不缝合皮下脂肪层的切口缝合方式在腹部外科的应用

目的比较不缝合皮下脂肪层的关腹方式与传统关腹方式的切口愈合效果。方法选取2010年9月至2012年9月期间笔者所在医院科室收治的患者400例,随机分为2组：观察组199例,采用不缝合皮下脂肪层的缝合方式;对照组201例,采用传统的分层缝合方式。比较2组患者的切口愈合效果。结果观察组发生脂肪液化1例（0．5％）、切口红肿3例（1．5％）、切口硬结1例（0．5％）、切口裂开0例及皮下血肿2例（1．0％）,对照组上述并发症的发生数量分别为18例（9．0％）、16例（8．0％）、15例（7．5％）、9例（4．5％）及0例,除皮下血肿发生率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）外,观察组其余切口并发症的发生率均低于对照组（P〈0．01）。观察组切口全部一期愈合（100％）,对照组愈合186例（92．5％）,观察组的-期愈合率较高泸〈0．01）。观察组的关腹时间和术后住院时间分别为（13．0±1．6）min和（7．7±1．3）d,均短于对照组[（18．0±2．2）min,（9．6±1．9）d,P〈0．01]。结论不缝合皮下脂肪层的切口缝合方式的切口愈合效果明显优于传统的分层缝合方式,值得推广。     

暂时性腹腔关闭与常规关腹技术治疗严重腹腔感染的临床对比

目的观察暂时性腹腔关闭(temporary abdominal closure,TAC)与常规关腹技术在严重腹腔感染中的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2010年3月~2014年7月15例严重腹腔感染的临床资料,其中8例采用负压封闭引流关闭系统(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)行暂时性关腹,7例常规关腹。比较2组术后腹内压变化、创面愈合时间、术后并发症等。结果常规关腹组术后72 h内腹内压逐渐升高,术后6~72 h各监测的时间点均高于暂时性关腹组(P0.01)。暂时性关腹组术后腹内压变化相对平稳(波动在7.7~18.1 mm Hg之间),创面愈合早[(11.3±1.8)d vs.(19.4±6.7)d,t=-3.142,P=0.005],切口感染少[12.5%(1/8)vs.100%(6/6),P=0.005]。结论暂时性腹腔关闭技术在治疗严重腹腔感染中能有效地预防腹内压升高,促进创面愈合,减少术后并发症,疗效确切。     

Donor Specificity but Not Broadness of Sensitization Is Associated With Antibody‐Mediated Rejection and Graft Loss in Renal Allograft Recipients

Panel‐reactive antibodies are widely regarded as an important immunological risk factor for rejection and graft loss. The broadness of sensitization against HLA is most appropriately measured by the “calculated population‐reactive antibodies” (cPRA) value. In this study, we investigated whether cPRA represent an immunological risk in times of sensitive and accurate determination of pretransplantation donor‐specific HLA antibodies (DSA). Five hundred twenty‐seven consecutive transplantations were divided into four groups: cPRA 0% (n = 250), cPRA 1–50% (n = 129), cPRA 51–100% (n = 43), and DSA (n = 105). Patients without DSA were considered as normal risk and received standard immunosuppression without T cell–depleting induction. Patients with DSA received an enhanced induction therapy and maintenance immunosuppression. Surveillance biopsies were performed at 3 and 6 months. Median follow‐up was 5.7 years. Among the three cPRA groups, there were no differences regarding the 1‐year incidence of ABMR (p = 0.16) and TCMR (p = 0.75). The 5‐year allograft survival rates were similar and around 87% (p = 0.28). The estimated glomerular filtration rate at last follow‐up was 50–53 mL/min (p = 0.45). On multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis, the strongest independent predictor for ABMR and (death‐censored) graft survival was pretransplantation DSA. cPRA were not predictive for ABMR, TCMR, or (death‐censored) graft survival. We conclude that with current DSA assignment, the broadness of sensitization measured by cPRA does not imply an immunological risk.     

Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta: Whether or Not,When, and Whom?

