手术治疗肛管后深间隙的肛周脓肿和肛瘘

为探讨手术治疗肛管后深间隙的肛周脓肿和肛瘘的疗效,选择肛尾韧带外侧缘为切口,切开肛管后深间隙处的脓肿或瘘管,彻底处理好内口,支管采用挂浮线的方法处理,保护好肛尾韧带,以免造成术后肛门移位。临床治疗经肛管后深间隙的肛周脓肿和肛瘘47例,一次治愈45例,二次治愈2例,无肛门移位、畸形,疗效满意。     

肛门后正中切开术治疗后高位蹄铁型肛周脓肿及肛瘘50例

为探寻治疗后位高位蹄铁型肛周脓肿和肛瘘的有效手术方法,减少并发症,对38例后位高位蹄铁型肛周脓肿及12例后高位蹄铁型肛瘘患者采用肛门后正中切开手术治疗。结果显示,38例肛周脓肿和12例高位肛瘘全部治愈,术后肛门外观平整,无畸形,肛门功能良好。结果表明,肛门后正中位切开手术治疗高位蹄铁型肛周脓肿和肛瘘,手术操作简单,手术时间短,术中寻找内口容易,患者痛苦小,愈合后瘢痕小,肛门功能好,疗效可靠。     

经直肠超声联合高频超声在肛周脓肿和肛瘘诊断中的价值

为探讨经直肠超声联合高频超声（简称联合超声）在肛周脓肿、肛瘘诊断中的价值,回顾术前行联合超声检查的肛周脓肿（72例）和肛瘘（48例）患者资料,将联合超声检查结果与手术结果进行对比分析。结果显示,联合超声诊断肛周脓肿、肛瘘显示内口的敏感度分别为97．2％（70／72）和86．7％（52／60）,阳性预测值分别为100％和94．5％（52／55）;联合超声诊断单纯性、复杂性肛瘘的敏感度分别为90．3％（28／31）和70．6％（12／17）,阳性预测值分别为96．6％（28／29）和92．3％（12／13）。结果表明,联合超声对肛周脓肿的诊断、肛瘘内口及瘘管数目和位置的显示具有很高的临床价值。     

肛门直肠周围脓肿110例诊治分析

目的总结肛门直肠周围脓肿的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析肛门直肠周围脓肿110例,根据肛门直肠周围脓肿类型采用单纯切开引流术、切开引流加挂线术与一次性切开根治术治疗,其中单纯脓腔者分别为5例、5例、22例;多个脓腔者分别为3例、7例、50例,高位脓腔者分别为2例、4例和12例。结果术后各组恢复顺利,无严重并发症。单纯切开引流组、切开引流加挂线组及一次性切开根治术组的肛门瘘管形成率在单个脓腔患者中分别为20.0%(1/5),20.0%(1/5)和4.5%(1/22);在多个脓腔患者中的66.7%(2/3),28.6%(2/7)和2.0%(1/50);在高位脓腔组为100.0%(2/2),0和8.3%(1/12)。以上肛门瘘管形成者均进行了二次瘘管切除手术。均获随访,时间6~12个月。本组110例均无脓肿复发。肛门功能评价:单个脓肿和多个脓腔分别有1例和6例患者出现肛门畸形,肛周有便污,有排便感不易控制的情况。高位脓腔出现上述情况4例,出现肛门失禁1例。结论肛门直肠周围脓肿在切开引流术后肛瘘发生率高,尤其是高位脓肿,为减少肛门瘘管的发生,寻找潜在的内口是关键,同时要根据不同的肛门直肠周围脓肿类型选择相应手术方式,一次性切开根治术是可行的,可以减少二次手术的痛苦,同时也减轻患者的经济负担。     

Mastitis,a Radiographic,Clinical, and Histopathologic Review

Mastitis is a benign inflammatory process of the breast with heterogeneous histopathological findings, which clinically and radiographically may mimic a mammary carcinoma. We undertook a retrospective study on 37 cases of mastitis in our institution to correlate the radiographic imaging features and the clinical presentation with the histopathological findings. Histologically, there were 21 granulomatous, 7 fibrous, 3 plasma cell, 3 lupus, 2 lymphocytic, and 1 case of acute mastitis. Radiographically, 16/25 (64%) patients with ultrasound studies showed irregular hypoechoic masses suspicious for malignancy. Clinically, 38% of patients had an associated systemic disease.     

