Comparison of coronary drug-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with diabetes mellitus

We compared 1-year outcome after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation with off-pump bypass grafing (OPCABG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease involving the proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery. All consecutive diabetic patients treated by DES (DES group) or OPCABG (CABG group) in our institution from April 2002 to December 2004 because of de novo coronary lesions were included. Patients in the CABG group (n = 149) were older and had a higher rate of 3-vessel disease than those in the DES group (n = 69). At 12 months, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events occurred in 29% of the DES group and 20.5% of the CABG group (unadjusted analysis, odds ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 1.54, p = 0.17). After propensity score analysis, adjusting for baseline differences between the 2 cohorts, DESs increased the risk of 12-month major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (hazard ratio 1.88, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.02, p = 0.020). This was due to the higher rate for repeat revascularization in the DES group (19% vs 5%, odds ratio 2.05, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.75, p = 0.001). In contrast, there was no difference in the rate of the composite end points of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke (DES group 13%, CABG group 12%; adjusted analysis, hazard ratio 0.80, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.35, p = 0.40). In conclusion, at 1 year in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease involving the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery, the advantage of OPCABG over DES implantation seems to be limited at a lower rate of repeat revascularization. No difference seems to exist in the rate of death, stroke, and myocardial infarction.     

冠心病合并糖尿病冠状动脉介入治疗与冠状动脉旁路移植术对比研究

目的 比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)支架术与冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗冠心痛合并糖尿病患者住院与临床随访结果.方法 入选2001年7月至2004年6月在DESIRE注册的1040例冠心病合并糖尿病的患者,分别接受PCI治疗和CABG治疗,对所有患者的临床情况与冠状动脉造影特征、血运重建情况、住院临床结果以及临床随访结果进行回顾性分析.结果 与CABG组相比,PCI组的院内主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)发生率较低(P＜0.01);院内病死率较低(P＜0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,CABG组院内MACCE发生的风险显著高于PCI组(P=0.002).平均随访22个月,两组随访MACCE发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);PCI组再次血运重建率高于CABG组(P＜0.01).多因素Cox回归分析表明,两组随访MACCE风险差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 冠心病合并糖尿病患者PCI术后院内MACCE发生率较低,但PCI后随访再次血运重建率高于CABG.广泛应用药物洗脱支架有望改善PCI的长期结果.     

糖尿病并冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植围术期特点

目的 :研究糖尿病 (DM )并冠心病 (CHD)患者冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)前后临床特征。方法 :回顾性分析我科 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月 118例患者 ,其中DM并CHD(DM组 ) 2 2例 ,同期非DM并CHD(对照组 ) 96例的术前准备、手术类型及术后并发症。结果 :DM组平均年龄 (5 9.8± 9.3)岁 ,女性 7例 (31.8% ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;体外循环阻断时间 (92 .0± 4 0 .9)min ,冠状动脉病变远端细小 8例 (36 .4 % ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;术前血糖 (6 .4±1.1)mmol/L ,术中血糖 (16 .1± 2 .3)mmol/L ,术后当天初测血糖 (17.5± 4 .4 )mmol/L ,予静脉推注胰岛素 ,次晨空腹血糖 (11.6± 2 .8)mmol/L ;术后并发肺部感染 7例 ,伤口愈合不良 5例 ,口腔溃疡 5例 ,6个月内复发心绞痛 3例 ,与对照组比较 ,均P <0 .0 5。结论 :DM并CHD患者行CABG病情复杂 ,围术期处理应采取综合疗法     

Influence of diabetes mellitus on long-term (five-year) outcomes of drug-eluting stents and coronary artery bypass grafting for multivessel coronary revascularization

Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and for diffuse and progressive atherosclerosis. We evaluated the outcomes of drug-eluting stent (DES) placement and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 891 diabetic patients (489 for DES implantation and 402 for CABG) and 2,151 nondiabetic patients (1,058 for DES implantation and 1,093 for CABG) with multivessel CAD treated from January 2003 through December 2005 and followed up for a median 5.6 years. Outcomes of interest included death; the composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke; and repeat revascularization. In diabetic patients, after adjusting for baseline covariates, 5-year risk of death (hazard ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 1.33, p = 0.96) and the composite of death, MI, or stroke (hazard ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.31, p = 0.91) were similar in patients undergoing DES or CABG. However, rate of repeat revascularization was significantly higher in the DES group (hazard ratio 3.69, 95% confidence interval 2.64 to 5.17, p <0.001). These trends were consistent in nondiabetic patients (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.16, p = 0.23 for death; hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.56 to 1.05, p = 0.10 for composite of death, MI, or stroke; hazard ratio 2.77, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.91, p <0.001 for repeat revascularization). There was no significant interaction between diabetic status and treatment strategy on clinical outcomes (p for interaction = 0.36 for death; 0.20 for the composite of death, MI, or stroke; and 0.40 for repeat revascularization). In conclusion, there was no significant prognostic influence of diabetes on long-term treatment with DES or CABG in patients with multivessel CAD.     

Comparing mortality between coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents in elderly with diabetes and multivessel coronary disease

Coronary artery disease is a critical issue that requires physicians to consider appropriate treatment strategies, especially for elderly people who tend to have several comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and multivessel disease (MVD). Several studies have been conducted comparing clinical outcomes between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in patients with DM and MVD. However, elderly people were excluded in those clinical studies. Therefore, there are no comparisons of clinical outcomes between CABG and PCI in elderly patients with DM and MVD. We compared all-cause mortality between PCI with drug-eluting stents (DES) and CABG in elderly patients with DM and MVD. A total of 483 (PCI; n = 256, CABG; n = 227) patients were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 1356 days (interquartile range of 810–1884). The all-cause mortality rate was not significantly different between CABG and PCI with DES groups. The CABG group had more patients with complex coronary lesions such as three-vessel disease or a left main trunk lesion. Older age, hemodialysis, and reduced LVEF were associated with increased long-term all-cause mortality in a multivariable Cox regression analysis. The rate of all-cause mortality was not significantly different between the PCI and CABG groups in elderly patients with DM and MVD in a single-center study.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后糖尿病患者预后的临床研究

目的:探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术后复发心绞痛的糖尿病患者临床资料和冠状动脉特征。方法:回顾性分析2006~2008年247例CABG术后复发心绞痛接受PCI治疗的临床资料,以是否患糖尿病分组。结果:糖尿病患者术后心绞痛复发率高。餐后血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)两组间有显著差异(P0.05)。冠脉造影糖尿病组在自身血管病变,PCI支架类型有显著差异(P0.05)。远期心肌梗死糖尿病组(12%)高于非糖尿病组(5%)(P0.05)。血运重建糖尿病组(22%),非糖尿病组(15%),有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:糖尿病患者CABG术后心绞痛复发率高,病变复杂,远期并发症发生率高,预后差。     

Angioplasty, stenting, atherectomy, and laser treatment after coronary artery bypass grafting

Saphenous vein grafts remain an essential part of coronary artery bypass surgery. However, their inferior long-term patency due to graft attrition often means recurrent ischemia or infarction. Repeat surgical revascularization carries a significantly higher morbidity and mortality and is frequently associated with less symptomatic improvement as compared with the initial surgery. Thus, nonsurgical alternatives are preferred in such a situation, particularly when the lesions are technically approachable and amenable to these transcatheter procedures. Traditionally, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has been the standard approach. However, there are certain shortcomings of this technique, principally its inadequacy in treating certain adverse lesion morphologies. Problems include an appreciable risk of coronary debris embolization and acute complications in old vein grafts, and the prohibitively high restenosis rate for stenoses situated at the ostium or the proximal and middle segments of grafts. Newer, second-generation intravascular techniques such as stents, atherectomy, and laser procedures have been introduced in an effort to overcome these problems. This review presents an update of the results of these new tools together with some suggestions on their clinical utility in a vein graft setting.     

