性反转综合征(××男性患者)

XX男性或性反转综合征是一罕见疾病,在成年本病可合并性机能减退和不孕,有时在新生儿表现性别模糊.在儿童期被诊断患者仅占20%.病例报告:一位39岁西班牙产妇.因高龄初产做产前羊膜穿刺,提示胎儿16,XX核型.生后体检显示严重痛性勃起,阴茎长度3.5cm,尿道外口位于龟头,阴囊内可触两个睾丸.颊涂片在30%细胞中显示Barr小     

Verbal vs. visual categories on the Wechsler memory scale - revised: How meaningful a distinction?

This study investigated whether the a priori classification of Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) subtests into separate Verbal and Visual categories is warranted. Correlational and hierarchial clustering analyses found that (a) memory test performance correlated significantly with performance on subtests of Form II of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB-II) that measure substrates of particular memory processes; and (b) subtests that appeared a priori to involve verbal skills clustered separately from those that appeared to involve nonverbal (visual) skills. However, the WMS-R Visual Paired Associates subtest did not cluster with the nonverbal scales as expected, and the LNNB-II Memory Scale appeared to be predominantly a test of verbal memory. Practical consequences of these findings were discussed.     

Explaining computation of predictive values: 2 × 2 table versus frequency tree. A randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN74278823]

Background

Involving patients in decision making on diagnostic procedures requires a basic level of statistical thinking. However, innumeracy is prevalent even among physicians. In medical teaching the 2 × 2 table is widely used as a visual help for computations whereas in psychology the frequency tree is favoured. We assumed that the 2 × 2 table is more suitable to support computations of predictive values.

Methods

184 students without prior statistical training were randomised either to a step-by-step self-learning tutorial using the 2 × 2 table (n = 94) or the frequency tree (n = 90). During the training session students were instructed by two sample tasks and a total of five positive predictive values had to be computed. During a follow-up session 4 weeks later participants had to compute 5 different tasks of comparable degree of difficulty without having the tutorial instructions at their disposal. The primary outcome was the correct solution of the tasks.

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. About 58% achieved correct solutions in 4–5 tasks following the training session and 26% in the follow-up examination.

Conclusions

These findings do not support the hypothesis that the 2 × 2 table is more valuable to facilitate the calculation of positive predictive values than the frequency tree.

     

BsAb HER-2×CD3对过度表达HER-2乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒作用

目的 :研究应用抗HER 2抗原和CD3抗原的双向基因工程抗体BsAbHER 2×CD3介导T淋巴细胞对过度表达HER 2乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒作用。方法 :以过度表达HER 2的乳腺癌细胞株SK BR 3为靶细胞 ,T淋巴细胞为效应细胞 ,采用MTT法、3 H TdR掺入法测定BsAbHER 2×CD3对靶细胞、效应细胞的抑制作用及其介导的效应细胞对靶细胞的杀伤作用。结果 :BsAbHER 2×CD3具有MAbHER 2和MAbCD3的双重特性 ,既能抑制SK BR 3细胞生长 ,又可促进正常人外周血T淋巴细胞增殖。BsAbHER 2×CD3介导T淋巴细胞对靶细胞产生显著的细胞毒作用 ,明显强于MAbHER 2对靶细胞的作用 ,E∶T =2 0∶1为最佳效靶比。结论 :BsAbHER 2×CD3 ,既可以与HER 2过度表达的肿瘤细胞特异性结合 ,又可以介导T淋巴细胞对肿瘤细胞产生特异性杀伤作用 ,具有明显的抗肿瘤作用     

T(H)2 heterogeneity: Does function follow form?

T(H)2 immune responses are required for the 2 fundamental pathological processes characteristic of allergic disease: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and eosinophilic inflammation. The 3 established T(H)2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, each play a nonredundant role in allergic disease pathology. The recent explosion of T(H) subpopulations combined with the wide availability of polychromatic cytokine staining has facilitated the discovery of T(H)2 lineage heterogeneity. In this article we review T(H)2 heterogeneity and ask the following question: At what point do these subpopulations graduate from in vitro curiosities to immunologically robust therapeutic targets? We propose criteria to establish a T-cell subset as a biologically relevant entity and address the evidence to support these T(H)2 subpopulations having a unique function or specific contribution to allergic pathology or host defense.     

