降钙素基因相关肽对大鼠小肠缺血预适应的保护作用

目的探讨降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)在大鼠小肠缺血预适应中的作用及意义。方法①健康Wistar雄性大鼠,体质量(280±30)g,分为3组(各8只),对照组(CON):仅分离肠系膜上动脉(SMA),不夹闭,观察90 min;缺血再灌组(I/R):分离SMA,夹闭30 min,再灌注60 min,结束实验;缺血预适应组(IP):分离SMA,夹闭SMA 5 min反复3次,然后再夹闭30 min,再灌注60 min,结束实验。②利用放射免疫法测定CGRP含量,以乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量变化和形态学变化为指标,评价缺血再灌注损伤。结果缺血预适应可明显抑制大鼠小肠缺血再灌注损伤后LDH的水平增高,降低MDA的含量(P<0.01),保护小肠黏膜不受损伤。结论CGRP为大鼠小肠缺血再灌注损伤中关键性介质之一,缺血预适应可提高大鼠小肠缺血再灌注后CGRP的水平,对抗缺血再灌注损伤。     

参麦注射液对正常及缺血再灌注离体豚鼠心脏的影响

目的观察参麦注射液(SM)对正常及缺血再灌注离体豚鼠心脏的影响。方法采用正常Langendorff灌流及缺血再灌注离体豚鼠心脏模型,观察SM对冠脉流量的影响,测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果SM可显著提高正常及缺血-再灌注离体豚鼠心脏的冠脉流量,减少缺血-再灌注后LDH的漏出总量,降低缺血再灌后心肌组织MDA的含量,升高SOD的活性。结论SM可增加正常及缺血-再灌离体豚鼠心脏冠脉流量,减轻缺血-再灌引起的心肌损伤。     

纳洛酮对离体大鼠心脏缺血再灌流损伤的保护作用

本实验采用离体大鼠心脏Langendorff灌流装置.使心脏停灌(旷置)40 min后再恢复灌流30min.夏制心肌缺血再灌流损伤.观察了纳洛酮对再灌流后冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LOH)活性,心肌细胞内钙含量.心肌脂质过氧化产物——丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力变化的影响。结果表明.再灌流后应用纳洛酮能显著减少心肌LDH的释放量.心肌细胞内钙聚集、心肌MDA的生成量及SOD活力降低的程度.提示纳洛酮对缺血再灌流心肌具有保护作用。     

不同缺血时间对豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨不同缺血时间对豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法将23只豚鼠离体心脏随机分成4组:正常组(Control,n=6)、缺血30 min再灌60 min组(I30R60,n=6)、缺血40 min再灌60 min(I40R60,n=5)、缺血50 min再灌60 min组(I50R60,n=6),观察不同缺血组缺血前及再灌期间心率和冠脉流量,测定灌流液中乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)和肌酸激酶(creatine ki-nase,CK)漏出量及组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dis-mutase,SOD)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,并以2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chlorid,TTC)染色法测定梗死面积。结果与Control组相比,I30R60组各指标尚未全部发生明显变化;而I40R60和I50R60组心率和冠脉流量降低,梗死面积加大,灌流液中LDH和CK漏出值升高,组织中SOD和MDA值降低;上述所观察指标中,I50R60组变化更为明显。结论豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤受缺血时间的影响,豚鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤模型的建立以缺血50 min为宜,再灌时间可考虑限制于15～60 min之间。     

玉郎伞黄酮类化合物对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的 研究玉郎伞黄酮类化合物(YLSF)对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用及其作用机制.方法 采用Langendorff法灌流离体大鼠心脏,停灌30min后再灌30min,造成心肌缺血-再灌注损伤模型.于大鼠左心室插入水囊导管,记录YLSF对血流动力学指标的影响,测定冠脉流量(CF)和冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、乳酸脱氧酶同工酶-1(LDH-1)的活性及心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果 YLSF高剂量可显著改善缺血-再灌注所致大鼠的心功能损伤,减少CK、CK-MB、LDH、LDH-1的释放和MDA的产生,增加SOD的活性.结论 YLSF对心肌缺血-再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与清除氧自由基、减少脂质过氧化反应有关.     

