Infraglenoid tubercle avulsion and greater tuberosity fracture resulting from traumatic glenohumeral anterior dislocation: a case report

Traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation can be associated with anteroinferior glenoid bone loss causing potential recurrent instability. We report on a 62-year-old man with a first-time traumatic anterior dislocation of the right shoulder, resulting in both an infraglenoid tubercle triceps avulsion fracture and a greater tuberosity fracture. After reduction, nonsurgical management was chosen. No inferior-oriented apprehension was noticed during follow-up, which might necessitate surgical treatment of the inferior glenoid rim. At latest follow-up, the patient had recovered his shoulder function. Avulsion fractures of the infraglenoid tubercle are uncommon lesions after an anterior shoulder dislocation and, without signs of instability, can be treated conservatively.     

Neer Award 2001: nonrecoverable strain fields of the anteroinferior glenohumeral capsule under subluxation

Although tears of the glenohumeral capsule have been observed in anteroinferior instability, prefailure, nonrecoverable deformation is suspected but has not been shown to exist after shoulder subluxation. The inferior glenohumeral ligament in the anteroinferior capsule (AIC) is a primary stabilizer in anteroinferior instability. The aim of this study was to examine the nonrecoverable strain field of the AIC due to shoulder subluxation. Nonrecoverable strains were calculated between a nominal strain state and a postsubluxed state. AIC marker coordinates were reconstructed from stereoradiographs, and strains were calculated from these coordinates. Nonrecoverable strain was shown to develop, varying from 3% to 7% through a range of joint subluxation. High strain tended to occur on the glenoid side of the AIC. Interestingly, strains were generally not oriented along major ligamentous bands. This is the first study to quantify planar nonrecoverable strain fields in the glenohumeral joint capsule.     

Arthroskopische, elektrothermisch unterstützte Kapselraffung des Schultergelenks

Objective

Stabilization of the shoulder through arthroscopic electrothermal-assisted capsulorrhaphy (ETAC) as a stand-alone capsular shrinkage procedure in patients with multidirectional instability or multidirectional laxity, with anteroinferior instability and as an adjunct procedure in selected patients with traumatic unidirectional instability. At the present time, the ETAC procedure should be considered developmental. It is anticipated that further clinical and basic science research will define the optimal patient population for this technique.

Indications

Patients with multidirectional instability, multidirectional laxity with anteroinferior instability or posteroinferior instability. Traumatic unidirectional instability as an adjunct procedure to other forms of stabilization (i.e., Bankart repair).

Contraindications

Previous shoulder stabilization (relative).

Surgical Technique

Standard shoulder arthroscopy using posterior/anterior portals with patient in either a beach-chair or lateral decubitus position. Radiofrequency probe of either a mono- or bipolar type inserted via cannula through anterior and/or posterior portal.

Results

A retrospective chart review of 50 patients (29 men, 21 women) with a total of 53 shoulders in a 1-year period revealed two complications and eight revisions. The majority of patients had anteroinferior instability with anteroinferior capsular redundancy. Quality of life, as measured bythe modified Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, resulted in a mean score of 73.8 (SD 17.8) out of a best possible score of 100.     

Arthroscopic posteroinferior capsular plication and rotator interval closure after Bankart repair in patients with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability—A minimum follow-up of 5 years

Background

Shoulder joint laxity over anteroinferior and posteroinferior labral-capsular structure in patients with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability was reported in the previous literature. The purpose of this study was to report our experience in arthroscopic treatment of traumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability by Bankart lesion stabilisation with rotator interval closure and posteroinferior capsular plication.

Methods

From August 2000 to November 2004, 45 patients with traumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability were retrospectively enrolled. Each shoulder was treated with absorbable suture for rotator interval closure and posteroinferior capsular plication after anteroinferior stabilisation. The assessments were performed using the Rowe score, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score) and shoulder range of motion (ROM).

Results

With the average follow-up time of 77.1 months, all shoulder scores improved after surgery (P < 0.001). The average ROM deficit of the operated shoulders was not significant (P > 0.05) as compared with the healthy side. A total of 42 shoulders remained stable (93.3%) and there were three recurrences (6.6%). All patients without recurrence returned to their pre-injury levels of athletic activity.

Conclusions

In patients with anterior glenohumeral instability, arthroscopic stabilisation of anteroinferior capsulolabral structure with rotator interval closure and posteroinferior capsular plication provided a reasonable result without significant loss of ROM at a minimum follow-up of 5 years.     

