雷公藤甲素对非小细胞肺癌细胞系A549增殖的抑制和凋亡的诱导

目的探讨雷公藤甲素(TP)通过调控趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)基因表达对人非小细胞肺癌(A549)细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法实验分为4组:对照组、TP组(100 nm/L TP处理细胞)、CXCR4+TP组(转染质粒及TP处理细胞)和NC+TP组(转染空载质粒及TP处理细胞)。RT-qPCR和Western blot检测CXCR4表达以及转染效果;MTT法检测细胞增殖;AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI双染色法检测细胞凋亡;Western blot检测增殖及凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果雷公藤甲素能够抑制A549细胞中CXCR4 mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0. 05)。雷公藤甲素可抑制A549细胞增殖,诱导其凋亡(P<0. 05)。转染pc DNA-CXCR4能够上调CXCR4 mRNA和蛋白的表达(P<0. 05)。上调CXCR4的表达能够部分逆转雷公藤甲素对A549细胞增殖抑制和凋亡诱导的作用(P<0. 05)。结论雷公藤甲素可能通过下调CXCR4的表达抑制A549细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。     

BANCR 对肝癌细胞HepG2 增殖、侵袭和血管新生的促进作用

目的:探索BANCR 对人肝癌细胞HepG2 的增殖、凋亡、侵袭和血管新生的影响。方法:实时定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测BANCR 的表达。BANCR siRNA 和Scramble 分别转染HepG2 细胞,利用CCK-8 检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡,Transwell 测试细胞侵袭能力,管腔形成实验分析血管新生能力,免疫印迹分析增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、Caspase-3 和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9),血管内皮细胞生长因子VEGF、酸性成纤维细胞生长因子bFGF 和干扰素IFN-酌的蛋白表达。结果:肝癌细胞(HepG2)中BANCR 的表达高于正常干细胞L02(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,BANCR siRNA 组的细胞增殖倍数明显降低,且BANCR siRNA 组具有更高的细胞凋亡率和较低的侵袭细胞数(P<0.05)。免疫印迹结果显示,与对照组相比,BANCR siRNA 组细胞凋亡标记蛋白Caspase-3 和IFN-酌的表达明显上升(P<0.05),细胞增殖和侵袭标记蛋白PCNA、MMP-9、Fn、Vimentin 以及VEGF、bFGF 的表达都明显受到抑制(P<0.05)。结论:siRNA 干扰BANCR 后大大促进人肝癌细胞HepG2 的凋亡,严重抑制了细胞增殖、侵袭以及血管新生。     

CXCL8/CXCR1驱动FOXS1蛋白促进食管癌ECA109细胞增殖、侵袭及迁移

为了探讨CXC趋化因子配体8(CXC motif chemokine ligand 8,CXCL8)/CXC趋化因子受体1(CXC chemokine receptor 1,CXCR1)对体外人食管癌细胞ECA109增殖、凋亡及侵袭迁移的影响，并观察其与叉头框家族S1(forkhead box S1,FOXS1)蛋白的关系，将人食管癌细胞ECA109转染后分为对照组、CXCL8组、CXCL8+Con-siRNA组和CXCL8+CXCR1-siRNA组。CXCL8终浓度为10μg/mL。采用MTT试验检测细胞增殖情况，克隆试验检测克隆形成情况，流式细胞仪进行细胞凋亡测试，侵袭与迁移能力由Transwell试验和划痕试验测定，Western blotting检测细胞中CXCR1、FOXS1蛋白表达水平。结果显示，与对照组比较，CXCL8能够显著促进ECA109细胞增殖、克隆、侵袭和迁移(P<0.05),而干扰CXCR1后这些作用被阻断(P<0.05)。CXCL8组、CXCL8+Con-siRNA组细胞凋亡率与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CXCL8+CXC...     