高龄冠心病患者冠状动脉搭桥术

目的比较冠脉搭桥术（CABG）的术式选择对高龄冠心病患者的影响,讨论高龄冠心病患者的围手术期管理方法。方法以我院心脏血管外科2003年1月至2009年12月所实施的514例CABG患者为研究对象,其中75岁以上患者49例,为高龄患者组,占同期CABG的9．5％;75岁以下患者465例,为非高龄患者组,占同期CABG的90．5％。结果患者的年龄、不稳定型心绞痛、有无急性心梗、冠脉危险因子、术前血红蛋白含量比例两组相比差异无统计学意义;左室射血分数〈30％,既往合并肾功能异常、脑梗塞及患有三支冠状动脉病变的患者比例两组相比差异有统计学意义。主动脉内气囊反搏（IABP）、移植血管种类、手术时间两组相比差异无统计学意义,但远心端吻合口数及完全性血运再建例数比例、跳动下冠状动脉搭桥手术（OPCAB）比例两组之间比较差异有统计学意义。术后气管插管时间、留置ICU时间两组之间比较差异无统计学意义,患者住院天数两组之间比较差异有统计学意义。术后肺部感染、肾衰、并发症脑梗塞发生率两组之间比较差异无统计学意义。围手术期死亡率两组之间比较差异无统计学意义。术后平均39个月的电话随访,心衰、心梗发生率及心源性死亡率两组之间比较差异无统计学意义。结论对于高龄患者的CABG要多考虑采用OPCAB方式及动、静脉移植血管相组合等低侵袭性手术方法,术后应早期下床进行康复训练。     

冠状动脉外科发展史

冠状动脉搭桥手术（CABG）是当今冠心病治疗的重要手段之一。因其疗效好，再手术率低，已越来越多地被冠心病患者所接受。冠状动脉外科的发展是一个具有创造性思维的故事，期间有极大期望，亦有极大失望，但最终它产生了令人满意的结果。本文分5个阶段简述。     

药物洗脱支架置入与冠状动脉搭桥治疗糖尿病患者冠状动脉多支病变近中期疗效的比较

目的:比较雷帕霉素洗脱支架(DES)置入术与冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)治疗糖尿病并发冠状动脉多支病变患者的近中期疗效.方法:回顾性分析2003-07-01-2004-06-30入院并接受DES置入或CABG治疗的糖尿病患者490例的基础临床资料、院内及院外随访资料,比较不同冠状动脉血运重建方式对糖尿病多支病变患者临床结果的影响.结果:250例患者接受DES置入(DES组),240例患者选择CABG治疗(CABG组).与DES组相比,CABG组患者的冠状动脉病变更为复杂,左主干病变以及慢性闭塞病变的比例较高;DES组弥漫长病变以及再狭窄病变的比例较高.CABG组与DES组院内不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)发生率差异无统计学意义(3.3%:1.2%,P＞0.05).共有440例患者接受了不同形式的随访,随访率为89.7%.2组患者随访病死率、非致死性脑卒中以及非致死性心肌梗死的发生率均差异无统计学意义; 但DES组患者需要再次血运重建的比例明显高于CABG组(11.3%:1.9%,P<0.01);DES组患者随访MACCE发生率高于CABG组(17.4%:8.6%,P<0.01).再次血运重建比例较高是导致DES组随访不良事件增加的主要原因.结论:糖尿病多支病变患者CABG后近中期MACCE发生率低于DES置入术.     

