2)X线及CT特点：3例增生型关节骨质增生硬化、骨赘形成，关节周围软组织肿胀，内见大量块状骨化影；5例吸收型关节以骨质破坏吸收、碎裂为主，骨端消失，其中3例残端平齐如手术切除，周围软组织肿胀，内见多个小而锐利的骨化影。8例中有3例伴有关节半脱位。(3)主要MRI特点：8例均清楚显示关节周围软组织块影结构，7例分为3层：由内向外为关节囊内积液、关节囊壁及囊壁外其余软组织块影，1例关节囊壁与其外软组织块影分界不清，表现为2层结构。关节囊壁不均匀增厚、松弛及拉长，在关节周围、骨干旁或肌间隙内呈伪足状伸延，T1WI呈稍低信号，T2WI呈稍高信号，注射钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd—DTPA)后明显强化，其强化程度常高于外周的软组织块影。关节周围软组织块影的3层结构及关节囊的改变较具特点。结论 X线片是Charcot关节的首选诊断手段，MRI在Charcot关节的诊断及鉴别诊断方面是X线片重要的补充手段。     

滑膜肉瘤的影像学表现

目的:分析滑膜肉瘤的影像学表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析11例经病理确诊为滑膜肉瘤患者的各种影像资料。结果:11例滑膜肉瘤发病部位分别位于足部(包括踝关节)4例,髋关节2例,胸椎2例,前肋骨、肱骨下段及臀部各1例。X线平片表现为类圆形、椭圆形或分叶状的软组织肿块,1例肿块近边缘出现斑点及斑片样钙化并伴有邻近骨质囊状破坏。CT表现为稍低于周围正常肌肉密度的不均匀软组织肿块,边界不清晰,增强扫描呈轻~中度不均匀强化。磁共振T1WI上,4例为等低信号,1例为稍高信号;T2WI上均呈中/高混杂信号,并见更高信号囊变区,T2WI压脂为不均匀高信号,部分呈多发结节样团块,并见低信号分隔,增强扫描呈明显不均匀强化。肿瘤具有侵袭性,位于臀部的病灶则向臀大肌、臀中肌及臀小肌侵犯。发生于胸椎附件区病灶邻近椎板及棘突骨质破坏,并沿椎间孔向椎管内突入。结论:滑膜肉瘤的影像学表现具有一定特征,对肿瘤的诊断也有帮助;但对于发生于罕见部位的滑膜肉瘤而言,仍有赖于病例组织学的检查。     

Imaging findings of intestinal tuberculosis

Intestinal tuberculosis (TB) has 3 main forms: ulcerative, hypertrophic or ulcerohypertrophic, and fibrous stricturing. In the ulcerative form, barium examination reveals thickened folds, spasticity, and shallow ulcers involving the cecum and terminal ileum. Computerized tomography shows preferential thickening of the ileocecal valve and medial wall of the cecum as well as a few small regional nodes. In the hypertrophic or ulcerohypertrophic form, a hyperplastic reaction is seen in the exophytic masses around the ulcerated lumen on computed tomography. An inflammatory mass that extends into adjacent muscle suggests TB. In the sclerotic form, the main reaction is fibrosis with single or multiple short strictures. The cecum classically becomes amputated, conical, shrunken, and retracted. In comparison, Crohn's disease (CD) has a rather uniform and lesser thickening of the bowel wall. Mural stratification, vascular jejunization or the comb sign, and mesenteric fibrofatty proliferation are seen only in CD. The hypertrophic form may also mimic malignant neoplasms, such as lymphoma or carcinoma. Cecal carcinoma rarely extends beyond the ileocecal valve, however. In lymphoma, it can be seen as a greater degree of wall thickness with aneurysmatic dilation of the intestinal lumen. Single or multiple strictures are also seen as a CD complication. Advanced skip lesions adjacent to the stricture are usually diagnostic for CD.     

跗骨成软骨细胞瘤的影像表现

目的 探讨跗骨成软骨细胞瘤的影像表现.方法 回顾分析经病理证实的134例成软骨细胞瘤的部位分布情况,对其中11例跗骨成软骨细胞瘤的X线和5例CT表现进行分析.结果 11例跗骨成软骨细胞瘤患者中,病变位于距骨6例、跟骨3例、足舟骨2例.距骨体后部及跟骨后结节为好发部位,X线表现以膨胀性骨质破坏为主(10/11),局部边缘轻度硬化(11/11),骨嵴常见(9/11),关节面破坏常见(7/11),可见斑点状钙化(6/11);CT对关节面破坏(5/5)、小的骨嵴(5/5)以及细小钙化(2/5)的显示更明显.结论 距骨、跟骨是跗骨成软骨细胞瘤好发部位,影像表现具有一定特点,但应结合其发病部位与其他疾病鉴别.     

获得性骨肥大综合征的影像表现

目的 分析获得性骨肥大(SAPHO)综合征的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析11例SAPHO综合征的影像资料,男6例、女5例,年龄28～68岁,平均51岁,X线平片检查9例、CT检查10例、MR检查3例、核索扫描检查3例.结果 9例胸前壁X线平片表现为胸骨上部、第一前肋及锁骨增生、硬化并肥大,相互之间骨桥形成或骨性融合;10例胸前壁CT检查,9例表现为胸、肋、锁骨区骨质增生硬化伴有骨质破坏,胸锁关节和胸肋之间骨性融合,1例仅表现为胸骨柄体关节骨质硬化,2例在轴面像上胸骨柄上缘似"海鸥翅"样改变.11例患者中除1例胸骨病变仪累及胸骨柄体关节外,其余10例胸前壁均多骨受累,其中8例呈对称性,2例为偏侧性(均为右侧).除胸前壁骨病变外,伴有骶髂关节炎、髂骨骨髓炎1例,胸椎骨髓炎2例,腰椎致密骨炎1例和双手掌指关节骨关节炎1例.MR检查3例,分别是胸锁关节、胸椎和骶髂关节,MRI显示锁骨头周围软组织肥厚,胸椎病变表现为椎体内T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈混杂信号,抑脂像以高信号为主,骶髂关节见软骨下长T1WI短T2WI信号.核素扫描3例,显示胸骨上部及锁骨区呈"T"形异常高浓聚.结论 胸前壁多骨受累是SAPHO综合征主要影像特点,可并发骶髂关节炎、脊椎及髂骨骨髓炎、腰椎致密骨炎和双手骨关节炎.