儿童与成人常见病原菌耐药性比较

目的：比较儿童与成人常见病原菌耐药状况。方法：监测2010年度泉州市儿童医院与泉州市第一医院临床分离细菌的耐药状况,以WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析,比较儿童与成人临床常见病原菌的耐药性差异。结果：由儿童患者分离得到致病菌1815株,其中革兰阳性菌767株（占42.3%）,革兰阴性菌1048株（占57.7%）;最常见的细菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。由成人患者分离得到致病菌2345株,其中革兰阳性菌768株（占32.8%）,革兰阴性菌1577株（占67.2%）;最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。儿童和成人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率分别为19.8%和17.8%;儿童患者大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和喹诺酮类药的耐药率要远低于成人;儿童患者铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率低于成人,特别是对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类药。结论：儿童患者常见病原菌分布和耐药特点与成人存在一定的差异;应持续地进行细菌耐药监测。     

我院临床常见病原菌的药物敏感性分析

目的对医院常见病原菌的耐药性情况进行分析。方法对分离到的912株病原菌的细菌耐药情况进行回顾性分析。结果革兰阴性菌占优势，为82．35％；从菌种分布来看，大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌居前5位，为医院临床常见致病菌。结论细菌耐药形势严峻，做好临床细菌耐药监测、合理应用抗菌药物已是当务之急。     

2010年～2013年某院细菌耐药情况的分析

目的分析我院2010年²013年细菌耐药性情况。方法以2010年2013年细菌耐药性情况。方法以2010年²013年我院抗菌药物的临床应用情况和细菌耐药性分析结果为研究对象,分析临床分离菌的耐药相关性。结果 695份送检对象共检出155株病原菌,其中大肠埃希菌32株(20.6%),铜绿假单孢杆菌30株(19.0%),鲍曼不动杆菌17株(11.7%),肺炎克雷伯菌12株(8.6%),金黄色葡萄球菌7株(5.1%);其中革兰阴性球菌110株,比例71.4%,以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单孢杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性球菌22株,比例14.2%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌23株,比例15.4%。结论要根据抗菌药物的临床应用情况和细菌的耐药性做到合理用药,降低滥用危害。     

佛山市中医院重症医学科痰液病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解佛山市中医院重症医学科(ICU)近3年痰液标本的病原菌分布情况及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为指导临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法选取2017年1月1日至2019年10月17日佛山市中医院ICU合格痰液标本分离的病原菌与药敏进行回顾性调查分析。结果共分离出748株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌579株,占77.41%,主要以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌113株,占15.11%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌;酵母样真菌56株,占7.48%,主要以白假丝酵母菌为主。鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率大于70.00%,其中对美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率高达91.26%、93.20%;铜绿假单胞菌对多粘菌素B高度敏感,对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率分别为36.41%、39.81%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率为9.33%,对多粘菌素B高度敏感;大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率均为0.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药率为35.48%,未发现耐万古霉素及利奈唑胺的金黄色葡萄球菌;白假丝酵母菌对酮康唑、5-氟胞嘧啶的耐药率均为3.23%,对其他监测抗菌药物均高度敏感。结论佛山市中医院ICU痰液标本感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,不同细菌的耐药率有所不同,特别是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物呈现高耐药性,临床必须合理使用抗菌药物。     

卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网2011年血流感染细菌耐药监测

目的了解血流感染病原菌分布和细菌耐药情况。方法监测2011年度全国149家医院,血标本来源细菌药敏结果用CLSI 2011年标准判读,用WHO-NET 5.6软件进行药物敏感性分析。结果共获得29837株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌15593株,占51.2%,革兰阴性菌14863株,占48.8%。最常见细菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球及鲍曼不动杆菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为51.3%和80.3%。未发现万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为1.8%和6.9%。未发现利奈唑胺耐药肠球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为2.9%和12.0%,对美罗培南耐药率分别为3.4%和10.6%。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率约20%,鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率超过铜绿假单胞菌。结论本年度血培养分离细菌耐药现象较为普遍,耐万古霉素肠球菌的检出率较2010年有所增加。     