Granulomatous Mastitis: Clinical,Pathological Features,and Management

Abstract: This clinical study was conducted to present clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of Granulomatous Mastitis (GM) and evaluate the result of surgical and steroid treatment. Sixteen cases diagnosed histologically as GM were reviewed. Patient characteristics, clinical presentation, radiologic imaging, microbiologic, histopathologic assessment, treatment modalities, recurrence, morbidity, and follow‐up data were analyzed. Majority of the patients were child bearing age and all of the patients had a history of breast feeding. Radiologic findings were nonspecific. Histopathology showed the characteristic distribution of granulomatous inflammation in all cases. In 12 cases, surgical excision of the lesion with negative margins was performed. Four cases required quadranectomy because of wideness of the disease. Three patients who had local reoccurrence and three resistant patients were treated by oral prednisone after surgical attempt. Complete remission was obtained and no further recurrence was observed in this patients. GM predominantly occurs in premenopausal women and the clinical symptoms might be misjudged as breast cancer. Histopathologic examination remains the gold standard for the diagnosis. Wide excision of the lesions is the recommended therapy and we suggest steroid therapy in resistant or recurrent disease following the idea that the disease has an autoimmune component.     

Mammary duct fistulae: classification and management

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to review the management of mammary duct fistulae and propose a classification that could be useful in planning the management of mammary duct fistulae. METHODS: Sixteen women presented with a mammary duct fistula, two of whom had two fistulae. The data analysed included age, smoking habit, previous abscesses, nipple abnormalities, imaging, culture, operative technique and histopathological findings. RESULTS: The average follow up was 28 months, the mean age was 36.5 years and two women were heavy smokers. Nipple abnormalities were found in five (32%) patients, the average number of abscesses before the presentation was 1.8 and Staphylococcus coagulase negative predominated the culture. Eleven (69%) patients underwent total excision of the ductal system and fistulous tract using a technique modified by the author. Five patients were offered conservative treatment; however, one of the patients refused surgical treatment, but was still followed up in the present study. Histopathological results revealed periductal mastitis in 10 patients, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in five patients and tuberculous mastitis in one patient. CONCLUSION: Deep mammary duct fistulae are directly related to a diseased ductal system and should be differentiated from superficial fistulae, which result from the infection of the subepidermal mammary glands. Deep fistulae that result from periductal mastitis should be treated by total excision of the ductal system in conjunction with the fistulous tract under antibiotics to ensure the lowest rate of recurrence. The technique used in the present study resulted in negligible morbidity and good cosmetic appearance. A trial of conservative treatment should be recommended for fistulae resulting from idiopathic granulomatous mastitis; however, further studies are required to establish the best treatment.     

Surgical management of recurrent subareolar breast abscesses: Mayo Clinic experience

BACKGROUND: Recurrent subareolar abscess is an uncommon condition of the breast. The disease process often is managed inadequately by repeated courses of antibiotics and/or incision and drainage procedures that temporarily may relieve the abscess collection but fails to correct the primary inciting process. Repeated surgical procedures may lead to multiple scars, nipple and breast distortion without cure of the problem, or even to mastectomy. METHODS: We report a retrospective review of patients who have been treated surgically with this condition at a single institution from 1993 to 2005. RESULTS: Successful definitive treatment of retroareolar abscesses necessitates excision of the central nipple, including the obstructed ducts. CONCLUSIONS: This technique achieves a cure rate of 91% and an overall 95% satisfaction rate in the cosmetic outcome of the nipple.     

