阿酚咖片中对乙酰氨基酸和咖啡因的相对生物利用度及其生物等效性

目的研究阿酚咖(AFC)片中的对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的相对生物利用度。方法采用RP-HPLC测定24名志愿受试者单剂量口服AFC片供试品与参比制剂后,血液中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因的变化。结果对乙酰氨基酚的相对生物利用度为100.72%±11.33%;供试品与对照品的AUC0→T分别为12.86±3.20、12.92±3.56μg.h.ml-1;Tmax分别为1.1±0.4、1.1±0.4 h;Cmax分别为3.25±0.57、3.31±0.61μg.ml-1。咖啡因的相对生物利用度为101.96%±13.65%;供试品与对照品的AUC0→T分别为10.61±1.50、10.32±1.80μg.h.ml-1;Tmax分别为1.0±0.4、1.0±0.3 h;Cmax分别是1.74±0.20、1.68±0.25μg.ml-1。结论两种制剂中的对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的AUC0→∞、AUC0→T、Tmax及Cmax经双单侧t检验,生物等效。     

复方氨酚烷胺胶囊人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:研究复方氨酚烷胺胶囊人体相对生物利用度。方法:20例健康志愿者单剂量口服复方氨酚烷胺胶囊受试验制剂或参比制剂后12 h内多点采集血样,采用HPLC法测定人血清中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的浓度。采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计。血药浓度-时间数据经DAS软件处理后得药动学数据,并进行等效性检验。结果:2种制剂中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的血药浓度经时变化和药动学参数相近,以参比制剂做对照,受试制剂中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的相对生物利用度如下:F值(以AUC0-t计算)分别为(102．05±14．19)％和(112．39±32．24)％,F’(以AUC0-∞计算)分别为(101．32±15．49)％和(105．27±45．63)％,均符合生物等效性要求。结论:2种复方氨酚烷胺胶囊的口服生物利用度具有生物等效性。     

乳酸左旋氧氟沙星胶囊人体生物利用度及其药物动力学

目的 :研究左旋氧氟沙星胶囊的生物利用度及其药物动力学。方法 :HPLC法测定 10名健康受试者口服单剂量乳酸左旋氧氟沙星的药 时数值 ,以PKBP N1程序拟合其药动学参数 ,采用梯形面积法计算其相对生物利用度 ,用方差分析和双单侧t检验法检验其等效性。结果 :乳酸左旋氧氟沙星的片剂和胶囊的药动学参数分别为 :Tmax为 (1.0 8± 0 .31)h和 (0 .78± 0 .14)h ,Cmax为 (2 .0 7± 0 .30 ) μg·ml-1和 (2 .16± 0 .18) μg·ml-1,T1/ 2 为 (7.8± 0 .7)h和 (7.6± 0 .4)h ,AUC0 ∞ 为 (13.4± 2 .1) μg·h·ml-1和 (13.5± 2 .9) μg·h·ml-1。用方差分析和双单侧t检验法检验其Tmax,Cmax,T1/ 2 和AUC ,除Tmax(P <0 .0 5 )外 ,其它药动学参数差异均无显著性。结论 :两种制剂相对生物利用度为 (10 0 .8± 13.1) % ,经方差分析和双单侧t检验法检验 ,结果为等效制剂     

酒石酸双氢可待因/对乙酰氨基酚片在健康人体内的生物等效性

目的:研究对乙酰氨基酚/酒石酸双氢可待因片在健康志愿者中的生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:22例健康志愿者随机单盲、单剂量、双周期两制剂交叉口服国产制剂(试验制剂)与进口制剂(参比制剂),剂量为酒石酸双氢可待因20 mg,对乙酰氨基酚1000 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定10个时间点的血药浓度,采用3P97程序计算主要药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,并评价两种制剂生物等效性。结果:单剂量口服试验制剂与进口标准参比制剂后,血浆中双氢可待因的AUC0-12分别为399.51 ng·h·ml-1±67.94 ng·h·ml-1和415.10 ng·h·ml-1±68.31 ng·h·ml-1,Cmax分别为78.08 ng·ml-1±28.18 ng·ml-1和79.73 ng·ml-1±24.35 ng·ml-1,Tmax分别为0.98 h±0.61 h和1.20 h±0.64 h。对乙酰氨基酚的AUC0-12分别为59.41μg·h·ml-1±16.78μg·h·ml-1和58.21μg·h·ml-1±17.07μg·h·ml-1,Cmax分别为15.98μg·ml-1±5.25μg·ml-1和15.89μg·ml-1±6.30μg·ml-1,Tmax分别为0.93 h±0.65 h和1.15 h±0.81 h。相对生物利用度分别为97.2%±14.4%和102.7%±8.3%。试验药双氢可待因和对乙酰氨基酚的AUC0-t90%可信限分别为91.5%-101.2%和99.8%-105.1%,Cmax90%可信限分别为85.6%-109.8%和93.8%-111.4%。结论:两种制剂生物等效。     

复方氨酚烷胺片在健康人体的相对生物利用度

目的研究2种复方氨酚烷胺片在健康人体的相对生物利用度。方法20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉、单剂量口服2种复方氨酚烷胺片制剂2片;以茶碱作内标,用HPLC法测定血浆中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因浓度,用DAS程序计算2制剂药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果2种复方制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的Cmax分别为(7.31±1.15)和(7.25±1.49)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.91±0.37)和(1.04±0.52)h;t1/2分别为(3.71±0.30)和(3.77±0.45)h;AUC0-16分别为(31.17±5.50)和(30.74±5.76)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(32.57±5.94)和(32.22±6.25)mg·h·L-1。2种复方制剂中咖啡因的Cmax分别为(0.80±0.11)和(0.79±0.13)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.98±0.27)和(1.04±0.49)h;t1/2分别为(4.86±1.19)和(4.42±1.09)h;AUC0-24分别为(5.83±1.34)和(5.29±1.50)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(6.15±1.46)和(5.57±1.59)mg·h·L-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(102.10±10.97)%(对乙酰氨基酚)和(113.37±22.66)%(咖啡因)。结论对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因2种成分受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