HMGN2:一个新的免疫活性分子(研究综述)

我们应用微量琼脂糖弥散抗菌检测法、制备性酸性尿素聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和反向高效液相色谱技术分别从人LAK细胞和子宫颈黏液中分离鉴定出一个抗菌多肽，经N一端氨基酸序列测定、质谱分析、全长cDNA克隆和免疫印迹等证明为HMGN2。HMGN2属于高迁移率非组蛋白（High mobility group chromosomal protein，HMG）家族成员，是脊椎动物和非脊椎动物细胞核中含量最丰富的非组蛋白家族，早期研究认为HMGN2与DNA复制和转录活性有关。我们首次发现HMGN2的抗菌活性，为了证明HMGN2在免疫反应中发挥作用，我们对其亚细胞定位特别是免疫反应时的定位分布进行了研究，应用免疫荧光化学、     

A flexible sequential learning deficit in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a 2 × 8 button-press task

A 2 × 8 button-press task is a sequential hand movement task in which subjects are required to press eight pairs of buttons as accurately and quickly as possible. The 2 × 8 task allows us to examine flexible sequential learning, more aptly called sequence-unselective learning. Sequence-unselective learning is observed after repeated experiences with the task, when subjects have shown good progress in learning, with new sequences as well as previously learned ones. Although cognitive inflexibility has been reported in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), there have been few studies investigating their flexibility in sequential learning. We examined PD patients’ ability for sequence-unselective learning through the use of a 2 × 8 button-press task. In the first session, PD patients and subjects from the control group performed a sequential 2 × 8 task until the learning criterion was fulfilled (Session 1). After 1 month, they participated in other sessions: one involving the learned sequence (Session 2) and another involving the new sequence (Session 3). We found that PD patients made more errors than the normal control subjects only when learning the new sequence (Session 3) (P < 0.01). In Session 3, control subjects reached the learning target with fewer errors than in the Session 1 (normal sequence-unselective learning), whereas the PD patients did not exhibit such an improvement. Our results revealed a sequence-unselective deficit in PD patients. The deficit may help to emphasize the cognitive and physical inflexibility of PD.     

初步探讨(NZB×NZW)F1×NZW回交鼠和狼疮性肾炎相关的易感基因

目的:探讨与狼疮性肾炎相关的新西兰黑鼠(NZB)易感基因染色体位点.方法:通过建立(NZB×NZW)F1×NZW回交小鼠模型,以尿蛋白为狼疮性肾炎表现型,利用微卫星遗传标记进行基于数量性状位点(QTL)分析的全基因组扫描方法,寻找源于NZB的遗传易感基因位点并确定染色体位置.结果:根据QTL分析发现两个与狼疮鼠蛋白尿发生有关的易感基因位点,分别位于NZB小鼠第4号染色体的D4Mit71区域及第17号染色体D17Mit22区域(LOD＞3.3).同时携有两个NZB位点的小鼠尿蛋白阳性率最高,而只有一个位点的小鼠其尿蛋白阳性率较NZW纯合鼠也明显增高(P＜0.005).结论:NZB第4号染色体的D4Mit71区域及第17号染色体的D17Mit22区域可能为(NZB×NZW)F1×NZW回交鼠狼疮性肾炎蛋白尿易感位点.两个位点之间具有协同增效作用.     

Effects of G-CSF and antibiotic prophylaxis in a 2×2 factorial design on outcome in septic rats

Objective:In a recently completed randomised clinical trial in patients with colorectal cancer resections the combination of the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) + cefuroxime/ metronidazole (cef/met) was superior to ofloxacin/metronidazole (ofl/met). These combinations were used to confirm the clinical data and to validate the concept of clinic modelling randomised trials (CMRTs) in a rat model of intra-abdominal sepsis. Subjects:80 male Wistar rats were randomised in a 2×2 factorial study design. Treatment:All animals (n = 20/group) received anaesthesia, antihistamines, antibiotic prophylaxis, peritoneal contamination and infection. Groups were: 1) G-CSF+cef/met; 2) placebo+cef/ met; 3) G-CSF+ofl/met; 4) placebo+ ofl/met. G-CSF (20 g/kg) prophylaxis was applied three times. Methods:Survival at 120 h was analysed with the Kaplan Meier method. Results:Survival rate was best in the G-CSF+cef/met group with 75% and was significantly improved compared to the cef/met placebo group, in which only 42% survived (P < 0.05). Survival rate between both G-CSF groups was similar being 75% in the cef/met and 72% in the ofl/met group. P = 0.10). Ozone increased TNF-α and MIP-2 after infection: 127±23 pg/ml and 94±19 pg/ml (control group: 398 pg/ml and 369 pg/ml; P < 0.002 and P < 0.01). IL-6 levels were similar in both groups. Conclusions:The results of this CMRT confirmed the result of our clinical G-CSF trial in that G-CSF prophylaxis was most efficacious in combination with cef/met to improve the outcome.     