Recently, those who profess conservative views concerning management of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta argued against operative treatment, saying that the mere presence of an aneurysm is an indication that a patient often suffers from an advanced, terminal stage of diffuse arteriosclerosis and that operation in this patient is futile because it does not prolong life. The experience reported here represents a contrary view. Four hundred and eighty consecutive patients were followed from three to ten years postoperatively. Although the survival rate of these patients was lower than that of the general population of comparable age, it remained significantly higher than that of patients with known aneurysms who did not have the benefit of surgical treatment.     

Modifications of Diaphragmatic Activity Induced by Midline Laparotomy and Changes in Abdominal Wall Compliance

Introduction and ObjectiveDiaphragmatic activity varies with the initial length of the muscle. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of surgery and changes in abdominal wall compliance on diaphragmatic activity.MethodsBoth phrenic nerves in 7 mongrel dogs were stimulated electrically with single supramaximal pulses (twitch). The gastric (Pga) and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures generated and muscle shortening (sonomicrometry) were used to evaluate diaphragmatic activity, which was determined at baseline, after midline laparotomy, with an elastic abdominal bandage, and with a rigid circular cast. Abdominal pressure was then gradually increased in order to induce progressive lengthening of the diaphragm.ResultsAfter laparotomy, the pressures were somewhat lower (by 12%) than at baseline. The elastic bandage produced a slight increase in the pressure generated by the diaphragm (mean [SE] values: Pga, from 4.2 [0.3] cm H₂O to 6.3 [0.9] cm H₂O, P<.01; Pdi, from 12.1 [2.0] cm H₂O to 15.4 [1.8] cm H₂O, P<.05]), and these values increased even further with the rigid cast (Pga, to 12.6 [1.5] cm H₂O; Pdi, to 20.2 [2.3] cm H₂O; P<.01 for both comparisons); this occurred despite smaller degrees of muscle shortening: by 57% [5%] of the initial length at functional residual capacity at baseline, by 49% [5%] with the bandage (P<.05), and by 39% [6%] with the cast (P<.01). With progressive lengthening of the muscle, its contractile efficacy increased up to a certain point (105% of the length at functional residual capacity), after which it began to decline.ConclusionsAbdominal wall compliance plays an important role in the diaphragmatic response to stimulation. This appears to be due mainly to changes in its length at rest.     

Heme Oxygenase-1 Genotype of the Donor Is Associated With Graft Survival After Liver Transplantation

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been suggested as a cytoprotective gene during liver transplantation. Inducibility of HO-1 is modulated by a (GT)_n polymorphism and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) A(-413)T in the promoter. Both a short (GT) _n allele and the A-allele have been associated with increased HO-1 promoter activity. In 308 liver transplantations, we assessed donor HO-1 genotype and correlated this with outcome variables. For (GT) _n genotype, livers were divided into two classes: short alleles (<25 repeats; class S) and long alleles (≥25 repeats; class L). In a subset, hepatic messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was correlated with genotypes. Graft survival at 1 year was significantly better for A-allele genotype compared to TT-genotype (84% vs. 63%, p = 0.004). Graft loss due to primary dysfunction (PDF) occurred more frequently in TT-genotype compared to A-receivers (p = 0.03). Recipients of a liver with TT-genotype had significantly higher serum transaminases after transplantation and hepatic HO-1 mRNA levels were significantly lower compared to the A-allele livers (p = 0.03). No differences were found for any outcome variable between class S and LL-variant of the (GT) _n polymorphism. Haplotype analysis confirmed dominance of the A(-413)T SNP over the (GT) _n polymorphism. In conclusion, HO-1 genotype is associated with outcome after liver transplantation. These findings suggest that HO-1 mediates graft survival after liver transplantation.     

Revisiting the Purse-String Closure: Some New Methods and Modifications

BACKGROUND: Surgical wounds resulting from the extirpation of cutaneous malignancies can be repaired in a number of ways. One alternative, which has been used extensively in our practice, is the purse-string closure. This method of closure offers distinct advantages in the proper setting over traditional methods of closure. OBJECTIVE: Over the years, our approach to this procedure has evolved, and we have integrated a number of new modifications that are presented later here. METHODS: A report of three illustrative cases is given. RESULTS: Three cases are presented that illustrate some new modifications to the purse-string closure. CONCLUSION: The purse-string closure, which uses circumferential tissue advancement, can be used to close a wide range of surgical wounds. This method also frequently offers the advantage of an excellent cosmetic outcome.     

