北京市顺义区饮用水中三卤甲烷健康风险评估及去除实验

目的了解北京市顺义区饮用水中三卤甲烷含量,评估其健康风险及煮沸对于三卤甲烷的去除效果。方法选择2019年顺义区市政供水作为监测对象,抽样240份,检测水中三卤甲烷浓度,包括三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷。按照不同水期及水源类型等因素整理数据并分析三卤甲烷浓度的差异,利用健康风险评价模型评估三卤甲烷可能导致的健康风险。沸腾后降至室温测定三卤甲烷含量。结果 240份生活饮用水中三氯甲烷浓度范围在0.45～9.40μg/L,一溴二氯甲烷0.15～7.80μg/L,二溴一氯甲烷0.08～12.14μg/L,三溴甲烷0.03～8.43μg/L。不同水期及水源类型间4种三卤甲烷浓度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷致癌风险分别为0.37×10-6/a、0.13×10-6/a、1.4×10-6/a、1.2×10-6/a,非致癌风险分别为6.2×10-3/a、0.80×10-3/a、0.86×10-3/a、0.98×10-3/a。2 min沸腾后对于三卤甲烷去除效率为97.7%。结论北京市顺义区市政供水中三卤甲烷浓度较低,二溴一氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷健康风险尚可接受,三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷健康风险不明显。煮沸对三卤甲烷有明显去除效果。     

上海市浦东新区饮用水三卤甲烷和卤乙酸含量及其健康风险评价

[目的]通过对水厂三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的检测及其健康风险评价,了解浦东新区出厂水消毒副产物含量分布及其对人群潜在的健康风险。[方法]选取浦东新区5家水厂出厂水,于2012年的3、5和6月份,2013年的3、5和8月份以及2014年的2月份采集水样共28份,分别检测三卤甲烷和卤乙酸浓度,结合风险评价模型对人群通过饮水途径暴露于三卤甲烷和卤乙酸进行健康风险评价。[结果]出厂水消毒副产物检出浓度最高者为D水厂丰水期的氯仿（15.0μg/L）;最低者为B水厂枯水期的二氯乙酸（未检出）;5水厂中氯仿浓度丰水期〉枯水期,二溴一氯甲烷和溴仿浓度丰水期〈枯水期;5水厂二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸浓度范围分别为未检出~5.00μg/L和0.55～8.25μg/L,其中三氯乙酸浓度在丰水期略高于枯水期,而二氯乙酸含量变化不大。经口致癌风险中二溴一氯甲烷居首位（最高为2.90×10-5）,最低为氯仿（5.30×10-7）。除丰水期溴仿（风险范围5.30×10-7～1.10×10-6）外,5水厂丰、枯水两时期的二溴一氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸致癌风险范围在2.00×10-6～2.90×10-5,高于美国环境保护署给出的可接受最低致癌风险（10-6）。非致癌风险氯仿最高,其次为枯水期的二氯乙酸。经口致癌和非致癌风险均表现为时期和性别差异：枯水期〉丰水期（5水厂氯仿和B水厂二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的非致癌风险表现丰水期〉枯水期）,女性〉男性。[结论]5个水厂饮用水中二溴一氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷的致癌风险最高,氯仿和二氯乙酸非致癌风险最高,且枯水期大于丰水期,在改善饮用水加工工艺时应重视长期暴露于饮用水中消毒副产物引起的潜在健康风险,并针对枯水期和丰水期的差异进行工艺调整,降低水中消毒副产物对人群的健康危害。     

上海市夏季游泳池水消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评估

目的研究上海市夏季游泳池水消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险。方法于2016年7—8月,在上海市黄浦、静安、闵行和青浦4区各选择2家游泳场馆,以全部18个游泳池作为研究对象。检测游泳池水中消毒副产物三卤甲烷类(trihalomethanes,THMs,包括三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷)和卤代乙酸类(haloacetic acids,HAAs,包括一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴二氯乙酸和二溴乙酸)的浓度;基于问卷调查,对游泳池人群的消毒副产物暴露特征和水平进行评估,并评价其健康风险。结果除三溴甲烷未检出外,上海市夏季游泳池水中均检出其余8种消毒副产物。其中,三氯甲烷浓度为7.70~101.90μg/L;二溴一氯甲烷浓度为0.20~6.60μg/L;一溴二氯甲烷浓度为0.72~17.90μg/L;一氯乙酸浓度为5~88μg/L;二氯乙酸浓度为6.20~480.10μg/L;三氯乙酸浓度为7.60~613.30μg/L;一溴二氯乙酸浓度为4.17~17.60μg/L;二溴乙酸浓度为0.36~3.90μg/L。人群经皮肤和呼吸道暴露以三氯甲烷最高,人群平均致癌风险均小于1×10~(-5),非致癌风险远低于1。结论上海市夏季游泳池水人群消毒副产物经皮肤和呼吸道的致癌和非致癌风险都在可接受水平。     