重症监护病房感染病原菌分布和耐药分析

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性。方法收集ICU2010年1-12月各类感染标本,分离出病原菌528株,以法国生物梅里埃公司vitekII全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定菌种,采用K-B法进行药物敏感实验,使用WHONET 5.6软件进行耐药分析。结果 528株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌80.3%,革兰阳性菌12.7%,真菌7.0%;铜绿假单胞菌位居第一(26.1%),其次是鲍曼不动杆菌24.2%,大肠埃希菌5.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌5.3%,金黄色葡萄球菌4.7%。铜绿假单孢菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率分别高于70.0%和78.0%(除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和米诺环素),肠杆菌科细菌对头孢类的耐药率高于55.0%,对碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药率分别为11.2%和10.1%。结论 ICU感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,对多种抗菌药物耐药率高,应重视合理应用抗菌药,有效控制院内感染。     

医院感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的了解病原菌在医院感染的分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法使用黑马DL-96微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,依照2008年CLSI制定的标准判定结果。结果 2011年10月至2012年9月分离出病原菌1635株,革兰阴性菌1187株占72.6%,革兰阳性菌361株占22.1%,真菌87株占5.3%;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为2.1%、1.1%、16.7%、17.5%;未检出耐万古霉素葡萄球菌属。结论病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,对常用抗菌药物耐药率高,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌;应加强细菌耐药性监测,特别要关注多药耐药菌、泛耐药的产生与流行。     

老年肺癌患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析老年肺癌患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药特点.方法:选取2018年1月-2020年12月医院收治的老年肺癌呼吸道感染患者116例为研究对象,采集痰标本后进行细菌、真菌培养与药敏试验,分析呼吸道感染病原菌分布及其耐药性情况.结果:116例患者标本共分离出245株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌占28.98％(71/245),革兰阴性菌占60.00％(147/245),真菌占11.02％(27/245),主要病原菌占比排名依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和白假丝酵母;主要革兰阴性菌鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠的耐药率低于30.00％;肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠、美罗培南的耐药率低于30.00％;铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星的耐药率低于30.00％.金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺的耐药率为0.00％.白假丝酵母对两性霉素B、伏立康唑的耐药率为0.00％.结论:老年肺癌呼吸道感染患者呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床抗感染治疗应结合药敏试验结果选择恰当的抗菌药物.     

2010年绵阳市中心医院临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的:了解我院2010年细菌耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法:对2010年我院临床分离的细菌耐药数据进行回顾性分析。结果:2010年我院共分离细菌4 208株,其中革兰阴性菌3 378株(80.28%),革兰阳性菌830株(19.72%)。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌居前6位,为我院临床常见细菌。对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌等临床常见发酵菌,亚胺培南仍是耐药率最低的药物;对铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率最低的是阿米卡星;对葡萄球菌属耐药率最低的是万古霉素。结论:细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,重视细菌培养及药敏试验,合理使用抗菌药物为当务之急。     

Mohnarin2009年度报告:北京地区细菌耐药监测

目的 掌握北京地区细菌耐药状况与发展趋势.方法 监测2009年度北京地区11所医院临床分离细菌耐药状况,细菌敏感性测定,用标准纸片扩散法或自动化临床微生物测定方法,以Whonet 5.5软件进行数据分析.结果 共获得临床分离菌28036株,其中革兰阴性菌19170株,占68.4%;革兰阳性菌8866株,占31.6%.最常见的细菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的发生率分别为55.5%和66.9%;未发现万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌.粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为0.3%和11.1%;未发现利奈唑胺耐药肠球菌.耐青霉素肺炎链球菌比率为6.9%.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBIL比率分别为64.3%和46.6%.有0.6%的大肠埃希菌和1.3%的肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药.铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类的耐药率约30%;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率超过铜绿假单胞菌.结论 本年度北京地区临床分离细菌耐药现象较为普遍且革兰阴性菌耐药率仍呈上升趋势.     

反复下呼吸道感染患儿罹患细菌性下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:探讨儿童反复呼吸道感染(recurrent respiratory tract infection,RRTI)罹患细菌性下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药率特点.方法:回顾收集同期收治的RRTI和非RRTI罹患细菌性下呼吸道感染者为RRTI组和非RRTI组(每组各150例),对比2组患者的病原菌分布及耐药性差异.结果...     

Pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: the dawn of the post-antibiotic era?