CXCL12/CXCR4/MMP-2信号通路对三阴型乳腺癌生物学行为的影响

目的探讨CXCL12/CXCR4/MMP-2信号通路对三阴型乳腺癌增殖和迁移等生物学行为的影响。方法通过脂质体介导的瞬时转染CXCR4-siRNA和pc DNA3.1-CXCR4,提取MDA-MB-231细胞中RNA和蛋白质,分别用RT-PCR和Western blot法检测各组细胞中CXCR4、CXCL12及MMP-2的mRNA和蛋白质的表达变化,应用MTT实验和划痕实验检测转染后肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移能力的改变。结果转染CXCR4-siRNA后实验组细胞中CXCR4 mRNA及蛋白表达减少(P0.01),CXCL12mRNA及蛋白表达增加(P0.01),MMP-2 mRNA及蛋白表达减少(P0.01);MTT实验和划痕实验结果显示转染后72 h细胞的增殖能力下降,划痕愈合迟缓;转染pc DNA3.1-CXCR4后实验组细胞中CXCR4 mRNA及蛋白表达上调(P0.01),CXCL12 mRNA及蛋白表达降低(P0.01),MMP-2 mRNA及蛋白表达增加(P0.01),MTT实验和划痕实验结果显示转染后72h细胞的增殖能力增加,划痕愈合加快。结论三阴型乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞中存在CXCL12/CXCR4/MMP-2信号通路的激活,抑制CXCR4表达可以抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移等恶性生物学行为。     

miR-409-3p靶向CXCL9调控滋养层细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭

目的探讨微小RNA-409-3p(miR-409-3p)对滋养层细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭影响及作用机制。方法实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测正常妊娠胎盘组织和子痫前期胎盘组织中miR-409-3p和干扰素伽玛诱导的单核细胞因子(CXCL9)mRNA表达水平,蛋白印迹(Western blot)法检测CXCL9蛋白表达水平。转染miR-409-3p模拟物或CXCL9小干扰RNA至滋养层细胞HTR8/SVneo,构建miR-409-3p过表达或CXCL9表达抑制的HTR8/SVneo细胞,四甲基噻唑蓝染色法(MTT)检测细胞增殖,Transwell检测细胞迁移和侵袭,Western blot检测细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)、p21、基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)和MMP-9蛋白表达水平。双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-409-3p与CXCL9调控关系。结果与正常妊娠胎盘组织比较,子痫前期胎盘组织中miR-409-3p水平升高(P<0.05),CXCL9 mRNA和蛋白水平降低(P<0.05)。miR-409-3p过表达或干扰CXCL9表达后,HTR8/SVneo细胞培养48 h和72 h后OD值、迁移和侵袭数、CyclinD1、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),p21蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05)。miR-409-3p在HTR8/SVneo细胞中靶向负调控CXCL9表达。CXCL9过表达逆转了miR-409-3p过表达对HTR8/SVneo细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。结论 miR-409-3p抑制HTR8/SVneo细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭与下调CXCL9表达有关。     

IL-24对乳腺癌细胞CXCR4表达及肿瘤细胞侵袭、迁移及凋亡能力的影响北大核心CSCD

目的:探究过表达IL-24对乳腺癌细胞CXCR4表达及肿瘤细胞侵袭、迁移及凋亡的影响与机制。方法:免疫组织化学染色(IHC)检测乳腺癌与癌旁正常乳腺组织CXCR4与其配体CXCL12表达,并分析其相关性;Western blot检测CXCR4在人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A及乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、MDA-MB-453和MDA-MB-231中的表达;采用慢病毒稳转技术在乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231中过表达IL-24,免疫荧光显微镜、RT-PCR和ELISA检测感染效率;将细胞分为5组:LV-IL-24组(感染过表达IL-24慢病毒)、LV-NC组(感染阴性对照慢病毒)、AMD3100组(采用CXCR4/CXCL12轴阻滞剂AMD3100进行培养)、LV-IL-24+AMD3100组(采用AMD3100进行培养的感染过表达IL-24慢病毒的细胞)、阴性对照组(正常培养的MDAMB-231细胞);Transwell、划痕实验和Annexin V-FITC细胞凋亡实验检测上述各组细胞侵袭、迁移及凋亡;Western blot检测各组细胞CXCR4、AKT与mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平及凋亡相关蛋白Bax与cleaved-Caspase-3表达。结果:CXCR4与CXCL12在乳腺癌组织中的表达均显著高于正常乳腺组织,且二者表达呈正相关;与MCF-10A细胞相比,CXCR4在乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、MDA-MB-453及MDA-MB-231中表达明显增加(P<0.05),以MDA-MB-231最为显著(P<0.01)。转染过表达IL-24的慢病毒后,MDA-MB-231细胞IL-24 mRNA与蛋白表达均显著增加(P<0.05);与阴性对照组相比,LV-IL-24组、AMD3100组和LV-IL-24+AMD3100组细胞侵袭、迁移能力均显著降低(P<0.05),而凋亡率明显提高(P<0.05),LV-IL-24+AMD3100组变化最为显著(P<0.01);Western blot结果显示,与阴性对照组相比,LV-IL-24组、AMD3100组和LV-IL-24+AMD3100组细胞CXCR4、AKT与mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平显著降低(P<0.05),而凋亡相关蛋白Bax与cleaved-Caspase-3表达明显增加(P<0.05),LV-IL-24+AMD3100组变化最为显著(P<0.01)。结论:乳腺癌细胞中过表达IL-24可抑制CXCR4表达,通过下调PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路降低肿瘤细胞侵袭、迁移能力,促进其凋亡,联合使用CXCR4/CXCL12阻滞剂AMD3100可显著提高IL-24的上述抑癌效应。     