Arthroscopic findings in the subluxating shoulder

The arthroscopic findings in 19 shoulders (18 patients) with subluxation are described. The clinical diagnosis of subluxation of the shoulder is primarily based on clinical history with inconsistent physical findings and radiographic studies. Arthroscopic findings in these patients were consistent. Increased translation of the humeral head in the anteroposterior plane was noted secondary to attenuation of the anteroinferior glenohumeral ligament. Incompetence of this ligamentous structure obviated its function as an anterior buttress and allowed the humeral head to translate anteriorly on the glenoid. Fraying, tearing, or detachment of the anteroinferior glenoid labrum and articular defects in the posterolateral humeral head were also consistent findings, thought to be secondary to repeated injury as the humeral head translates forward and backward in the glenoid fossa. In several cases the classic "click" that occurs with subluxation of the shoulder could be reproduced under arthroscopic visualization and corresponded to the defect in the posterolateral humeral head riding over the torn labrum and/or anterior glenoid rim. Shoulder arthroscopy is an accurate method for confirming the clinical impression of subluxation of the shoulder, especially in subtle glenohumeral instability, and should be helpful in selecting specific surgical reconstruction procedures.     

Komplexe labrale Avulsionsverletzungen mit Extension in den SLAP-Komplex bei anteroinferiorer Schulterinstabilität

The Bankart-Perthes lesion is accepted as the pathognomonic finding for anterior inferior shoulder instability. Extensive injuries of the labral ring with involvement of the superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) complex may occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of labral lesions with accompanying anteroinferior and superior extensions following anteroinferior shoulder instability. In addition the lesions were graduated according to common classification systems and the clinical as well as radiographic results were evaluated. Between January 2005 and November 2010 a total of 206 patients (40 female and 166 male, mean age 31.8?±?16.6 years) underwent primary arthroscopic surgery due to anteroinferior shoulder instability. Out of this cohort patients with anterior labral lesions that extended into the biceps tendon anchor were selected. For clinical evaluation the subjective shoulder value (SSV), Constant-Murley score (CMS), Rowe score (RS), Walch-Duplay score (WD), the Western Ontario shoulder instability index (WOSI), Melbourne instability shoulder score (MISS) and the long head of the biceps (LHB) score were documented. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to evaluate the SLAP complex. Overall 15 patients (2 f?emale and 13 male, mean age 29.3?±?8.8 years) were evaluated revealing an additional lesion of the superior labrum with a prevalence of 7.3?%. In seven patients a SLAP V lesion, in two patients a SLAP IV and in six patients a SLAP III lesion with anteroinferior extension was observed. All of the bucked handle type lesions were reconstructed and nine patients could be completely evaluated using clinical and radiographic parameters. After an average follow-up of 59.5?±?12.1 months a mean SSV of 87?±?8?%, CMS 91.0?±?8.8 P, RS 83.3?±?11.2?%, WD 80.0?±?8.9 points, WOSI 73.1?±?23.5?%, MISS 81.5?±?10.5 points and LHB 94.0?±?9.7 points were evaluated. Recurrent dislocation was not obvious although one patient revealed a positive apprehension sign. On MRI an insufficiency of the SLAP reconstruction was not seen and the reconstructed bucket handle lesions seemed to be especially stable. Arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization in combination with a SLAP repair revealed good and excellent clinical results. The reconstruction of the biceps tendon anchor seems to be possible even in cases of complex pathologies.     

Non-operative treatment of large anterior glenoid rim fractures after traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder

The generally-accepted treatment for large, displaced fractures of the glenoid associated with traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder is operative repair. In this study, 14 consecutive patients with large (> 5 mm), displaced (> 2 mm) anteroinferior glenoid rim fractures were treated non-operatively if post-reduction radiographs showed a centred glenohumeral joint. After a mean follow-up of 5.6 years (2.8 to 8.4), the mean Constant score and subjective shoulder value were 98% (90% to 100%) and 97% (90% to 100%), respectively. There were no redislocations or subluxations, and the apprehension test was negative. All fragments healed with an average intra-articular step of 3.0 mm (0.5 to 11). No patient had symptoms of osteoarthritis, which was mild in two shoulders and moderate in one. Traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder, associated with a large displaced glenoid rim fracture can be successfully treated non-operatively, providing the glenohumeral joint is concentrically reduced on the anteroposterior radiograph.     