狭长U形槽状切口在坐骨直肠间隙脓肿和坐骨直肠间隙肛瘘手术中的应用价值

为探讨狭长U形槽状切口在坐骨直肠间隙脓肿和坐骨直肠间隙肛瘘手术中的应用价值,回顾分析采用常规底小口大切口手术（对照组,205例）和狭长U形槽状切口手术（治疗组,232例）治疗的脓肿及肛瘘患者资料,对比分析两种切口对创面愈合的影响。结果显示,两组患者均痊愈出院。治疗组平均创面愈合时间（22．4d）明显短于对照组（27．7d）,P〈0．05。随访半年以上,治疗组创口无异常;对照组21例（10．2％）创口表层组织颜色变黑,7例（3．4％）创口愈合后又自行坏死溃烂。结果表明,狭长U形槽状切口有利于切口较深的坐骨直肠间隙脓肿和坐骨直肠间隙肛瘘的痊愈;     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石致胆囊肠道内瘘17例报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石致胆囊肠道内瘘的疗效。方法2008年1月～2013年6月,行腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊结石致胆囊肠道内瘘17例,均在腹腔镜下切除胆囊和瘘管,肠道瘘口腔镜下单纯修补为主,其中1例因胆囊十二指肠瘘口较大,行十二指肠瘘口T管引流术。对合并胆总管结石的6例,均在胆道镜取石后行一期缝合或T管引流术。结果胆囊肠道内瘘的类型：单纯胆囊十二指肠瘘8例,胆囊胃瘘1例,胆囊横结肠瘘1例,胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆囊横结肠瘘1例,胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆总管结石5例,胆囊十二指肠瘘合并胆囊横结肠瘘、胆总管结石1例。手术时间50～150 min,平均95 min。术中出血量20～240 ml,平均55 ml。17例术后随访7～12个月,平均11个月,无肠漏、胆漏、胆道感染及肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论重视胆囊肠道内瘘患者的术前诊断和准备,术中仔细解剖操作,胆囊肠道内瘘腹腔镜下手术处理安全有效。     

Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Following Drug-Induced Galactorrhea and Blunt Trauma

Abstract: We report a single case of chronic granulomatous lobular mastitis following metoclopramide-related galactorrhea and a blunt trauma in a young parous woman who underwent two conservative operations before becoming symptom-free. We have found only two other literature cases associated with hyperprolactinemia, and our case could be another of this etiologic group. The absence of well-formed granulomas in the first histology specimen in the present case was misleading; it was reinterpreted as granulomatous mastitis only after the second specimen was examined. Reinterpretation was based on the lobular distribution of a lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate (nonspecific chronic lobulitis) and the presence of epithelioid cell sheets and neutrophils in the absence of well-formed granulomas. The case lends further support to the theory of a local immune response initiated by the secreted material or by one of its components in the formation of granulomas. However, contributory factors such as the trauma in this case (a blow from a shovel handle) or systemic disease in others may play a role in the development of the disease, which in some instances may represent a pattern of tissue reactions to different noxious agents.     

Retroperitoneal Abscess Resulting from Perforated Acute Appendicitis: Analysis of Its Management and Outcome

BACKGROUND: Acute appendicitis may become life threatening if it is complicated by retroperitoneal abscess. To the best of our knowledge, only case reports have been documented; thus, we analyzed the published experiences and reviewed this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In addition to two patients treated at our institution, a PubMed search identified 22 cases of acute appendicitis, complicated by retroperitoneal abscess, reported by 18 authors between 1955 and 2005. The patients' characteristics, onset of symptoms, timing and methods of diagnosis and management, and outcome are reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Most of the patients were adults (21/24, 87.5%), of whom seven were older than 65 years. None of the patients presented with the classical symptoms of acute appendicitis at the onset of the disease, and less than half (9/24) reported abdominal pain. The average interval between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 16 days, and the most effective diagnostic tool was computed tomography. Pathogens were usually polymicrobial, and appendectomy followed by adequate drainage of the abscess was the best treatment. The mortality rate was 16.7% (4/24), and all deaths were caused by profound sepsis. According to the available data, the average hospital stay was 27.3 days for the survivors. CONCLUSION: The formation of complicated retroperitoneal abscesses involving thigh, psoas muscle, perinephric space, or even the lateral abdominal wall is a serious complication of perforated acute appendicitis. An intra-abdominal pathological abnormality cannot be excluded in a patient presenting without abdominal symptoms. The mortality rate can only be reduced by a high index of suspicion, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment.     