汉黄芩素对人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞生长和侵袭的影响

目的:探讨汉黄芩素对人口腔鳞状细胞癌SCC-4细胞生长和侵袭的影响及其作用机制。方法:使用不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80和100 mg/L)的汉黄芩素处理SCC-4细胞不同时间,分别用MTT法检测细胞活力,流式细胞术及Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡,Transwell小室检测细胞侵袭能力,Western blot法检测Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的活化。结果:汉黄芩素呈剂量及时间依赖性地抑制细胞生长,同时诱导细胞大量凋亡,抑制细胞的侵袭。汉黄芩素明显抑制了细胞中β-catenin的活化,同时其下游靶分子细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)、基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)和MMP-9的表达水平降低,而抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达增加。用Wnt/β-catenin通路激动剂Li Cl处理后,汉黄芩素抑制的Wnt/β-catenin通路分子活化明显增强,同时细胞生长能力明显增强,而凋亡能力降低,还明显减弱了汉黄芩素对细胞侵袭能力的抑制作用。结论:汉黄芩素主要通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路来调控口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞的生长及侵袭进程,具有一定的抗口腔鳞状细胞癌发展的作用,可成为临床上口腔鳞状细胞癌防治的潜在药物。     

UNC5A基因过表达对膀胱癌T24细胞增殖、转移的影响及其机制探讨

【摘要】　目的　探究UNC5A 基因过表达对膀胱癌T24 细胞增殖、转移及Wnt/ β-catenin 信号通路的影响。方法　选取T24 细胞, 转染UNC5A-pcDNA 和pcDNA-NC, 将细胞随机分为Control 组、pcDNA-NC 组和UNC5A-pcDNA 组。RT-PCR 检测UNC5A mRNA 表达水平; 克隆形成实验检测细胞克隆形成率; 流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率; Transwell 检测细胞侵袭细胞数; Western 印迹检测UNC5A、Wnt1、β-catenin 蛋白表达水平; 加入Wnt/ β-catenin 信号通路激活剂LiCl 检测各组细胞增殖、凋亡、侵袭情况。结果　与Control 组比较, UNC5A-pcDNA 组UNC5A mRNA 和蛋白表达水平升高(P< 0. 05), 克隆形成率降低(P< 0. 05), 细胞凋亡率升高(P<0. 05), 侵袭细胞数降低(P<0. 05), Wnt1、β-catenin 蛋白表达水平降低(P< 0. 05)。加入Wnt/ β-catenin 信号通路激活剂LiCl 则能逆转过表达UNC5A 对T24 细胞增殖、侵袭的抑制作用, 凋亡促进作用。结论UNC5A 基因过表达可能通过抑制Wnt/ β-catenin 信号通路的活化抑制T24 细胞增殖、侵袭, 并诱导细胞凋亡。     

CXCL12经ERK通路对宫颈癌细胞增殖、侵袭转移的影响及机制

目的:探究趋化因子CXCL12对宫颈癌caski细胞增殖、侵袭和转移的影响及可能的信号通路。方法:体外培养宫颈癌caski细胞株。分对照组、CXCL12组(25、50、100、200 ng/ml)、100 ng/ml CXCL12+100μmol/L PD98059组、(100μmol/L)PD98059组。MTT、细胞划痕实验、Transwell侵袭实验分别检测细胞增殖、转移和侵袭能力的变化;免疫印迹检测细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK)、基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)、E26转录因子蛋白(ETS-1)的表达。结果:CXCL12浓度依赖性促进细胞增殖、黏附、划痕愈合、细胞侵袭增加;100 ng/ml与200ng/ml之间差异无统计学意义。ERK通路抑制剂PD98059可阻断CXCL12的上述作用。与对照组相比,CXCL12可明显促进p-ERK、ETS-1、MMP-2蛋白表达;与CXCL12组相比,PD98059可显著降低上述蛋白表达。结论:CXCL12可能通过ERK通路影响ETS-1、MMP-2蛋白的表达,促进宫颈癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移。     