Multiple Graft Bile Ducts Do Not Affect the Postoperative Outcomes of Right Lobe Living Donor Liver Transplantation

Multiple graft duct openings are associated with a high incidence of biliary complications (BCs), and biliary reconstruction for multiple graft bile ducts (BDs) remains a surgical challenge during living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). In particular, biliary reconstruction using “high biliary radicals (HBR)” of recipients for multiple graft BDs has a high probability of BCs. Herein, we analyzed outcomes by retrospectively reviewing 283 patients who underwent right lobe LDLT from January 2013 to September 2019. In total, 112 LDLT procedures using grafts with multiple BDs have been performed under our policies. In recent cases with 2 orifices located on the same hilar plate, we did dunking with a mucosal eversion technique instead of ductoplasty. When 2 orifices are located far apart on different hilar plates, we attempted to perform separate duct-to-duct anastomosis (DDA) using HBR of the recipient instead of hepaticojejunostomy. Among patients with multiple graft BDs, 20 underwent ductoplasty, 50 were treated using dunking with mucosal eversion technique, and 40 underwent separate DDA using HBR (HBR group). The incidence rates of biliary leakage and stricture were 8.9% and 10.7% in the multiple BD group, respectively, congruent with the outcomes of the single BD group. In subgroup analysis, we compared clinical outcomes between the HBR and single BD groups; the incidence of BCs in the HBR group was 15.0%, comparable to that of the single BD group. In conclusion, multiple graft BDs do not negatively impact the BC rate compared with single-graft BD when applying our technique to prevent BCs.     

When the Donor Surprises You: A Case Report

The possibility of transplanting a graft from a cadaveric donor with unknown membranous nephropathy (MN) has been described in the literature. We present the case of 2 patients who received their first kidney transplant (KT) from a 27-year-old male donor with no relevant medical history. The first recipient was a 50-year-old man with stage 5 chronic kidney disease secondary to diabetic kidney disease. Two biopsies were performed; the first was performed on day +9 because of impaired renal function coinciding with high levels of tacrolimus, and vacuolization of the arteriolar walls was observed with no other findings; the second was performed on day +13 because of creatinine stagnation, and methenamine silver staining showed multiple cavities and isolated spikes. Immunofluorescence revealed contiguous granular positivity in capillary walls for IgG and C4d, and immunohistochemistry showed contiguous parietal positivity for IgG4, compatible with donor membranous glomerulopathy. Anti–phospholipase-2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies were negative. The second-year biopsy showed persistence of stage 1 MN, without proteinuria. The second recipient was a 38-year-old man with hypertension and unknown stage 5 chronic kidney disease who experienced immediate kidney function post-KT. In the protocol kidney biopsy 3 months post-KT, data consistent with stage 1 membranous glomerulopathy were also observed. Anti-PLA2R antibodies were negative, and proteinuria did not increase. The second-year protocol biopsy showed no MN data.     

Thrombosis Confined to the Portal Vein Is Not a Contraindication for Living Donor Liver Transplantation

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of agreement regarding preexisting portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We report the results of a single-center study to determine the impact of PVT on outcomes of adult LDLT recipients. METHODS: Of 133 cases of adult LDLT performed between January 2000 and December 2004, a thrombectomy was performed on 22 patients (16.5%) with PVT during the transplant procedure. One hundred eleven patients without PVT (group 1) were compared with those with a thrombosis confined to the portal vein (group 2; n = 15) and patients with the thrombosis beyond the portal vein (group 3; n = 7). RESULTS: The sensitivities of Doppler ultrasound and CT in detecting PVT were 50 and 63.6%. A prior history of variceal bleeding (OR = 10.6, p = 0.002) and surgical shunt surgery (OR = 28.1, p = 0.044) were found to be an independent risk factors for PVT. The rate of postoperative PVT was significantly higher in patients with PVT than in those without (18.2 vs. 2.7%; p = 0.014). In particular, the rethrombosis rate in group 3 was 28.6%. The actuarial 3-year patient survival rate in PVT patients (73.6%) was similar to that of the non-PVT patients (85.3%; p = 0.351). However, the actuarial 3-year patient survival rate in group 3 was 38.1%, which was significantly lower than that in groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: A thrombosis confined to the portal vein per se should not be considered a contraindication for LDLT.