异丙酚对离体大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌丙二醛和含水量的影响

目的 :探讨异丙酚对离体大鼠缺血 /再灌注心肌丙二醛 (MDA)和水肿程度的影响。方法 :采用改良Langendorff离体大鼠心脏模型 ,将 2 4只大鼠随机分成 4组。正常对照组 :用K H液持续灌注 80min ;缺血 /再灌注模型组 :用K H液预灌 30min ,然后用4℃的St.Thomas停搏液使心脏停跳 ,常温下全心停灌 2 0min ,K H液再灌注 30min ;异丙酚组和异丙酚 +格列本脲组 :从预灌第 15min改用含相应药液的K H液灌注 ,停灌同缺血 /再灌注模型组 ,然后用含相应药液的K H液再灌注 30min。测定心肌含水量、MDA含量和冠脉流出液肌酸激酶 (CK)活性。结果 :缺血再灌注可使心肌含水量、MDA含量和CK活性明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,30 μmol·L- 1异丙酚能显著减轻上述损伤性变化 ,格列本脲对异丙酚的心肌保护作用无影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :心肌缺血 /再灌注可致心肌水肿 ,异丙酚减轻水肿作用与其抗氧化有关 ,而与ATP 敏感性钾通道的开放无关     

生脉注射液对离体家兔心脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的观察生脉注射液对离体家兔心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法采用离体兔心Lan-gendorff灌注实验模型,离体兔心24只随机分成3组每组8只。正常对照组连续灌注Krebs-Henseleit(K-H)液60 min;缺血再灌注组关闭主动脉套管停止灌注,30 min后恢复37℃K-H液灌注60 min。生脉注射液组步骤同缺血再灌注组,但在复灌时先用生脉注射液的K-H液(浓度为每500 ml K-H液中加入生脉注射液40 mL)灌注30 min。记录血流动力学指标:冠状动脉流量、左心室舒张压(LVDP)、左心室压力时间变化率(±DP/DT);检测冠状动脉流出液中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)浓度和心肌组织中MDA、SOD含量。结果生脉注射液组可明显改善缺血再灌注后的血流动力学变化:±DP/DTmax和LVDP较缺血再灌注组显著升高,冠状动脉流量增大;冠状动脉流出液中MDA、LDH、CK以及心肌组织中MDA浓度降低,而冠状动脉流出液和心肌组织中SOD含量均升高(P<0.05),与缺血再灌注组比较,超微结构损伤较轻(P<0.05)。结论生脉注射液具有抗兔离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用。     

黄蜀葵花总黄酮保护离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究

目的　观察黄蜀葵花总黄酮 (totalflavoneofAbel moschlManihotLmedic ,TFA)对离体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用。方法　采用Langendorff创建的离体心脏灌流法建立的离体大鼠心肌缺血缺氧再灌模型 ,观察TFA对心肌组织匀浆中脂质过氧化物质、酶学指标等的影响。结果　经研究发现 :TFA( 10 0、5 0、2 5mg·L-1)可明显增加缺血再灌后离体大鼠心肌组织匀浆中的SOD活性 ,降低MDA生成量 ,减少心肌细胞内CPK、LDH的漏出 ,并使NO含量及NOS活性得到提高。结论　TFA对离体大鼠缺血再灌损伤的心肌具有保护作用 ,此作用可能与抑制心肌脂质过氧化、增强抗氧化能力及舒张冠脉改善低灌流等有关     

丹红注射液预处理对大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨丹红注射液预处理对大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠24只.大鼠心脏离体后悬于Langendorff灌流装置.随机分为3组,每组8只:缺血组(ISCH组):大鼠心脏离体平衡50 min,37℃缺血45 min,K-H液复灌3 h;低浓度丹红注射液预处理组(L-prec组):大鼠心脏平衡20 min,以含低浓度丹红注射液(5 mg/L)的灌注液灌注15 min,洗脱15 min,37℃缺血45 min,K-H液复灌3 h;高浓度丹红注射液预处理组(H-prec组):大鼠心脏平衡20 min,以含高浓度丹红注射液(15 mg/L)的灌注液灌注15 min,洗脱15 min,37℃缺血45 min,K-H液复灌3 h.平衡50 min和复灌2 h 期间连续监测LVDP,LVDEP,±dp/dtmax.复灌60 min时接取冠脉流出液,测定冠脉流出液中CK和LDH的含量.复灌结束,将心脏切片(1～2 mm)并做TTC染色.结果 机械功能:基础状态时3组LVDP,LVDEP,±dp/dtmax两两比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).复灌期间L-prec组的LVDP,LVDEP,±dp/dtmax与ISCH组相比,差异无统计学意义.H-prec组的LVDP和±dp/dtmax与ISCH组相比,显著升高(P<0.05);LVDEP与ISCH组相比,显著降低(P<0.05).冠脉生化指标及心梗面积:复灌60 min时L-prec组和H-prec组的CK 和LDH及心梗面积与ISCH组相比,显著性降低(P<0.05);复灌60 min时L-prec组和H-prec组之间CK 和LDH及心梗面积差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 丹红注射液预处理能减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤后CK和LDH 的释放,缩小心梗面积;高浓度丹红注射液预处理能显著增强心脏缺血再灌注损伤后心脏的机械功能.     