北京市朝阳区自来水中三卤甲烷对成人的致癌风险评价

目的评估北京市朝阳区自来水中三卤甲烷对成人的致癌风险。方法分别于2009年冬天（11—12月）和2010年夏天（7—8月）,对朝阳区随机抽取的100户家庭进行调查和自来水（市政供水、二次供水和自备供水）水样采集,测定水中氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、溴仿4种三卤甲烷的浓度。采用美国环保局推荐的致癌风险评价方法和蒙特卡罗（Monte-Carlo）模拟对自来水中三卤甲烷的致癌风险进行概率分析。结果自来水中氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、溴仿累积概率为90%时的致癌风险分别为2.0×10^-6、1.4×10^-5、1.1×10^-5、1.1×10^-6。致癌风险最高的是二次供水,其次为市政供水和自备供水。结论北京市朝阳区自来水中三卤甲烷对成人具有潜在的致癌风险。     

孕期氯化消毒副产物三卤甲烷暴露对新生儿出生体重的影响

目的探讨孕期氯化消毒副产物内暴露标志血三卤甲烷(trihalomethanes,THMs)浓度与胎儿出生体重之间的关系。方法对2015年3—6月于孝南区妇幼保健院行产检的312名孕早期孕妇进行问卷调查,分别在孕早、中、晚采集其外周静脉血,并记录胎儿出生体重。采用多元线性回归模型分析孕期全血中四种THMs[三氯甲烷(chloroform,TCM),一溴二氯甲烷(bromodichloromethane,BDCM),二溴一氯甲烷(dibromochloromethane,DBCM)和三溴甲烷(bromoform,TBM)]平均浓度与新生儿出生体重之间的关系。结果新生儿的平均出生体重为(3 270±393)g。多元线性回归模型结果显示,孕期全血TBM、溴代三卤甲烷(Br-THMs,BDCM、DBCM和TBM的浓度之和)和总三卤甲烷(TTHMs;Br-THMs和TCM浓度之和)浓度升高与新生儿出生体重降低存在建议性剂量-效应关系(趋势性P值0.10)。结论孕期THMs暴露可能会引起新生儿出生体重降低。     

唐山市生活饮用水挥发性卤代烃类含量调查

[目的]评价唐山市生活饮用水中三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷等8种挥发性卤代烃类物质的含量。[方法]采集唐山市自来水公司管网末梢水和高层建筑二次供水管网末梢水水样,采用顶空气相色谱法检测水样中三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷8种挥发性卤代烃类物质的含量,以保留时间进行定性,外标法进行定量分析。[结果]三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷4种卤代烃的检出率均为100.0%,部分水样检出四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯,所有水样均未检出1,1,1-三氯乙烷和1,1,2-三氯乙烷。除1份市政直供水水样三氯甲烷超出限值外,其余各指标均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的要求。4座自来水的管网末梢水中三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷的含量差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]唐山市生活饮用水中挥发性卤代烃以三卤甲烷为主,基本符合卫生标准。以地面水、地下水和地面水混合水为水源水的管网末梢水三卤甲烷含量较以地下水为水源的高。     

饮水氯化消毒三卤甲烷的形成及预测研究（摘要）

饮水氯化消毒三卤甲烷的形成及预测研究（摘要）李君文，于祚斌，蔡心培，晃福寰１９７４年Ｒｃｏｋ在氯消毒的饮水中检测出了三卤甲烷（ＴＨＭｓ），包括氯仿、一溴二氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷及溴仿等。动物实验及流行病调查肯定了ＴＨＭｓ（尤其氯仿）为致癌物。目前国内对...     

