可控性回结肠膀胱术远期疗效的临床研究

目的 对可控性回结肠膀胱术的远期疗效进行评价。方法 对23例回结肠膀胱术术后患者的可控性尿动力学、血清电解质、肾功能等进行随访观察。结果 23例随访4～126个月，平均59个月。白天可控率为100％，夜问可控率96％。贮尿囊容量350～640ml，平均560ml，贮尿囊内压力9．30～32，08cmH2O（1cmH2O=0．098kPa），平均19．20cmH2O。B超、静脉肾盂造影（IVP）及贮尿囊造影显示：单侧输尿管狭窄并肾积水1例。贮尿囊结石2例。血清电解质及肾功能正常。结论 可控性回结肠膀胱术远期疗效可靠、并发症少，是一种较理想的尿路分流术式。     

改良可控性盲结肠膀胱术15例报告

目的　提高膀胱肿瘤全膀胱切除的临床疗效。　方法　对 15例膀胱肿瘤患者行可控性盲结肠膀胱术 ,并对术式进行改进。　结果　 15例随访 4～ 2 9个月 ,3个月后贮尿囊容量 45 0～ 6 5 0ml,平均 5 5 0ml,充盈状态下平均囊内压 (11.4± 4.3)cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,贮尿囊造影未见输尿管返流 ,IVU示上尿路无积水和输尿管狭窄 ,排尿控制良好 ,插管容易。　结论　改良可控性盲结肠膀胱术操作简单 ,贮尿囊容量大、内压低、自控排尿良好 ,并发症少 ,具有良好的临床应用价值。     

缩窄末段回肠式可控性膀胱术

作者报告２３例缩窄末段回肠式可控性膀胱术的术后疗效。采用缝合器裁剪缩窄末段回肠形成输出道，回结肠或结肠剖开后重组成腔形成贮尿囊，输尿管末段插入贮尿囊作吻合。２２例随访１～６年，其中回结肠贮尿囊１３例，结肠贮尿囊９例。全部病例抗失禁效果良好，除１例发生插管困难外，均能用较粗的导尿管自行导尿。术后１年时，回结肠贮尿囊容量为９００ｍｌ～１０００ｍｌ，充盈压０．４９ｋＰａ～１．９６ｋＰａ，收缩波峰１．９６ｋＰａ～２．７４ｋＰａ；结肠贮尿囊容量为４００ｍｌ～５００ｍｌ，充盈压０．９８ｋＰａ～１．９６ｋＰａ，收缩波峰１．９６ｋＰａ～３．９３ｋＰａ。随访期间发现贮尿囊过度扩张６例，结石２例，感染１２例次。未见输尿管梗阻、返流及明显的高氯性酸中毒等并发症。结果表明：缩窄末段回肠式输出道抗失禁效果好，插管导尿顺利。重组成形后，结肠贮尿囊和回结肠贮尿囊均能获得低囊内压，应注意防治贮尿囊过度扩张、结石及感染等并发症。     

体外可控性回肠膀胱术的实验研究及临床应用

目的　提高体外可控性回肠膀胱术的治疗效果。　方法　距回盲部约 2 0cm处切取一段回肠 ,中间部分折叠成N形并缝制成贮尿囊 ;近端回肠为输入道 ,近贮尿囊 4～ 5cm回肠纵形折叠缝合以缩窄管腔 ;远端 8～ 10cm回肠从腹壁造瘘口处穿出体外 ,于造瘘口处取双片梯形皮瓣包绕外露肠管缝制成皮管 ,构建输出道。将尿液控制器置于皮管外 ,利用气囊控制排尿。 12只犬应用研究后对 5例膀胱癌患者采用此术式治疗。　结果　 10只犬手术顺利 ,术后 3个月时贮尿囊平均最大容量 (15 0± 4 0 )ml,最大充盈压 (2 4 .4± 5 .3)cmH2 O。 5例患者术后随访 3～ 14个月。术后 3个月时贮尿囊平均最大容量 (2 90± 80 )ml,最大充盈压 (36 .3± 8.2 )cmH2 O ,最大尿流率 (2 0 .3± 4 .7)ml/s ,无剩余尿。影像学检查肾脏显影良好 ,输尿管通畅。尿液控制器气囊充气后无尿液流出 ,气囊消气后尿线粗。　结论　该尿流改道术式可达到体外控尿效果 ,不必佩戴集尿袋及导尿 ,手术操作比较简单、并发症少。     

可控性回盲肠膀胱23例

目的探讨膀胱全切后可控性膀胱的手术方法及术后疗效观察。方法1996年10月至2000年10月对23例膀胱癌患者施行根治性膀胱切除后采用回盲升结肠形成贮尿囊,进行尿流改道。结果随访4月到4年均获得满意的疗效。贮尿囊容量达300～550ml,最大压力40cmH2O,阑尾流出道的压力为54cmH2O,4-5小时导尿1次,无尿外溢,无高氯性酸中毒。有2例术后因肿瘤转移死亡。结论回盲肠袋做贮尿囊,阑尾做流出道,可控性好,并发症少,可提高患者的生存质量,是理想的尿流改道术式。     