L-肉碱预处理对离体家兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察L-肉碱预处理对离体家兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法:采用离体兔心Langendorff灌注实验模型,离体兔心24只,随机等分成3组(n=8).正常对照组:连续灌注K-H液 90 min;缺血再灌注损伤组:灌注 30 min,关闭主动脉套管停止灌注,30 min后恢复37 ℃ K-H液灌注 60 min;L-肉碱组:步骤同缺血再灌注组,但在停灌前先用含10 mmolL-1 L-肉碱的K-H液灌注 30min.记录血流动力学指标:冠脉流量(CF)、左心室舒张压(LVDP)、左心室压力时间变化率(±dp/dt);检测冠脉流出液中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)浓度和心肌组织中MDA、SOD及L-肉碱的含量.结果:L-肉碱组能显著促进再灌注时心功能恢复:±dp/dtmax和LVDP显著升高;CF增大;冠脉流出液中MDA、LDH、CK以及心肌组织中MDA浓度降低;而冠脉流出液和心肌组织中SOD含量均升高(P<0.05);心肌中L-肉碱含量明显增高(P<0.01);超微结构观察结构损伤较轻(P<0.05).结论:L-肉碱预处理具有抗兔离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用.     

KATP通道激活介导大鼠小肠的缺血预处理

AIM: To study whether the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning against rat small intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury could be mediated by KATP channel opener. METHODS: Preconditioning (Pc) was induced by 3 cycles of 8-min superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion and 10-min reperfusion before prolonged ischemia. Cromakalim (Cro 75 micrograms.kg-1) and glibenclamide (Gli 8 mg.kg-1) were injected i.v. 10 min before prolonged ischemia and Pc, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with ischemic reperfusion (IR) group, Pc before prolonged ischemia (Pc + IR) decreased LDH release [(380 +/- 55) vs (559 +/- 49) U.L-1, P < 0.05], attenuated intestinal edema [wet weight/dry weight (WW/DW), 5.6 +/- 0.6 vs 6.34 +/- 0.29, P < 0.05], ameliorated intestinal histological damage (grading scale, 3.4 vs 5.7, P < 0.01), and improved reperfusion-induced hypotension. These effects of Pc were mimicked by Cro [LDH, (298 +/- 40) vs (559 +/- 49) U.L-1, P < 0.05; WW/DW, 5.6 +/- 0.4 vs 6.34 +/- 0.29, P < 0.05; grading scale, 3.6 vs 5.7, P < 0.01] and abolished in the presence of Gli [LDH, (624 +/- 44) vs (559 +/- 49) U.L-1; WW/DW, 6.6 +/- 0.6 vs 6.34 +/- 0.29; grading scale, 5.7 vs 5.7; P > 0.05] compared with IR group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning on the rat small intestine is mediated by activation of KATP channels.     

Delayed cardioprotection by intestinal preconditioning is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide

Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are involved in mediation of the delayed cardioprotection of ischemic or pharmacological preconditioning, and nitric oxide can evoke the release of CGRP. In the present study, we examined the role of CGRP in nitric oxide-mediated delayed cardioprotection by brief intestinal ischemia in rats. The serum concentration of creatine kinase and infarct size were measured after 45-min coronary artery occlusion and 180-min reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning was induced by six cycles of 4-min ischemia and 4-min reperfusion of the small intestine. Pretreatment with intestinal ischemic preconditioning for 24, 48, or 72 h significantly reduced infarct size and creatine kinase release, and the effects of ischemic preconditioning were completely abolished by L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, or by pretreatment with capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c.), which selectively depletes transmitters in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. Intestinal preconditioning caused a significant increase in plasma concentrations of CGRP, and the effect was also abolished by L-NAME or capsaicin. These results suggest that the delayed cardioprotection afforded by intestinal ischemic preconditioning is mediated by endogenous CGRP via the nitric oxide pathway.     