Open reduction internal fixation after displacement of a previously nondisplaced acromial fracture in a multiply injured patient: case report and review of literature.

SUMMARY: A twenty-eight-year-old multiple trauma patient had a nondisplaced acromion fracture that was not detected until after it had displaced. Open reduction internal fixation was performed without complication and the patient achieved excellent shoulder abduction strength. Nondisplaced acromion fractures may displace if not protected. Open reduction internal fixation of displaced acromion fractures should be considered if deltoid muscle strength is important to the patient.     

Axillary artery thrombosis with anteroinferior shoulder dislocation: a rare case report and review of literature

A very rare and serious complication of shoulder dislocation is a lesion to the axillary artery in the elderly population,whose vascular structures have become less flexible.Axillary artery injury seco...     

Arthroscopic findings in the recurrent anterior instability of the shoulder

Background

A recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation consists of a variety of lesion types.

Objectives

To evaluate the pathological classification of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder joint under arthroscopy.

Methods

Thirty-one patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation were inspected by arthroscopy, including 23 males and 8 females, with a mean age of 35.1 (18–46) years. The patients were divided into two groups: 17 with shoulder dislocation and hyper-laxity (the hyper-laxity group) and 14 with only traumatic shoulder dislocation (the trauma group). All the patients were assessed by arthroscopy for pathological changes, and the differences in the pathological changes were compared between the two groups.

Results

All these 31 patients suffered from anteroinferior labrum injury. Twenty-five had Hill–Sachs injury; 27, bone or cartilage injury of anteroinferior glenoid; 16, SLAP injury; and 5, rotator cuff injury. Bankart injury occurred more in the trauma group, and anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion injury and glenolabral articular disruption injury were more in the hyper-laxity group. Bone or cartilage injury of anteroinferior glenoid was more noticed in the trauma group.

Conclusions

Significant differences are found under arthroscopy in the pathological changes of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation between the purely traumatic group and the hyper-laxity group. The pathological changes in the trauma group were more severe than in the hyper-laxity group.     

Position of immobilization after dislocation of the shoulder. A cadaveric study

BACKGROUND: After reduction of a shoulder dislocation, the torn edges of a Bankart lesion need to be approximated for healing during immobilization. The position of immobilization has traditionally been adduction and internal rotation, but there is little direct evidence to support or discredit the use of this position. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the position of the arm and the coaptation of the edges of a simulated Bankart lesion created in cadaveric shoulders. METHODS: Ten thawed fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used for experimentation. All of the muscles were removed to expose the joint capsule. A simulated Bankart lesion was created by sectioning the anteroinferior aspect of the capsule from the labrum. With linear transducers attached to the anteroinferior and inferior portions of the Bankart lesion, the opening and closing of the lesion were recorded with the arm in 0, 30, 45, and 60 degrees of elevation in the coronal and sagittal planes as well as with the arm in rotation from full internal to full external rotation in 10-degree increments. RESULTS: With the arm in adduction, the edges of the simulated Bankart lesion were coapted in the range from full internal rotation to 30 degrees of external rotation. With the arm in 30 degrees of flexion or abduction, the edges of the lesion were coapted in neutral and internal rotation but were separated in external rotation. At 45 and 60 degrees of flexion or abduction, the edges were separated regardless of rotation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that, in the cadaveric shoulder, there was a so-called coaptation zone in which the edges of a simulated Bankart lesion were kept approximated without the surrounding muscles.     

Recurrent dislocation of the shoulder

Study of 55 cases of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder treated by the operation of Bankart and Putti-Platt during 10 years. A new dislocation after the operation was present in one single case. The authors opinion is that the most important point of the technique is the correct reinsertion of the anteroinferior part of the capsule. If the glenoidal labrum is detached from the rim, the Bankart technique must be combined with the Putti-Platt. A comprehensive review of the results demonstrates that the patients are rarely disturbed by the limitation of external rotation of the operated shoulder.     

Oblique capsular shift in anterior and anteroinferior shoulder instability

Patients submitted to oblique capsular shift were followed-up; this is a personal method used to treat recurrent anterior and anteroinferior dislocation of the shoulder. A total of 186 patients were followed-up. The results were good as there were no recurrences, recovery of shoulder movement was early and ample, and the Constant score was about 81.2.     