EPAS1 siRNA抑制人肾透明细胞癌细胞系HiMet-ccRCC的增殖、迁移及侵袭

目的 探讨沉默内皮PAS区域蛋白1(EPAS1)对抑制人肾透明细胞癌细胞系HiMet-ccRCC增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响及可能机制。方法 将HiMet-ccRCC细胞分为对照(Con)组、阴性对照(NC)组、沉默EPAS1表达组(EPAS1 siRNA组)。用RT-qPCR检测HiMet-ccRCC细胞EPAS1 mRNA水平;MTT法检测HiMet-ccRCC细胞增殖;Transwell小室法检测HiMet-ccRCC细胞迁移、侵袭能力;蛋白质印迹法检测E-cadherin、N-cadherin、MMP-9、PCNA表达。结果 与对照组、阴性对照组比较,EPAS1 siRNA组HiMet-ccRCC细胞中EPAS1表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),HiMet-ccRCC细胞增殖抑制率明显升高、侵袭及迁移细胞数明显减少(P<0.05);与对照组、阴性对照组比较,EPAS1 siRNA组HiMet-ccRCC细胞E-cadherin蛋白表达上调(P<0.05),N-cadherin、MMP-9、PCNA蛋白表达下调(P<0.05)。结论 沉默EPAS1可抑制HiMe...     

Clinicopathologic significance of CXCR4 expressions in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AimsThis study was designed to investigate the biological function of CXCR4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and to explore the underlying mechanism to provide potential targets for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsA total of 101 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were included, and the relationship between CXCR4 and clinicopathological factors was analyzed. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to observe numbers of autophagosomes in TE-1 cell line and the ability of proliferation and invasion were evaluated meanwhile.ResultsCXCR4 is overexpressed in ESCC specimens and is associated with poor differentiation and lymphocyte metastasis. In the survival analysis, CXCR4 predicted a poor overall survival prognosis. The number of autophagosomes in the siR-CXCR4 group was decreased compared with negative group (P < 0.05), while was increased in the pcDNA3.1-CXCR4 group (P < 0.05).Western blot result show upregulation of LC3II, the ratio of LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1 in pcDNA3.1-CXCR4 group and decreased expression of LC3II, the ratio of LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1 in siR-CXCR4 group. Transwell assay show CXCR4 overexpression promote the invasion of TE-1 cells and was attenuated by autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine.On the contrary, invasion cell numbers decreased in siR-CXCR4 group and was rescued by autophagy inducer Rapamycin.ConclusionCXCR4 is an indicator of poor prognosis for ESCC. CXCR4 promote autophagy and regulate cell invasion through autophagy in ESCC. Our study provides new insights for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and CXCR4 may serve as a therapeutic target for ESCC.     

小剂量丙泊酚对食管鳞癌细胞Eca109生物学行为的影响

目的:探讨低剂量丙泊酚对食管鳞癌细胞Eca109的增殖、凋亡、迁移及侵袭等生物学行为的影响。方法:根据预实验结果设置低剂量丙泊酚组,干预食管鳞癌细胞Eca109后,利用MTT、流式细胞术、transwell检测对增殖、凋亡、迁移及侵袭的影响,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测血红素氧合酶1(HO-1)的表达变化。结果:低剂量Eca109可以促进Eca109的增殖、迁移与侵袭并抑制凋亡,实时荧光定量PCR显示干预后HO-1的表达增加且随浓度的增加而增加。结论:低剂量丙泊酚可以促进Eca109的增殖、迁移与侵袭并抑制凋亡,可能与促进HO-1的表达相关。     

PEG10 Activation by Co-Stimulation of CXCR5 and CCR7 Essentially Contributes to Resistance to Apoptosis in CD19^＋CD34^＋ B Cells from Patients with B Cell Lineage Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