The evolving problem of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae has led to the emergence of clinical isolates susceptible to only one class of antimicrobial agents and eventually to pandrug-resistant (PDR) isolates, i.e. resistant to all available antibiotics. We reviewed the available evidence from laboratory and clinical studies that reported on polymyxin-resistant and/or PDR P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii or K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. Eleven laboratory studies reported on isolates with resistance to polymyxins, three of which (including two surveillance studies) also included data regarding PDR isolates. In addition, two clinical studies (from Central and Southern Europe) reported on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients infected with PDR isolates. These data suggest that polymyxin-resistant or PDR P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae clinical isolates are currently relatively rare. However, they have important global public health implications because of the therapeutic problems they pose. The fears for the dawn of a post-antibiotic era appear to be justified, at least for these three Gram-negative bacteria. We must increase our efforts to preserve the activity of available antibiotics, or at least expand as much as possible the period of their use, whilst intense research efforts should be focused on the development and introduction into clinical practice of new antimicrobial agents.     

基于多学科协作管理模式下碳青霉烯类药物及替加环素的管控效果分析

目的:通过多学科协作对碳青霉烯类药物及替加环素的使用进行管控并评价管控成效,为该类药物的临床应用管理提供参考。方法:依据国家下发的相关文件逐步构建多学科协作下碳青霉烯类药物及替加环素的专档管理模式,并对管理实施前后郑州市中心医院常见耐碳青霉烯细菌的检出率、耐药率,以及碳青霉烯类药物及替加环素的使用强度和专项点评合理率进行分析。结果:随着多学科管理体系的逐步完善,耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及耐药率经短暂上升后稳定下降;美罗培南和替加环素的使用强度由管理前的1.04,0.21分别降至0.35,0.03(P＜0.05);专项点评合理率由67.91%上升至89.91%(P＜0.05)。结论:多学科协作管理模式可促进碳青霉烯类药物及替加环素的合理使用,减少该类药物的滥用现象,并为下一步完善前置审核系统和进一步推进抗菌药物科学化管理(AMS)提供有效的方法。     

Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from respiratory care wards in Taiwan: a horizontal surveillance study

A horizontal surveillance study was conducted to identify common bacteria and mycobacteria from 611 respiratory aspirates and 165 urinary samples from 611 patients hospitalised at 17 respiratory care wards (RCWs) in Taiwan. Some major resistance phenotypes, including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) and Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB), were identified. Pulsotypes of ESBL-producing P. mirabilis isolates were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The prevalences of MRSA, ESBL-producing E. coli (K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis), carbapenem-resistant (resistant to imipenem and meropenem) P. aeruginosa, MDR-PA, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and MDR-AB were, respectively, 86.7%, 20.0% (50.7% and 24.1%), 18.4%, 1.2%, 32.1% and 8.9% for respiratory aspirates and 100%, 25.4% (27.3% and 25.0%), 48.3%, 10.3%, 50.0% and 21.4% for catheterised urinary samples. Among the 44 respiratory isolates of P. mirabilis with an ESBL phenotype, 22 different pulsotypes (>80% identity) were identified. Among 103 isolates of mycobacteria, 90 (87.4%) belonged to rapidly growing mycobacteria and 4 (4%) were Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among the 404 patients with available clinical information, true infections were found in 28.0%, the most prevalent of which were urinary tract infection (20.5%) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (10.9%). High prevalences of various multidrug-resistant bacteria among the respiratory and urinary tracts of patients present a clinical difficulty in choosing empirical antibiotic treatment in RCWs.     

Distribution and antibiotic resistance of isolates from lower respiratory tract and blood cultures from patients in three Italian intensive care units: a 2-year comparison

The distribution and antibiotic resistance of major pathogens isolated from patients in ICUs were studied by three Italian microbiological laboratories. Consecutive aerobic strains were collected over two different time periods from protected brushing bronchoscopy, bronco-alveolar lavage and blood cultures. A total of 420 strains were isolated during the first period (47.3% Gram-negative and 52.7% Gram-positive) and 412 over the second period (50.5% Gram-negative and 49.5% Gram-positive). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated organism from the respiratory tract followed by Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin resistance was 47.9 and 44.5% in S. aureus and 63.0 and 65.1% in coagulase-negative staphylococci over the two periods. No glycopeptide-resistance was found in Gram-positive organisms. Ceftazidime-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae was very high.     