Anteroinferior bone-grafting can restore stability in osseous glenoid defects

BACKGROUND: Glenohumeral instability associated with a large osseous defect of the glenoid can be treated with bone graft to restore the glenoid concavity. The shape and positioning of the graft is critical: a graft that encroaches on the extrapolated glenoid curvature can prevent the head from seating completely in the glenoid, whereas a graft that is too far from the curvature does not restore the glenoid concavity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the intrinsic stability that is provided by the glenoid is affected by (1) a standardized anteroinferior glenoid defect and (2) different configurations of anteroinferior glenoid bone graft. METHODS: The anteroinferior stability provided by the glenoid was quantitated by measuring the balance stability angle in that direction. The balance stability angle is the maximal angle that the direction of the net humeral joint-reaction force can make with the glenoid centerline before dislocation takes place. The anteroinferior stability was assessed in each of four fresh-frozen, grossly normal cadaveric glenoids in (1) the unaltered state, (2) after the creation of a standardized defect of a magnitude that has been reported by other investigators to be sufficient to require a bone graft, and (3) after each step of a series of bone-grafting procedures involving grafts of varying height and contour. RESULTS: The anteroinferior glenoid defect significantly diminished the anteroinferior stability by almost 50% (p = 0.006). Bone-grafting significantly increased the stability provided by the glenoid. The increase in stability as compared with that of the glenoid with the standardized defect was particularly marked for contoured graft heights of 6 and 8 mm, for which the increases were 150% (p = 0.0001) and 229% (p < 0.00025), respectively. Contouring of the graft minimized the potential for unwanted contact between the ball and the graft. CONCLUSIONS: Anteroinferior shoulder instability caused by an osseous defect in the glenoid can be corrected with bone-grafting. The effectiveness of the graft in restoring the lost stability is related both to its height and to the extent to which it is contoured as long as the graft is not so prominent that it forces the ball posteriorly from the center of the glenoid.     

切开复位联合Latarjet手术治疗陈旧性肩关节前脱位

目的评估切开复位联合Latarjet手术治疗陈旧性肩关节前脱位的临床疗效。 方法自2012年1月至2018年1月共14例陈旧性肩关节前脱位患者（16个肩关节）纳入本研究,其中男8例、女6例;年龄30~70岁,平均51.2岁;脱位时间为8~22周,平均10.2周。受伤原因为：摔伤10例,车祸伤4例。合并Hill-Sachs损伤12例,缺损占肱骨头的比例平均为32%。合并骨性Bankart损伤11例,缺损占肩胛盂的比例平均为13%。合并肩袖损伤9例,合并肱骨近端骨折6例,无一例合并神经血管损伤。术前检查肩关节活动度（前屈、外展、内旋、外旋）并记录视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale,VAS）、美国肩肘外科（American shoulder elbow surgeons’form,ASES）评分、美国加州大学肩关节系统（University of California at Los Angeles,UCLA）评分。术中均采用胸大肌三角肌间沟入路,彻底松解挛缩的关节囊和周围软组织,清除盂窝内的瘢痕组织后复位,再行Latarjet术重建肩胛盂弧度维持复位,同时依据损伤情况处理伴随的Hill-Sachs损伤、肩袖损伤和肱骨近端骨折等。 结果14例患者均获随访,随访时间10~22个月,平均18个月。随访期间肩关节均未出现再脱位。1例患者术后出现肩部麻木,考虑腋神经损伤,1个月后恢复正常。无感染、医源性骨折及其他血管神经损伤等并发症。与术前相比,末次随访时平均前屈角度由（65.9±10.4）°升至（112.1±13.3）°（P=0.000）,平均外展角度由（41.1±9.7）°升至（63.3±13.6）°（P=0.000）,平均内收位外旋角度由（10.7±4.3）°升至（22.1±5.1）°（P=0.000）,平均内收位内旋角度由（52.6±5.3）°升至（54.0±6.0）°（P=0.081）,VAS评分由（5.4±1.4）分降至（1.7±1.1）分（P=0.000）,ASES评分由（34.1±10.6）分升至（70.8±12.3）分（P=0.000）,UCLA评分由（10.1±3.2）分升至（22.6±4.6）分（P=0.000）。除内旋外,手术前后肩关节活动度和功能评分的差异均有统计学意义。 结论对于陈旧性肩关节前脱位,切开复位联合Latarjet手术可有效重建肩关节前方稳定性。同时术中正确处理伴随损伤及术后早期规范康复锻炼也是提高手术疗效的重要因素。     