We investigated CD19~+CD34~+ and CD19~+CD34 B cells from cord blood (CB) and typical patients with B celllineage acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL and B-CLL) in terms of expression and functions ofCXCR5/CXCL13 and CCR7/CCL19.CXCR5 and CCR7 were selectively frequent expressed on B-ALL,B-CLLand CB CD19~+CD34~+ B cells,but not on CD19~+CD34 B cells.Instead of induction of impressive chemotacticresponsiveness,CXCL13 and CCL19 together induced significant resistance to TNF-α-mediated apoptosis inB-ALL and B-CLL but not CB CD19~+CD34~+ B cells.B-ALL and B-CLL CD19~+CD34~+ B cells expressed elevatedlevel of Paternally Expressed Gene 10 (PEG10),and CXCL13 and CCL19 together significantly up-regulatedPEG10 expression in the cells.We found that CXCL13 and CCL19 together by means of activation of CXCR5and CCR7 up-regulated PEG10 expression and function,subsequent stabilized caspase-3 and caspase-8 inB-ALL and B-CLL CD19~+CD34~+ B cells,and rescued the cells from TNF-α-mediated apoptosis.We suggestedthat normal lymphocytes,especially naive B and T cells,utilized CXCR5/CXCL13 and CCR7/CCL19 formigration,homing,maturation,and cell homeostasis as well as secondary lymphoid tissues organogenesis.Meanwhile certain malignant cells took advantages of CXCR5/CXCL13 and CCR7/CCL19 for infiltration,resistance to apoptosis,and inappropriate proliferation.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2004;1(4):280-294.     

成纤维细胞生长因子受体4基因沉默对口腔鳞癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及其作用机制

目的：探讨成纤维细胞生长因子受体4（FGFR4）基因沉默介导RAS/RAF/MAPK信号通路对口腔鳞癌细 胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：收集本院2018 年4 月至2019 年8 月收治的口腔鳞癌患者32 对肿瘤组织样本和癌旁 非癌组织,利用免疫组织化学和免疫印迹检测FGFR4蛋白的表达;免疫印迹检测正常口腔上皮细胞HOEC和口 腔鳞癌细胞（HSC-2、CAL-27 和SACC-83）中FGFR4蛋白的表达水平。通过基因沉默技术下调FGFR4表达,利 用qRT-RCR 和免疫印迹检测SACC-83 细胞的FGFR4表达的变化,克隆形成实验检测SACC-83 细胞的增殖能力, 流式细胞术检测SACC-83 细胞的凋亡和细胞周期,免疫印迹检测SACC-83 细胞的RAS/RAF/MAPK信号通路。 结果：与癌旁非癌组织相比,口腔鳞癌组织的FGFR4表达升高;与正常口腔上皮细胞HOEC相比,口腔鳞癌细 胞（HSC-2、CAL-27 和SACC-83）的FGFR4表达量高;下调FGFR4表达可抑制SACC-83 细胞的增殖,抑制抗 凋亡蛋白Bcl-2 的表达,上调凋亡蛋白Bax 的表达,促进SACC-83 细胞的凋亡,同时抑制周期蛋白P21 的表达, 使SACC-83 细胞停滞于G0/G1 期;下调FGFR4表达可抑制RAS、RAF及p-MEK和p-ERK1 蛋白的表达。结论： 下调FGFR4表达可抑制口腔鳞癌细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡,使其停滞于G0/G1 期,可能与抑制RAS/RAF/MAPK 信号通路有关。     

Comparative analysis of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, bax, and bcl-2 in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma

Several epidemiologic studies have shown the malignant transformation potential of oral lichen planus; however, this potential is subject of much controversy. To evaluate the expression of proteins related to the cell proliferation and apoptosis processes in oral lichen planus, we compared oral lichen planus with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty-four cases of each lesion were submitted according to streptavidin-biotin technique to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, bax, and bcl-2 proteins. χ² test showed no statistically significant differences between the expression of p53, bax, and bcl-2 in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma (P > .05). However, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was significantly lower in oral lichen planus than in oral squamous cell carcinoma (P < .05). No statistically significant differences between the expression of p53, bax, and bcl-2 in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma were observed, which may be an evidence of the potential of malignant transformation of oral lichen planus.     