Protective effects of nitroglycerin-induced preconditioning mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat small intestine

Previous studies of myocardium have shown that ischemic preconditioning could be mimicked by nitroglycerin through stimulating the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The present study examined whether nitroglycerin could also provide a preconditioning stimulus in the peripheral vascular bed (the anse intestinalis of rat), and whether endogenous CGRP is involved in this process. The model of in situ perfusion was prepared with rat small intestine. One hour of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion caused a significant impairment of intestinal morphology and an increase in the release of both lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde. Pretreatment with nitroglycerin, 10⁻⁷, 3×10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁶ M for 5 min produced a significant improvement of intestinal tissue morphology and a decrease in the release of both lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde. However, the protection afforded by nitroglycerin was abolished by CGRP-(8-37), a selective CGRP acceptor antagonist. Pretreatment with capsaicin, which specifically depletes the transmitter content of sensory nerves, also abolished the protection by nitroglycerin. In addition, the content of CGRP-like immunoreactivity in the effluent was increased during nitroglycerin perfusion. On the other hand, the results from the in vivo experiment showed that nitroglycerin (i.v. 0.13 mg/kg) injected 5 min before prolonged ischemia could provide significant protection against the injury caused by 30-min ischemia and 1-h reperfusion in the rat small intestine, but would also cause a significant increase in the levels of CGRP in the plasma. All these findings suggest that nitroglycerin-induced preconditioning is related to stimulation of CGRP release in the rat small intestine.     

降钙素基因相关肽:一种调节预适应的内源性中介物(英文)

心脏遭受短暂缺血或高温处理后均产生早期和延迟保护效应.缺血预适应的心脏保护作用与内源性活性物质有关.辣椒素敏感的感觉神经的主要递质降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)介导缺血预适应的早期和延迟保护作用.CGRP介导的预适应能保护内皮细胞.热应激的早期和延迟保护也与内源性CGRP释放有关.某些药物如硝酸甘油诱导的预适应可能与其促CGRP释放有关.这些结果表明CGRP可能是一种内源性心肌保护物质,并在预适应的保护效应中起重要作用.     

内源性阿片肽介导大鼠后肢缺血预适应的保护作用

研究了内源性阿片肽介导大鼠后肢缺血预适应的保护作用. 后肢缺血2 h，乙酰胆碱（ACh）诱导的血管内皮依赖性舒张性反应明显下降. 缺血预适应（缺血5 min，再灌5 min，重复3 次）能显著减弱长时间缺血对ACh舒血管效应的抑制作用，这种保护作用可被纳洛酮（3 mg·kg^-1）取消. 预先给予吗啡（300 μg·kg^-1）也能产生与缺血预适应相同的血管内皮保护作用. 然而，预先用辣椒素（50 mg·kg^-1）耗竭降钙素基因相关肽后，吗啡的保护作用被取消. 结果提示，内源性阿片肽介导大鼠后肢缺血预适应的血管保护作用，其机理可能涉及内源性降钙素基因相关肽.     

降钙素基因相关肽在前列腺素介导豚鼠心脏缺血预适应中的作用(英文)

目的:研究降钙素基因相关肽与前列腺素在豚鼠心脏缺血预适应中的相互作用。方法:采用Langen-dorff方法灌注豚鼠离体心脏。记录心率、冠脉流量、左室内压以及最大变化速率,并测定冠脉流出液中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)与6-酮-PGF_(1α)的释放量。结果:内皮素-1(200 pmoL)引起心功能下降,表现为冠脉流量、心率、左室内压及其最大变化速率降低。缺血预适应可明显减轻内皮素-1引起的心脏损伤,同时预适应期间CGRP与6-酮-PGF_(1α)的释放量明显增加。应用辣椒素耗竭内源性CGRP后,缺血预适应的保护作用被取消。选择性CGRP_1受体拮抗剂CGRP_(8-37)100nmol/L也能取消缺血预适应的保护作用。环氧化酶抑制剂吲哚美辛(10μmol/L)可取消缺血预适应的保护作用,同时缺血预适应促进CGRP与6-酮-PGF_(1α)释放的作用也被取消。结论:前列腺素参与了缺血预适应对豚鼠心脏的保护作用,前列腺素的作用是由CGRP所介导。     

The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ischemic preconditioning in isolated rat hearts