去带盲结肠可控膀胱术

目的　改进膀胱癌患者膀胱全切后贮尿和排尿问题。　方法　对 2 3例全膀胱切除患者行去带盲结肠可控膀胱术。　结果　 2 2例术后随访 3～ 30个月 ,3个月后贮尿囊容量 45 0～ 6 0 0ml,平均 5 5 0ml,平均内压 (14± 8)cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,贮尿囊造影未见输尿管返流 ,IVU示上尿路无积水和输尿管狭窄 ,排尿控制良好 ,插管容易。　结论　去带盲结肠可控膀胱术是一种较为理想的尿流改道方法 ,具有较好的应用价值。     

盲结肠膀胱术加强输出道可控机制的临床研究

目的　改进盲结肠膀胱术输出道手术方法 ,建立一种控尿可靠、插管方便、并发症少的可控输出道。　方法　对 4 7例膀胱癌患者行膀胱癌根治切除 ,37例采用去结肠带建立盲结肠贮尿囊 ,10例非管状化建立盲结肠贮尿囊 (改良Indianapouch) ,截取末端回肠 12～ 14cm ,剖开肠管重叠绕圈缝合成双层肠壁结构 ,回盲肠交界处浆肌层缝合 ,构筑回盲部小乳头状回肠套叠结构 ,建成长 12cm的输出道。盲肠端与盆腔腹壁缝合 ,远端与脐孔吻合 ,全长固定潜行于腹壁下贮尿囊和腹直肌之间。　结果　全部患者插管顺利 ,白天完全可控 4 5例 ,夜间完全可控 4 4例 ,术后 6个月输出道闭合压 4 0 .5～ 12 5 .6cmH2 O ,充盈状态输出道最大闭合压明显高于空虚状态 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　改进的缩窄末端回肠输出道是一种较理想的可控输出道。     

可控膀胱增强缩窄回肠控制机能的临床研究

目的设计一种控尿可靠,导尿容易和手术方法简单的可控膀胱输出道. 方法对20例尿流改道的患者,采用缩窄的回肠作为输出道,并将部分输出道固定在回肠储尿囊与腹壁之间,输出道的内口与回肠储尿囊作端侧吻合,其外口与脐孔作端端防狭窄吻合的手术方法治疗.术后1.5～3个月和6～ 17个月分别对输出道和储尿囊行尿动力学检查. 结果 1例术后55 d死于心脏疾病,其余19例中,18例术后昼夜能控制尿.术后1.5～3个月尿动力学显示储尿囊充盈时输出道最大闭合压为46～124(92±17)cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.0 98 kPa),空虚时34～84(67±12)cmH2O,两者间差异有非常显著性意义(t=10.5 9, P＜0.01);6～17个月12例行尿动力学检查,储尿囊充盈时输出道最大闭合压为7 7～154(101±21)cm H2O,空虚时为56～115(74±15) cm H2O,两者差异有非常显著性意义(t=8.54, P＜0.01);储尿囊容量为360～750 (455±111)ml,充盈时内压为16～35(23±6)cmH2O,充盈过程中没有收缩波出现. 结论储尿囊与腹壁的壁外支持可明显增强缩窄回肠的控尿能力,这种术式还具有导尿容易和手术方法简单的特点.     

女性去带盲结肠新膀胱术(附四例报告)

目的 提高女性患者膀胱全切术后生活质量。方法 采用改良根治性膀胱切除加去带盲结肠新膀胱术治疗女性膀胱癌4例。在根治性膀胱切除术中3例采用保护阴道前壁方法，1例采用切除阴道前壁方法。结果 随访6～30个月，4例患者白天均可控制排尿，3例夜间能控制排尿，1例夜间有尿失禁。尿动力学检查显示贮尿囊容量305～438ml，最大囊内压18～45cmH2O(1cmH2O=0．098kPa)，剩余尿量0～30ml，最大尿流率15．1～22．6ml／s。贮尿囊造影及IVu检查未见输尿管返流和输尿管狭窄。血电解质和。肾功能正常。结论 女性膀胱癌患者行改良的根治性膀胱切除去带盲结肠新膀胱术可获得满意的排尿控尿效果。     

尿流改道新术式棗体外可控性肠代膀胱术

目的　探讨体外可控性回肠代膀胱术的临床应用效果。方法　距回盲部 2 0cm处 ,取 48cm回肠 ,中段 3 0cm折叠成N形并缝制成贮尿囊 ;远端 10cm经腹壁造瘘口处穿出体外 ,将此处皮瓣包绕外露肠管缝制成皮管 ,构建输出道。将尿控器置于皮管外控制排尿。结果　 6例患者术后恢复顺利 ,随访 3～ 18个月。术后肝肾功能、电解质均正常。术后 3个月时平均贮尿囊最大容量为 (2 90± 80 )ml,最大充盈压为 (3 4.7± 7.8)cmH2 O (1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,最大尿流率为(2 1.2± 3 .9)ml/s ,无残余尿。X线影像学检查 ,肾输尿管显影良好 ,无梗阻。尿控器能控制尿液流出。结论　本术式可达到体外控制排尿的效果 ,既不戴集尿袋 ,又不必导尿 ,并发症少 ,是一种比较理想的尿流改道新方法     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.