CXCL12／CXCR4对胰腺癌细胞生物学行为的影响

目的探讨CXCLl2／CXCR4生物轴对胰腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭等生物学行为的影响。方法体外培养胰腺癌细胞系Miapaca-2,将其分为对照组、CXCLl2组和AMD3100组。（1）采用RT—PCR检测胰腺癌细胞中CXCLl2、CXCR4、基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）和人尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（uPA）mRNA的表达水平;（2）采用CCK-8法检测各组细胞的增殖情况;（3）采用Transwell侵袭实验检测CXCLl2／CXCR4对胰腺癌细胞趋化活性的影响。结果胰腺癌细胞系Miapaca-2中CXCLl2mRNA未见表达,而CXCR4mRNA在胰腺癌细胞中有表达。MMP-2、MMPO和uPAmRNA在AMD3100组、对照组和CXCLl2组中的表达水平呈递增趋势,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。胰腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭能力在CXCLl2组明显增强,而在AMD3100组得到了有效的抑制,组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论趋化因子CXCLl2及其受体CXCR4所构成的生物轴对胰腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭能力发挥着重要的作用。     

CXCL12-CXCR4 interactions modulate prostate cancer cell migration, metalloproteinase expression and invasion

The mechanisms responsible for prostate cancer metastasis are incompletely understood at both the cellular and molecular levels. In this regard, chemokines are a family of small, cytokine-like proteins that induce motility of neoplastic cells, leukocytes and cancer cells. The current study evaluates the molecular mechanisms of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. We report that functional CXCR4 is significantly expressed by prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and PC3, when compared with normal prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC). As measured using motility and invasion chamber assays, prostate cancer cells migrated and invaded through extracellular matrix components in response to CXCL12, at rates that corresponded to CXCR4 expression. Anti-CXCR4 antibodies (Abs) significantly impaired the migration and invasive potential of PC3 and LNCaP cells. CXCL12 induction also enhanced collagenase-1 (metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)) expression by LNCaP and PC3 cells. Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) was expressed by prostate cancer cells, but it was not expressed by PrEC cells or modulated by CXCL12. CXCL12 increased MMP-2 expression by LNCaP and PC3; however, MMP-9 expression was elevated only in PC3 cells after CXCL12-CXCR4 ligation. PC3 cells also expressed high levels of stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) after CXCL12 stimulation. CXCL12 also significantly increased stromelysin-2 (MMP-10) expression by LNCaP cells. Stromelysin-3 (MMP-11) was expressed by LNCaP cells, but not by PC3 or PrEC cells and CXCL12 induced PC3 MMP-11 expression. Membrane type-1 MMP (MMP-14) was not expressed by PrEC or LNCaP cells, but CXCL12 significantly enhanced MMP-14 expression by PC3 cells. These studies reveal important cellular and molecular mechanisms of CXCR4/CXCL12-mediated prostate cancer cell migration and invasion.     

Tumor-associated macrophages promote the metastasis of ovarian carcinoma cells by enhancing CXCL16/CXCR6 expression

This study investigated the underlying mechanism by which C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16)/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) signaling is activated by tumor-associated macrophages and assists in regulating the metastasis of ovarian carcinoma. Specimens of ovarian carcinoma tissue and adjacent tissue were collected from 20 ovarian carcinoma patients. Human THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages, which were then co-cultured with SKOV3 cells and low concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) to simulate the inflammatory microenvironment of ovarian carcinoma. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CXCR6 was transfected into SKOV3 cells; after which, the levels of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) protein and phosphorylated PI3K and Akt were measured. The migration and invasion abilities of the SKOV3 cells were also tested. The levels of TNF-α, interluekin-6 (IL-6), NF-κB p65, CXCL16, and CXCR6 expression in the ovarian carcinoma tissues were higher than those in the precancerous tissues. CXCR6 expression was positively correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL16 expression. Co-culture of SKOV3 cells with macrophages significantly promoted CXCL16, CXCR6, NF-κB, and p65 expression by the SKOV3 cells, increased their levels of phosphorylated PI3K and Akt, and increased the migration and invasion abilities of SKOV3 cells. Silencing of CXCR6 or blocking the PI3K/Akt signal pathway markedly attenuated the expression of NF-κB p65 and phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, as well as the migration and invasion abilities of SKOV3 cells. These findings demonstrate that macrophages can promote the migration and invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells by affecting the CXCL16/CXCR6 pathway.