家蝇幼虫抗菌肽Defensins基因的克隆与序列分析

目的：克隆家蝇幼虫的抗菌肽defensins基因并对其进行序列分析。方法：提取家蝇幼虫总RNA，根据家蝇成虫defensins基因cDNA序列设计一对引物，RT-PCR扩增目的基因片段，T-A克隆后测序，应用相关生物信息学软件对该序列进行分析。结果：RT—PCR扩增出一条约310bp的目的片段，序列分析表明，其与家蝇成虫防御素基因同源性高达97％，核酸序列变异主要发生在信号肽区域。结论：成功克隆及分析了家蝇幼虫防御素基因全长编码区cDNA序列，为其下一步的重组表达和生物活性研究奠定了基础。     

家蝇幼虫防御素基因的克隆和序列分析

目的：克隆家蝇幼虫防御素（defensin）基因并进行序列分析。方法：根据Genbank公布的家蝇成虫defensin基因序列设计一对引物,以家蝇幼虫基因组DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增、测序,并利用软件进行序列分析。结果：克隆得到的defensin基因的长度为330bp,编码92个氨基酸,4个阳性克隆的DNA序列编码的多肽在第27位氨基酸残基不同,为K或N。结论：从家蝇幼虫基因组DNA中克隆得到了defensin基因,发现了两种相差一个氨基酸残基的defensin前体蛋白,并初步预测了两种前体蛋白的化学性质和二级结构,为该基因的重组表达奠定了基础。     

家蝇天蚕素-人溶菌酶融合蛋白的生物信息学分析

目的利用生物信息学方法分析家蝇天蚕素-人溶菌酶融合基因推导的氨基酸序列。方法用ProtParam Tool、CDD、ProtScal、sopma等软件对其理化性质、疏水性/亲水性、信号肽、功能结构域及蛋白质二级结构等重要参数进行预测。结果家蝇天蚕素-人溶菌酶由187个氨基酸组成,预测相对分子质量为20 131.7,理论等电点(pI)为9.69,分子式为C862H1375N277O260S11;半衰期预测结果显示其利于基因工程表达。融合蛋白的氨基酸序列含有天蚕素家族和溶菌酶家族二者的保守结构域,二级结构主要由α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲组成。结论分析结果为家蝇天蚕素-人溶菌酶融合基因的原核表达及表达产物的生物学功能研究奠定了基础。     

人存活素基因编码区的克隆和序列分析

目的：克隆人存活素(survivin)基因编码区cDNA并进行序列分析。方法：以人骨肉瘤细胞系MG63的mRNA为模板，采用RT-PCR方法得到人存活素的编码区cDNA，克隆至载体pUC19中，酶切鉴定后进行序列分析。结果：获得人存活素编码区基因和重组质粒pUC19-SURVIVIN，DNA序列分析证实所获得的存活素基因编码区cDNA序列和文献报道一致。结论：采用基因克隆的方法获得人存活素基因，为进一步研究其结构和功能奠定了基础。     

家蝇幼虫Defensin成熟蛋白序列的克隆及在原核中的表达

目的 克隆家蝇幼虫defensin成熟蛋白编码序列并在大肠杆菌中表达，为进一步的研究该基因的功能奠定基础。方法 以家蝇幼虫cDNA文库为模板扩增出defensin基因的成熟蛋白全长编码序列，构建重组原核表达载体pGEX／MDEF，转化的克隆(质粒)通过筛选并测序鉴定。重组的pGEX／MDEF在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达，SDS-PAGE鉴定其表达情况和分子质量并用抗鼠GST单抗作western blot杂交进一步鉴定融合蛋白的表达。结果 以家蝇幼虫cDNA文库扩增出一条长约为140bp的cDNA片段，经测序证实其为defensin基因成熟蛋白的编码序列，它编码含40个氨基酸的蛋白质，预测其分子质量单位为4kD。被成功克隆入pGEX-4T-1载体的家蝇幼虫defensin基因的cDNA，在重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导可大量生成相对分子质量30KD融合蛋白。结论 成功构建了家蝇幼虫defensin基因原核表达载体，且其成熟蛋白的编码序列在大肠杆菌高效表达。为下一步表达蛋白纯化，以及研究其生物活性提供了材料。     