In vitro activities of beta-lactam antibiotics alone and in combination with sulbactam against Gram-negative bacteria

The resistance rates of ampicillin/sulbactam 2:1 against imipenem-susceptible and -resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were 23.5 and 30%, respectively. Ceftazidime/sulbactam combination showed significant reduction of resistant rates against Enterobacter cloacae, A. baumannii, ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae. MIC₉₀ of cefoperazone against E. cloacae, Serratia marcescens, A. baumannii and ESBL K. pneumoniae were >128 mg/l. Addition of sulbactam enhanced the antimicrobial activities significantly. When imipenem was combined with sulbactam, the resistant rates against imipenem-resistant A. baumanni were significantly reduced. Cefepime/sulbactam combination was active against imipenem-resistant A. baumanni. The resistance rates of aztreonam/sulbactam combination against E. cloacae, imipenem-sensitive and resistant A. baumannii, ESBL K. pneumoniae were lowered significantly. The cefotaxime/sulbactam combination showed a significant improvement of activities against E. cloacae, S. marcescens, A. baumannii and ESBL K. pneumoniae.     

Antimicrobial activity of imipenem against isolates from complicated urinary tract infections

Antimicrobial activity of imipenem was measured using 4725 strains isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections (CUTIs) between 1988 and 2000. Imipenem was inactive against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and some non-fermenting Gram-negative rods. Resistant strains (MIC>16 mg/l) were observed in Staphylococcus haemolyticus (22%), Enterococcus faecalis (4%), Enterococcus avium (8%), Serratia marcescens (5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%). Although the prevalence of imipenem-resistant strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa was sporadically high in some years, no steady increase was seen over the period. Resistant strains were rare in other major uropathogenic species. These results suggest that imipenem is still one of the most reliable antimicrobial drugs.     

Bioactive properties and chemical composition of six walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars

The chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity were studied in six walnuts (Juglans regia L.) cultivars (cv. Franquette, Lara, Marbot, Mayette, Mellanaise and Parisienne) produced in Portugal. Concerning their chemical composition the main constituent of fruits was fat ranging from 78.83% to 82.14%, being the nutritional value around 720 kcal per 100 g of fruits. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid reaching the maximum value of 60.30% (cv. Lara) followed by oleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. The aqueous extracts of walnut cultivars were investigated by the reducing power assay, the scavenging effect on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and β-carotene linoleate model system. All the walnut extracts exhibited antioxidant capacity in a concentration-dependent manner being the lowest EC₅₀ values obtained with extracts of cv. Parisienne. Their antimicrobial capacity was also checked against gram positive (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungi (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans), revealing activity against the different tested microorganisms.     

亚洲地区肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因和毒力基因分析

目的:分析亚洲地区肺炎克雷伯菌毒力基因和耐药基因的携带情况,为制定菌株防治措施提供依据。方法:从GenBank中收集并分析了4 549株肺炎克雷伯菌的完整基因组(下载日期:2020年12月31日)。通过MLST、Kleborate和ABRicate等生物信息学软件分析肺炎克雷伯菌的MLST分型、KL分型、毒力基因以及耐药基因。结果:MLST分型结果显示,ST11是亚洲地区肺炎克雷伯菌的主要序列类型,共检测到1 519(33.39%)株,其中ST11-KL64、ST11-KL47,分别占51.15%(777/1 519)、37.20%(565/1 519)。毒力基因检测发现,ST11-KL64型菌株中,有36.04%(280/777)的菌株同时携带4种铁载体基因,有33.33%(259/777)的菌株同时携带rmpA和rmpA2基因。在ST11-KL47型菌株中,有13.52%(76/565)的菌株同时携带4种铁载体基因,有5.49%(31/565)的菌株同时携带rmpA和rmpA2基因。耐药基因检测发现,有97.25%(4 424/4 549)的菌株检测出β-内酰胺类耐药基因,有3.06%(139/4 549)的菌株携带粘菌素耐药基因。结论:亚洲地区肺炎克雷伯菌MLST分型以ST11为主、血清荚膜型以KL64、KL47为主。ST11-KL64型菌株的高毒力表型基因携带率高于ST11-KL47。应规范抗菌药物使用,加强对肺炎克雷伯菌的监测和医院内感染的防控工作,防止肺炎克雷伯菌的大规模流行。