自来水和人血中的氯仿

有些研究启示人血中检出的氯仿主要来源是自来水。动物实验证明氯仿致癌。饮水中氯仿是消毒过程中形成的,有些国家已规定饮水中总三卤甲烷(氯仿,二氯一溴甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷和溴仿浓度总和)的最高容许值。WHO建议饮水中氯仿浓度应低于30μg/L。由于通过饮水摄入挥发性卤烃或氯仿对动     

饮用水氯化消毒与三卤甲烷

三卤甲烷(THM)是饮用水加氯消毒的产物之一,这已被大量实验和现场调查结果所证实。饮用水加氯消毒所产生的三卤甲烷主要包括四种:即三氯甲烷(氯仿,CHCl_3) ,一溴二氯甲烷(CHBrCl_2) ,二溴一氯甲烷(CHBr_2C1)和溴仿(CHBr_3) 。因三卤甲烷中的主要成份三氯甲烷在动物试验中表现的致癌作用,以及一些流行病学调查发现长期饮用氯化消毒饮用水可使某些癌症发病率增加,因此对氯化消毒     

三卤甲烷和卤乙酸测定中样品保存时间与其在萃取液中稳定性研究

目的研究水样中三卤甲烷(THMs:氯仿、二溴一氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷和溴仿)和卤乙酸(HAAs:一溴乙酸、二溴乙酸、一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸和一溴一氯乙酸)浓度随保存时间的变化及其在萃取液中的稳定性。方法采集2份管网末梢水,分别加入10μg/L三卤甲烷混标和10μg/L卤乙酸混标,于采样后的当天及3、7、14天以美国EPA551.1和552.3法测定THMs和HAAs浓度,比较其随样品保存时间的变化;加入混标的萃取液在保存的当天及7、14、21、30天时分别测定THMs和HAAs浓度,比较萃取液中目标物浓度随时间的变化。结果样品保存时间是影响目标物浓度的重要因素,目标物浓度随保存时间延长明显降低;萃取液中的目标物浓度除二氯乙酸下降外,在测试期内均较为稳定。结论样品保存时间对THMs和HAAs测定影响较大。因此,建议样品在采集当天进行测定或完成前处理;除二氯乙酸外,保存于萃取液中的目标物浓度在萃取物中可稳定30天以上。     

城市回用水致突变性研究

目的 对城市回用水的致突变性进行分析.方法 于2005年9月(丰水期)和2006年4月(枯水期)采集处理前、后的城市回用水水样,利用固相萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定城市回用水中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量.采用Ames试验检测其致突变性,设2 000、1 000、500、250 ml/皿(相当于原水的体积)4个剂量组,以及溶剂对照组和阳性对照组[敌克松(50μg/皿)].结果 丰水期和枯水期两次水样中均检测出PAHs,主要为芴和菲,其次为萘、苊、二氢苊、蒽、荧蒽、芘等.丰水期进水水样中16种PAHs的总浓度为1 777.9 ng/L,出水水样为1 380.1 ng/L;枯水期进水水样中16种PAHs的总浓度为2 225.1 ng/L,出水水样为1 827.1 ng/L.在无代谢活化系统条件下,丰水期进水水样对TA98菌株在2 000 ml/皿及TA100菌株在1 000 ml/皿时;出水水样对TA98在250 ml/皿时,TA100菌株在500ml/皿时,回变菌落数均超过溶剂对照组1倍以上,且具有剂量-反应关系.枯水期进、出水样对TA98、TA100菌株在250 ml/皿时,回变菌落数均超过溶剂对照组1倍以上,且具有剂量-反应关系.水样在2 000 ml/皿时,不同程度地出现抑菌现象.结论 城市回用水含有一定量的PAHs,Ames试验表明城市回用水处理后并未完全去除有机污染物,仍具有致突变作用.     

以降低尘负荷为目标的道路清扫保洁作业工艺探讨

分析了尘负荷在路面上的分布情况以及清扫保洁作业对扬尘污染的影响,并对各种现有手段的作业效果进行了试验研究,同时调研了北京市现行的道路清扫保洁作业工艺.以此为依据探讨了以降低道路尘负荷为目标的清扫保洁作业工艺,在北京市某区进行了实践,验证了该作业工艺作业效果较好.     