家蝇黏蛋白mucin-46基因的序列分析

目的：分析和预测家蝇黏蛋白mucin-46基因及其编码蛋白的结构和特性.方法：利用EST测序技术从家蝇幼虫cDNA文库中获得家蝇黏蛋白mucin-46基因cDNA序列,采用美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）、瑞士生物信息学研究所的蛋白分析专家系统（Expasy）中的相关工具,对该基因及其编码蛋白的基本理化性质、疏水性、信号肽、二级结构和亚细胞定位等方面进行预测和分析.结果：家蝇黏蛋白mucin-46基因的cDNA序列具有完整的开放阅读框（ORF）,全长1 383 bp,编码460个氨基酸;其编码的蛋白质理论分子量为46.42 kDa,等电点4.13;无信号肽及跨膜区,属于亲水性蛋白,具有4个几丁质结合功能域,含有4个糖基化位点及多个蛋白磷酸化作用位点;二级结构β折叠（E）和无规则卷曲（L）的比例是14.13∶85.87,没有α螺旋（H）结构类型;主要分布于细胞核.结论：应用生物信息学方法从家蝇cDNA文库中筛选出了家蝇黏蛋白mucin-46基因序列并预测了其结构及功能等生物学信息,为进一步研究家蝇围食膜蛋白的功能奠定了一定的基础.     

日本血吸虫p50亲免素基因的扩增及其免疫学特性

目的扩增日本血吸虫(Sj)p50亲免素(IP)基因全长cDNA和DNA序列,进行原核克隆和研究其免疫学特性。方法从Sj成虫RNA中RT-PCR扩增Sjp50亲免素基因完整的编码阅读框,从Sj成虫基因组中扩增其DNA序列,对其cDNA序列和DNA序列进行比较分析,寻找内含子。将其cDNA序列克隆入pET30a( )体中,原核表达并纯化表达产物,Western-blot比较重组蛋白与Sj体内相应天然蛋白的免疫原性和免疫反应性,间接免疫荧光法对p50亲免素进行组织定位。结果Sjp50IP基因DNA序列与cDNA相比,有6个内含子;重组p50IP与Sj体内的天然蛋白具有相同的免疫学特性,该蛋白位于Sj成虫的被膜上。结论成功扩增得到了Sjp50IP基因的全长编码区的cDNA序列和DNA序列,其DNA序列中有6个内含子;重组Sjp50IP的免疫学特性支持将该基因作为疫苗进行进一步的研究。     

日本血吸虫亲免素基因的扩增及序列分析

[目的]研究日本血吸虫亲免素基因编码序列的结构及进行初步的功能预测.[方法]用5'端和3'端锚定PCR从尾蚴文库中扩增,以获取日本血吸虫中国大陆株亲免素基因完整的开放阅读框(open readingframe,ORF);用生物信息学技术确认其是否为亲免素编码基因并进行结构功能的初步分析和预测.[结果]用5'端和3'端锚定PCR从尾蚴文库中获得了亲免素基因5'端和3'端所缺序列,得到的亲免素基因cDNA的总序列长为1 438 bp,其ORF长1 296 bp,编码431个氨基酸.利用生物信息学技术鉴定其为日本血吸虫亲免素基因的完整cDNA序列.并用RT-PCR从日本血吸虫尾蚴mRNA扩增出亲免素基因的ORF.[结论]成功获得了日本血吸虫亲免素编码基因的全长cDNA,为进一步的功能研究打下了基础.     

日本血吸虫核苷二磷酸激酶基因的获得和序列分析

目的 从日本血吸虫(Schistosorna japonicum,Sj)成虫cDNA文库中筛选日本血吸虫新基因，为日本血吸虫病的防治提供药物靶标或候选疫苗。方法 筛选日本血吸虫成虫cDNA文库，随机挑取重组阳性克隆进行DNA测序，再对新基因序列进行步移法测序获取全长cDNA，并利用生物信息学技术对其进行分析。结果 获得了1个编码日本血吸虫核苷二磷酸激酶新基因的cDNA序列(AY226980)，全长594bp，编码157个氨基酸，编码蛋白与人类或鸽、鸡、鼠及果蝇的核苷二磷酸激酶高度同源。结论 利用表达序列标签法、步移法测序和生物信息学技术三者相结合，成功获得了编码日本血吸虫核苷二磷酸激酶基因的cDNA序列。     

日本血吸虫亲免素基因的扩增及序列分析

【目的】研究日本血吸虫亲免素基因编码序列的结构及进行初步的功能预测。【方法】用5’端和3’端锚定PCR从尾蚴库中扩增，以获取日本血吸虫中国大陆株亲免素基因完整的开放阅读框(open reading frame，ORF)；用生物信息学技术确认其是否为亲免素编码基因并进行结构功能的初步分析和预测。【结果】用5’端和3’端锚定PCR从尾蚴库中获得了亲免素基因5’端和3’端所缺序列，得到的亲免素基因cDNA的总序列长为1438bp，其ORF长1296bp，编码431个氨基酸。利用生物信息学技术鉴定其为日本血吸虫亲免素基因的完整cDNA序列。并用RT-PCR从日本血吸虫尾蚴mRNA扩增出亲免素基因的ORF。【结论】成功获得了日本血吸虫亲免素编码基因的全长cDNA，为进一步的功能研究打下了基础。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.