Comparison of long-term outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting versus drug-eluting stents in triple-vessel coronary artery disease

After the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DESs), percutaneous coronary intervention with DESs has challenged coronary artery bypass grafting as the gold standard for the treatment of 3-vessel coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term clinical results between percutaneous coronary intervention with DESs and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) in 3-vessel coronary artery disease. Two hundred ninety propensity-score matched patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease treated by DESs or OPCAB were included. Mean follow-up duration was 58.8 ± 11.5 months (2 to 73) and follow-up rate was 97.9%. Five-year survival rates were 94.8 ± 2.1% in the DES group and 96.5 ± 1.5% in the OPCAB group (p = 0.658). Five-year rates of freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event were 71.6 ± 4.1% in the DES group and 89.6 ± 2.5% in the OPCAB group (p < 0.001). Freedom from nonfatal myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization rates were the determining factors between the 2 groups (p = 0.018 and p < 0.001, respectively). The OPCAB group showed better clinical outcomes compared to the DES group in 3-vessel coronary artery disease after 5-year follow-up. Freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular event rate was significantly higher in the OPCAB group mainly because of the lower incidence of target vessel revascularization and nonfatal myocardial infarction. Longer follow-up with randomization will clarify our present conclusions.     

Initial impact of drug-eluting stents on coronary artery bypass grafting

The impact of drug-eluting stents (DES) on the characteristics and operative results of patients referred for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was studied. We reviewed data from isolated CABG patients 24 months before (group A, n = 134) and 24 months after (group B, n = 98) the introduction of DES for clinical use at Teikyo University Hospital in Tokyo. Group B patients were significantly older than those of group A (66 +/- 9 versus 69 +/- 9 years old). The number of diseased vessels was significantly larger in group B (2.5 +/- 0.6 versus 2.7 +/- 0.5) and left main trunk disease decreased in group B (27% versus 17%). Preoperative IABP support was more frequent in group B (9% versus 17%) and beating heart surgery was significantly more frequent in group B (26% versus 59%). The number of grafts was similar in the 2 groups (3.2 +/- 1.4 versus 3.0 +/- 1.1). The operative mortality rates were 0.7% and 4.1% in group A and B, respectively. Incomplete revascularization followed by postoperative percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed in 11% and 12%, respectively, and all the patients survived surgery. The operative mortality rates for arrested heart and beating heart surgery were 2% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, after the introduction of DES, more clinically ill patients were referred to CABG. Combination therapy consisting of CABG and PCI (Hybrid) may be a treatment of choice in critical patients.     

重症冠心病的非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术

目的 探讨如何提高莺症冠心病患者非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的手术疗效.方法 Off-Pump coronary artery bypass grafting of severe coronary artery disease回顾性分析268例重症冠心病患者非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床资料,男性131例,女性137例;搭桥数2～6(4.01±0.99)支/人.对手术方法、主要并发症和术后处理进行分析总结.结果 二次开胸3例(1.1%),低心排综合征9例(3.4%),应用IABP 1例(0.4%),反复发作房颤22例(8.2%),肺功能不全13例(4.9%);死亡2例(0.7%),其余患者康复出院.结论 合理地选择患者、成熟的手术技术、主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)的尽早应用及术后处理的加强是提高重症冠心病患者非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效的重要措施.     

Coronary artery surgery: conventional coronary artery bypass grafting versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronary revascularization has become the principal treatment modality in patients with severe coronary artery disease. The broader application of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with multivessel disease and the recent introduction of drug-eluting stents have both lead to a decline in the number of patients referred for surgical revascularization. Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass is an excellent treatment, however less invasive surgical approaches such as off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting have appeared in the past few years. The exact role of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is still vaguely defined and being critically evaluated. Our aim is to provide an objective review of the recent literature in regard to surgical outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: A critical review of all relevant clinical series from May 2003 to May 2005 was conducted. Current prospective data suggests that both techniques have similar rates of mortality, in regard to morbidity, multiple prospective studies suggest a decrease in stroke rates for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction does not appear to differ between techniques. When analyzed carefully, the results presented herein seem to indicate that both techniques provide similar rates for long-term patency and freedom from surgical reintervention. SUMMARY: Coronary artery bypass grafting and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting are both safe and beneficial in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. It appears that elderly patients with additional co-morbid risk factors may benefit most from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. It has become increasingly apparent that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can be performed safely in reference centers.