如何用SAS软件正确分析生物医学科研资料XVII.R×2列联表与2×C列联表资料的统计分析与SAS实现

生物统计学是生物学领域科学研究和实际工作中必不可少的工具,在分子生物学迅速发展的今天,生物统计学更显示出了它的重要性。实验设计与数据统计分析是现代生物学的基石,是生物学研究者检验假说、寻找模式、建立生物学理论的有利工具,也是生物学研究者探索微观和宏观生物世界的必备基础知识。对于每天甚至是每时每刻涌现的大量的、以天文数字计量的分子遗传数据,必须借助统计学知识加以分析处理,才能从中获得有意义的信息。"生物多样性数据分析"是开展生物多样性研究的一个重要方面,数据分析能力的高低极大地影响着我们对各种生态学现象认识的深度和广度。现在,电子计算机的普及使得生物统计分析过程大大简化,生物统计分析软件包的普及将生物统计学从统计学家的书本里解放了出来,简化了生物统计分析过程,使之成为生物学研究者的常用工具。本刊特邀军事医学科学院生物医学统计学咨询中心主任胡良平教授,以"如何用SAS软件正确分析生物医学科研资料"为题,撰写系列统计学讲座,希望该系列讲座能对生物医学科研工作者有所帮助。     

EFFECT OF MURINE RECOMBINANT IL-2 ON THE COURSE OF LUPUS-LIKE DISEASE IN (NZB×NZW) F1 Female Mice

ABSTRACT

The exacerbation of pre-existing autoimmune diseases is a potential toxic effect of immunoactive drugs. An increase in the incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis has been noted in patients treated with human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). In contrast, human rIL-2 tends to protect mice from autoimmunity. As the effects of murine rIL-2 on autoimmunity have not been reported in mice, lupus-prone female (NZB×NZW) F1 mice were treated with 20,000 IU murine rIL-2 intraperitoneally, twice weekly for 13 weeks, beginning at 15 weeks of age. No evidence of an exacerbating effect of murine IL-2 on the lupus disease of (NZB×NZW) F₁ mice was observed as no change in the following parameters were seen, namely mean survival time, mean body weight, anti-DNA and antinuclear antibody production. These results show that: 1) like human rIL-2, murine rIL-2 does not exacerbate autoimmunity in mice; 2) the biological effects of human as well as murine rIL-2 in mice differ from those seen with human rIL-2 in man. These latter findings suggest that the selection of the relevant animal species for immunotoxicity studies with recombinant cytokines and derivatives may be less straightforward than previously thought.     

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: Is Sequela the Bigger Threat?

How to cite this article: Rai N, Baidya DK. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: Is Sequela the Bigger Threat? Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(2):245–246.     

乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)基因研究进展

乙醇脱氢酶（alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH）和乙醛脱氢酶（aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH）是人体内酒精代谢的重要酶,而乙醛脱氢酶2在酒精代谢产物乙醛的解毒中起重要的作用。近年来对ALDH2基因的结构、表达及其多态性有了更深入的了解,本文对其作一综述。     

Al2O3(w)–Al2O3(n)–ZrO2 (TZ-3Y)n multi-scale nanocomposite: An alternative for different dental applications?

The influence of the addition of Al₂O₃ whiskers (2.5 wt.% up to 30 wt.%) on Vickers hardness and fracture toughness in an Al₂O_3(n)+ZrO₂ (TZ-3Y)_n (90, 80 and 70 wt.%) composite was investigated. Green compacts were obtained by uniaxial pressing at 50 MPa and pressureless sintering at 1500 °C in air for 2 h. After sintering, relative densities ranging from 75% to 97% were reached. The whiskers resisted particle rearrangement owing to the extensive sliding distances along the whisker boundaries during sintering and the high length/diameter ratios. Sintering becomes more difficult with increasing whisker content, because whiskers come into contact with each other, forming a rigid network which hinders densification. The 2.5 wt.% Al₂O₃ whiskers + 27.5 wt.% Al₂O₃ nanoparticles + 70 wt.% TZ-3Y composite showed a hardness > 13 GPa and a maximum fracture toughness of 6.9 MPa m^?1/2, with an average grain size of 0.4 ± 0.17 μm. The observed crack deflection was an important mechanism in the improved fracture toughness of the composite. In addition, the grain size and residual porosity also seem to be factors in obtaining a wide range of hardness as well as fracture toughness by varying the Al₂O₃ whiskers and ZrO₂ (TZ-3Y) content. The use of alumina-whisker-reinforced composites in dental applications could be promising for increasing hardness and fracture toughness compared with other materials. The reported values for these composites can compete with those of commercially available materials in different dental applications.     

《临床神经解剖学:病例解析》(第2版)出版

正神经解剖学是关于神经系统形态结构的专门学科,对于了解神经系统功能和活动方式,阐明疾病的发生机制和治疗具有重要意义。但该学科却是最难学习的基础医学课程,国内师生迫切需要一部好的参考书。《临床神经解剖学:病例解析》(第2版)由美国耶鲁大学医学院神经科学教授哈尔·布鲁门菲尔德编著,由李云庆、赵钢、汪昕和隋鸿锦教授担任主译,并邀请国内18所著名院校和医院的基础和临床专业人员参加翻译。