再生水中壬基酚健康风险评价

目的对城市再生水中壬基酚存在的潜在人体内分泌干扰风险进行评价,分析污水再生利用的安全性,为制定再生水中壬基酚的标准提供参考依据。方法基于某再生水厂出厂水中壬基酚的含量,参考美国环境保护署风险信息综合系统中酚类物质的健康风险评价参数和相关机构及文献中有关壬基酚的毒理试验数据,采用四步健康风险评价法,对城市污水再生后回用于不同用途时,再生水中壬基酚对人体健康危害风险进行了评价。结果不同再生水暴露途径下壬基酚对人体健康危害风险依次为：城市绿化作业（园林工人）、道路喷洒作业和污水处理、电厂冷却作业〉农田灌溉〉游泳用水〉公园补水、绿化〉建筑中水〉城市绿化（行人）、道路压尘降温,这些暴露途径的健康危害风险均低于风险评价标准。因此,它对人体的内分泌干扰危害风险可以忽略。结论再生水用于市政杂用、城市河湖补水和农田灌溉时壬基酚对人体健康的危害风险是可以被接受的。     

Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water and river water in the Werribee Basin, Australia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in water used for irrigation in the Werribee River Basin, Australia, including river water and reclaimed effluent water (reclaimed water). Samples of reclaimed water, collected over a one-year period, were screened for the occurrence of ARGs using PCR detection assays. The presence of ARGs in the reclaimed water samples were contrasted with that of water samples taken from the Werribee River Basin, collected over the same time period, from five points selected for varying levels of urban and agricultural impact. Of the 54 river water samples collected, 2 (4%), 2 (4%), 0 and 0 were positive for methicillin, sulfonamide, gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant genes, respectively, while 6 of 11 reclaimed water samples were positive for methicillin (9%) and sulfonamide (45%). The presence/absence of ARGs did not appear to correlate with other measured water quality parameters. The low detection of ARGs in river water indicates that, regardless of its poor quality, the river has not yet been severely contaminated with ARGs. The greater prevalence of ARGs in reclaimed water indicates that this important agricultural water source will need to be monitored into the future.     

城市污水处理厂再生水自然净化中诱变活性变化的观察

应用Ａｍｅｓ实验对污水处理厂再生水在自然净化中有机诱变物活性变化进行了检测。结果表明，在自然净化过程中，不同净化时间均有明显的诱变活性，无衰变迹象，饮用水系则无变诱活性，再生水多用于改善景观，园林灌溉和道路喷洒，不与人群直接接触，故认为再生水的诱变活性可不考虑用作卫生评价指标。     

Quality of reclaimed waters: a public health need for source tracking of wastewater-derived protozoan enteropathogens in engineered wetlands

Demand for high-quality drinking and recreational water rises exponentially owing to global demographic growth in the human population, reinforcing an urgent need for microbiologically safe reclaimed water. However, constructed wetlands, implemented into municipal wastewater treatment, may not provide substantial remediation for human protozoan enteropathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia and human-virulent microsporidia. Improving reclaimed water quality by lowering faecal coliforms is not a sound solution for these pathogens. Current advances in molecular technology can benefit public health in developing and developed countries by changing the conceptual research framework for wastewater-receiving wetlands from 'pathogen removal' to 'pathogen source tracking' efforts.     

再生水应用现状及其水质特征探讨

目的:了解目前再生水应用现状和水质特征。方法:通过对某地区80家再生水生产企业进行现场调查;采集再生水企业生产的再生水连续进行水质监测。结果:现场调查结果显示,再生水主要的应用领域为居民小区、学校、宾馆饭店和办公楼,主要用途为:冲厕和绿化、道路喷洒、景观、洗车、设备冷却及部分公共区域保洁等,生产再生水的水源为生活污水,氯消毒是再生水主要的消毒方式。水质特征分析结果,11项指示理化指标监测结果,除少数水质较差外,大部分结果可以达到用水标准限值;2项指示微生物指标显示,微生物是影响再生水水质主要问题,其原因与消毒效果有关。结论:再生水主要在居民小区、学校和其他公共场所使用,以冲厕和绿化为主,卫生学微生物指标不容乐观。     