Brief coronary artery occlusion can protect the heart against damage during subsequent prolonged coronary artery occlusion; ischemic preconditioning. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ischemic preconditioning is investigated in isolated perfused rat hearts, by measuring CGRP release during ischemic preconditioning and mimicking this by exogenous CGRP infusion, either in the absence or presence of the CGRP antagonist BIBN4096BS. CGRP increased left ventricular pressure and coronary flow in a concentration dependent manner, which was effectively antagonized by BIBN4096BS. Rat hearts (n=36) were subjected to 45 min coronary artery occlusion and 180 min reperfusion, which was preceded by: (1) sham pretreatment, (2) BIBN4096BS infusion (1 microM), (3) preconditioning by 15 min coronary artery occlusion and10 min reperfusion, (4) as 3, but with BIBN4096BS, (5) 15 min CGRP infusion (5 nM) and 10 min washout, (6) as 5, but with BIBN4096BS. Cardiac protection was assessed by reactive hyperaemia, creatine kinase release, infarct size related to the area at risk (%), and left ventricular pressure recovery. Preconditioning increased CGRP release into the coronary effluent from 88+/-13 to 154+/-32 pg/min/g, and significantly protected the hearts by decreasing reactive hyperaemia (35%), reducing creatine kinase release (53%), limiting infarct size (48%), and improving left ventricular pressure recovery (36%). Exogenous CGRP induced preconditioning-like cardioprotection. BIBN completely abolished the cardioprotection induced by preconditioning as well as by exogenous CGRP. In conclusion, since cardioprotection of preconditioning-induced CGRP release can be mimicked by exogenous CGRP, and both can be blocked by a CGRP antagonist, results indicate an important role for CGRP in ischemic preconditioning.     

Protection of calcitonin gene-related peptide-mediated preconditioning against lysophosphatidylcholine-induced myocardial injury in isolated rat hearts

研究心脏缺血预适应（ＰＣ）对溶血性磷脂酰胆碱（ＬＰＣ）损伤心肌作用的影响，并探讨降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）在ＰＣ中的作用．离体大鼠心脏Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆ法灌流，记录心率，冠脉流量，左室压和左室压最大上升速率（＋ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ），并测定灌流液中肌酸磷酸激酶（ＣＰＫ）含量．结果显示，ＬＰＣ能降低各项心功能指标，并使ＣＰＫ释放增加；ＰＣ（缺血５ｍｉｎ，再灌５ｍｉｎ，重复３次）能减轻ＬＰＣ的损伤作用；ＰＣ的心肌保护作用可被选择性ＣＧＲＰ受体拮抗剂ＣＧＲＰ８－３７所取消；预先给予ＣＧＲＰ或辣椒素能产生与ＰＣ相同的心肌保护作用．对照组，ＬＰＣ，ＰＣ＋ＬＰＣ，ＣＧＲＰ８－３７，ＣＧＲＰ８－３７＋ＰＣ＋ＬＰＣ，ＣＧＲＰ＋ＬＰＣ，ＣＧＲＰ８－３７＋ＣＧＲＰ＋ＬＰＣ，辣椒素＋ＬＰＣ组ＣＰＫ释放量分别为０．２６±０．０５，２．３０±０．２２，０．２５±０．０３，０．３０±０．０８，２．６０±０．１５，０．２４±０．０５，２．７０±０．２０和０．２５±０．０７μｍｏｌ·ｍｉｎ－１·ｇ－１湿组织．这些结果提示：１）ＰＣ对ＬＰＣ所致心肌损伤具有保护作用；２）ＰＣ的保护作用是由ＣＧＲＰ所介导；３）ＣＧＲＰ或辣椒素可模拟ＰＣ的保护作?     

Delayed preconditioning by cardiac ischemia involves endogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide via the nitric oxide pathway

Previous investigations have shown separately that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or nitric oxide (NO) is involved in mediation of ischemic preconditioning. In the present study, we tested interactions of CGRP with NO in mediation of delayed preconditioning. In Sprague-Dawley rats, ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced by 45-min occlusion followed by 3-h reperfusion of coronary artery, and preconditioning was induced by four cycles of 3-min ischemia and 5-min reperfusion. Infarct size, plasma creatine kinase activity, the plasma level of NO and CGRP, and the expression of CGRP mRNA in dorsal root ganglion were measured. Pretreatment with preconditioning significantly reduced infarct size and the release of creatine kinase during reperfusion, and caused a significant increase in the expression of CGRP mRNA, concomitantly with an elevation in the plasma level of CGRP and NO. The effects of preconditioning were completely abolished by administration of L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NO synthase. Pretreatment with capsaicin (50 mg/kg, s.c.), which depletes transmitters in capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, also blocked the cardioprotection of preconditioning and reduced the synthesis and release of CGRP, but did not affect the concentration of NO. The present results suggest the delayed protection afforded by ischemic preconditioning is also mediated by endogenous CGRP via the NO pathway in rat heart.