Arthroscopic reconstruction of chronic anteroinferior glenoid defect using an autologous tricortical iliac crest bone grafting technique

Only a few reports exist on the management of severe anteroinferior glenoid defects in case of recurrent shoulder instability most of them including open approaches. We describe an all-arthroscopic reconstruction technique of the anteroinferior glenoid that includes an autologous iliac crest bone grafting using bio-compression screws and a capsulolabral repair using suture anchors. This technique recreates the bony and soft-tissue anatomy of the anteroinferior glenoid while preserving the integrity of insertion of the subscapularis (SSC) tendon.     

浮肩损伤手术治疗的内固定策略

目的 探讨手术治疗浮肩损伤的适应证、复位顺序、内固定方法及其疗效.方法 2000年1月至2008年1月.采用切开复位内固定治疗浮肩损伤患者19例,男13例,女6例,平均年龄31.6(18～62)岁;肩胛颈骨折合并锁骨骨折18例,肩胛颈骨折合并肩锁关节脱位1例.全部采用内固定治疗.取浮动侧卧位,先将患者体位向后浮动,变为侧仰卧位,复位固定锁骨后,X线透视检查锁骨及肩胛骨,如果此时肩胛骨也已复位,可以考虑仅固定锁骨即可而不必再内固定肩胛骨.如果肩胛骨未复位,或复位后不稳定,则将体位向前旋转变为侧俯卧位,取后路复位并固定肩胛颁,若存在肩胛骨等其他部位的肩胛骨骨折,应考虑同时复位固定.如果锁骨骨折无明显移位,则仅采用后入路复位固定肩胛骨.本组中肩胛骨与锁骨同时固定13例,单纯肩胛骨同定2例,单纯锁骨固定3例,1例合并肩锁关节脱位者采用张力带固定并行韧带修复.结果 17例患者获得随访,随访时间10个月～4年,平均26个月.骨折均获得临床愈合,平均愈合时间11.8(8～16)周.肩关节功能根据Rowe疗效评价标准,优11例,良4例,可2例,优良牢为88.2%.结论 切开复位内固定是治疗浮肩损伤的有效方法,但应根据骨折类型及移位程度选择复位顺序与固定方法.浮肩损伤大多须将两处骨折同时固定,以便于早期进行功能锻炼.手术时先复位固定锁骨后复位固定肩胛骨有利于手术完成,减小手术创伤.     

Anatomy and function of the glenohumeral ligaments in anterior shoulder instability

The anatomy of the glenohumeral ligaments has been shown to be complex and variable and their function is highly dependent on the position of the humerus with respect to the glenoid. The superior glenohumeral ligament with the coracohumeral ligament was shown to be an important stabilizer in the inferior direction, even though the coracohumeral ligament is much more robust than the superior glenohumeral ligament. The middle glenohumeral ligament provides anterior stability at 45 degrees and 60 degrees abduction whereas the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex is the most important stabilizer against anteroinferior shoulder dislocation. Therefore, this component of the capsule is the most frequently injured structure. An appropriate surgical procedure to repair the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex after shoulder dislocation must be considered. In addition, a detached labrum can lead to recurrent anterior instability and a compromised inferior glenohumeral ligament complex. However, additional capsular injury usually is necessary to allow anterior dislocation.     

Does Weber’s rotation osteotomy induce degenerative joint disease at the shoulder in the long term?

Weber's internal rotation osteotomy of the humeral head is recommended for the treatment of anteroinferior shoulder instability with a large Hill-Sachs defect. The observation of severe joint degeneration in the course of long-term follow-up provided the motivation for this study. An osteotomy was performed in 42 patients from 1984 to 1990. Thirty-four patients were available for clinical and radiological follow-up after 14.5 years. Our own CT-based classification was applied to categorize the degree of osteoarthritis. A shoulder prosthesis was implanted in 9 patients (26%). Only 3 patients (9%) did not show any signs of degeneration. A statistically significant relationship was found between increased internal rotation of the humeral head and disease severity (P = .03). A lower incidence of joint degeneration (P = .02) was found for patients with generalized ligamentous laxity. We therefore recommend this osteotomy only as a salvage procedure whereby the internal rotation of the humeral head should not exceed 20 degrees .