Microbiological assessment of ambient waters and proposed water sources for restoration of a Florida wetland

This study evaluated the microbial quality of reclaimed and storm water as proposed sources for restoration of a Florida wetland. Bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and waterborne pathogenic microorganisms (Cryptosporidium, Giardia and infectious enteric viruses) were analysed during a 1-year period in order to determine potential public health risks associated with exposure to the proposed water sources for restoration. Ambient waters within the wetland (four active water wells and four major lakes) were included in the study in order to determine the microbial water quality before restoration. Storm water and lakes had the highest level of microbial contamination. Much lower levels of microbial indicators and waterborne pathogens were found in reclaimed water and groundwater. Pathogen occurrence in groundwater was intermittent. Owing to the small percentage of source waters (3.3%) migrating to the water wells, ambient concentration of microbial constituents in surface and groundwater could dominate microbial risk. The results of this study indicate that, in the light of the uncertainties involved in computing average Cryptosporidium concentrations, additional characterization of the current ambient water quality should be ongoing prior to restoration.     

Removal of Trihalomethanes by Dual Filtering Media (GAC-Sand) at El-Manshia Water Purification Plant

Prechlorination is used as an initial step in water purification for public supply. One of the drawbacks of the prechlorination is the reaction between natural organic matters with chlorine forming trihalmethanes. This study aims at evaluating the performance of granular activated carbon (GAC) with sand as a dual filtering media with different depths on removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) for improving water quality. The Czeck sand filter at El-Manshia Water Purification Plant was chosen in this study in order to improve its water quality. The pilot filter was designed to work as mono medium sand filter and dual GAC-Sand media. The depths of GAC were 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm over 115 cm, 110 cm, 105 cm, 100 cm, 90 cm, and 80 cm of sand, respectively. The six filter depths of GAC in the dual filter were studied to choose the optimum depth of GAC to improve water quality especially for THMs removal and comparing with mono-sand media and with Czeck filter. The results showed that the GAC-Sand dual media filter of 30 cm depth of GAC and 90 cm sand was the best depth for improving water quality where it was efficient in adsorbing mostly the total trihalomethanes in which its percentage of removal was 87%. The filtered water turbidity had an average of 0.3 NTU and its percentage of removal was 90%, algae removal was 95%, but it had a poor effect on bacteria removal with 27% removal due to adsorption of residual chlorine by GAC. The study recommended replacing mono media by dual media filter to improve water quality where the GAC was efficient to remove trihalomethanes in which the relative concentration (C/Co) was 0.16. The benefit cost calculated on 30 cm depth of GAC is equal to 0.04 piaster/m(3). In addition, it resulted in longer filter run of 54 hrs compared to average filter run of 24 hr for Czech filters, as well as increased water productivity where unit filter run volume was 324 m(3)/m(2) instead of 144 m(3)/m(2) for Czech mono media.     

Evaluation of estrogenicity of sewage effluent and reclaimed water using vitellogenin as a biomarker

To evaluate the quality of reclaimed water, the estrogenicity of effluent from a sewage treatment plant and of reclaimed water treated with coagulation-sedimentation-filtration using the effluent as raw water was assessed using vitellogenin (VTG) as a biomarker. After a three-week exposure, significant (p < 0.05) induction of VTG occurred in female crucian carp (Carassius carassius) exposed continuously to the secondary effluent and reclaimed water with different dilutions (12.5, 25, 50, and 100% for secondary effluent; 50 and 100% for reclaimed water); no induction of VTG was detected when exposed to 12.5 and 25% reclaimed water. For male fish, however, only 100% secondary effluent induced the production of VTG (mean +/- standard deviation, 38.6 +/- 9.8 microg/ml). When the exposure time was prolonged to three months, VTG was induced significantly in both females and males at all gradient concentrations of secondary effluent and at 50 and 100% reclaimed water. The results indicated that no obvious VTG was detected in fish exposed to reclaimed water diluted more than fourfold. Ozonation of the secondary effluent under an ozone consumption dose of 8.5 mg/L resulted in a VTG level equal to that of 12.5% secondary effluent or 50% reclaimed water. Furthermore, VTG induction reflects the cumulative effects of estrogenic activity in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water compared with the in vitro assays, in which estrogenic activities in effluent changed markedly during the experiment.