复方对乙酰氨基酚片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究复方对乙酰氨基酚片(解热镇痛药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法24名健康受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2种国产复方对乙酰氨基酚片(试验与参比制剂)2片,用高效液相色谱法测定对乙酰氨基酚、异丙安替比林和咖啡因的血药浓度,用DAS软件拟合计算药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果药代动力学参数如下。对乙酰氨基酚:tmax分别为(0.81±0.48),(0.78±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(9.29±2.23),(8.76±1.83)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(31.49±6.83),(31.64±7.77)μg·h·mL-1。异丙安替比林:tmax分别为(0.90±0.33),(0.88±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(6.99±1.79),(7.00±1.60)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(21.92±9.43),(19.51±5.22)μg·h·mL-1。复方中2种成分相对生物利用度分别为(102.3±22.4)%,(112.8±37.4)%。结论试验与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性研究

目的:比较两种奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体相对生物利用度,并做出生物等效性评价,以考察试验制剂的药品质量.方法:按照两制剂两周期随机交叉设计,19名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服试验胶囊(20mg×2)和参比胶囊(40mg).采用HPLC法测定血浆奥美拉唑浓度.运用DAS2.0软件计算药动学参数,并进行统计学分析.结果:单剂量口服40mg的奥美拉唑肠溶试验胶囊和参比胶囊后,AUC0?12分别为(3184.81±2055.44)ng·h·ml-1和(3062.46±1957.74)ng·h·ml-1,AUC0?8分别为(3361.55±2370.29)ng·h·ml-1和(3186.89±2042.69)ng·h·ml-1;Cmax分别为(1066.44±482.99)ng·ml-1和(1072.99±472.30)ng·ml-1;Tmax分别为(2.50±0.82)h和(2.37±0.72)h;受试胶囊对参比胶囊平均相对生物利用度为(107.33±23.44)%.结论:试验胶囊与参比胶囊具生物等效性.     

国产富马酸比索洛尔胶囊的人体相对生物利用度研究

为了考察富马酸比索洛尔胶囊新剂型的人体生物利用度,本文取10名男性健康志愿受试者单剂量交叉口服10 mg富马酸比索洛尔胶囊和富马酸比索洛尔片,用高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血浆富马酸比索洛尔浓度,进行富马酸比索洛尔胶囊的药代动力学和相对生物利用度研究.结果表明:富马酸比索洛尔胶囊和片剂的血药浓度时间曲线图均符合口服吸收二室模型,主要药代动力学参数Tmax分别为2.05±1.89 h和2.20±1.75 h, Cmax分别为63.27±16.05 μg·L-1和57.49±10.49μg·L-1,T1/2β分别为12.79±2.86 h和13.11±3.93 h,AUC0～∞分别为1390.95±139.22 μg·h·L-1 和1381.04±151.56 μg·h·L-1.两种剂型的药代动力学参数经统计学分析无显著性差异(P>0.05).富马酸比索洛尔胶囊的相对生物利用度为100.1%±18.7%,结果提示受试的胶囊剂和对照的片剂生物等效.     

安非他酮缓释片多剂量给药生物等效性研究

目的:研究两种盐酸安非他酮片多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度,评价安非他酮缓释片剂的生物等效性.方法:采用双周期自身交叉设计,20例健康志愿者多剂量口服受试制剂(安非他酮缓释片剂,每天早晚各150 mg)或参比制剂(安非他酮普通片剂,早晨150 mg,中午和晚上各75 mg),连续给药7 d.用HPLC-MS测定血浆中安非他酮的浓度,并采用BECS程序计算有关药动学参数.结果:受试制剂和参比制剂药动学参数Cmax分别为(123.88±20.80)和(179.40±42.22) μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(2.56±0.89)和(1.19±0.42)h;t1/2分别为(10.61±4.93)和(10.54±6.46)h,AUC0～24 h(ss)分别为(1 076.4±274.2)和(1 041.0±310.6) μg·L-1·h;AUC0～∞(ss)分别为(1 421.1±386.1)和(1 361.8±391.7) μg·L-1·h.以AUC0～24h(ss)计,相对生物利用度为(105.56±14.95)%.两制剂的Tmax有显著性差异.AUC0～24(ss)和AUC0～∞(ss)的90%置信区间在等效范围内.结论:两制剂生物等效.     

国产与进口来曲唑的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产来曲唑胶囊在人体的相对生物利用度,并与进口片比较,评价两者生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服国产来曲唑胶囊(受试制剂)或进口来曲唑片(参比制剂)2.5 mg后,采用液相色谱串联质谱法测定血药浓度,用DAS2.0软件计算药动学参数,并评价其生物等效性.结果:单次口服来曲唑受试制剂或参比制剂2.5 mg后,药动学参数分别为:Cmax(28.83± 6.74)和(29.44±7.13)ng·ml-1;Tmax(1.1±0.4)和(0.9±0.3)h;t1/2(58.6±13.2)和(57.9±13.5)h;AUC 0-216(1590±412)和(1546±389)ng·h·ml-1;AUC0-∞(1 733±472)和(1 683±440)ng·h·ml-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.7±18.3)%;受试制剂中来曲唑的Cmax、AUC0-216、AUC0-∞的90%置信区间分别为91.8%～105.2%、97.8%～107.5%、96.5%～108.8%.结论:国产来曲唑胶囊与进口来曲唑片在人体内生物等效.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.