Radiation-Induced Rectal Cancer Originating from a Rectocutaneous Fistula: Report of a Case

This report describes a patient with radiation-induced rectal cancer with an unusual history. A 51-year-old man was admitted in 2000 because of ichorrhea of the skin on the left loin. The patient had received irradiation for a suspicious diagnosis of a malignant tumor in the pelvic cavity in 1975. A subcutaneous abscess in the right loin appeared in 1989, and rectocutaneous fistula was noted in 1992. Moreover, radiation-induced rectal cancer developed in 2000. Plain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis demonstrated a presacral mass and tumor in the rectum. Finally, we diagnosed the presacral mass to be an abscess attached to the center of the rectal cancer. The rectum was resected by Miles operation and a colostomy of the sigmoid colon was also performed. Many cases of radiation-induced rectal cancer have been reported. However, this is a rare case of radiation-induced rectal cancer originating from a presacral abscess and rectocutaneous fistula.     

Herpes Mastitis: Diagnosis and Management

Herpetic lesions most frequently occur on oral and genital areas. However, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be a rare cause of breast infection. In few published articles, the route of transmission is predominantly from infant to mother. We report two cases about simultaneous mammary and extramammary (oral and genital) herpetic infection in nonlactating women. In both cases, HSV breast lesions were acquired by sexual contacts with partners who were asymptomatic HSV carriers. Through a review of literature, we highlight clinical signs for an early diagnosis. We also emphasize the advantage of the valacyclovir for treating this uncommon pathology.     

Laparoscopic Management of Recurrent Vesicovaginal Fistula

Vesicovaginal fistula repair is most commonly undertaken via a transvaginal approach. We report a recurrent case of vesicovaginal fistula which was ultimately repaired using a laparoscopic approach. The fistula followed a hysterectomy and persisted despite two operations using the Latzko partial colpocleisis and prolonged catheterization. The fistulous tract was ultimately repaired by closing the vagina and bladder with an interposing omental flap utilizing a laparoscopic approach.     

Percutaneous Drainge and Ileocolectomy for Spontaneous Intraabdominal Abscess in Crohn’s Disease

Background Historical studies have shown that percutaneous drainage alone for intraabdominal abscess secondary to Crohn’s disease is successful in avoiding surgery in only approximately 50% of patients. Failure, however, can require urgent surgery and is then associated with increased morbidity, extended hospital stays, and increased risk for stoma creation. Because of this, our current protocol is initial percutaneous drainage of the abscess, 5–7 days of broad spectrum IV antibiotics with simultaneous high-dose steroids and hyperalimentation, followed by planned one stage resection with primary anastomosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the success of this protocol with regard to length of stay, complications associated with the protocol, and its ability to avoid stoma creation. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all Crohn’s disease patients with intraabdominal abscess who underwent the above protocol from 1992 to the present. Results Nineteen patients (11 male) were identified. Sixteen underwent ileocolectomy with primary anastomosis while only three patients required an upstream diverting ileostomy in addition to resection due to incompletely drained abscesses. The mean length of hospital stay was 13.9 ± 0.6 days including 6.4 ± 0.4 postoperative days. Four patients had post-op complications that did not require surgery (two self-limited anastomotic bleeds, one wound infection, and one pelvic abscess treated with a percutaneous drain). One patient needed reoperation for a small bowel obstruction. Conclusions Crohn’s disease patients with intraabdominal abscess can safely undergo planned resection with primary anastomosis if initially treated with successful percutaneous drainage and aggressive antibiotic and steroid management. Such a protocol provides a standard of care against which nonsurgical management can be compared and judged. Presented at the Tripartite Colorectal Meeting, July 5–7, 2005, Dublin Ireland     

Anal adenocarcinoma complicating chronic Crohn’s disease

IntroductionColorectal adenocarcinoma and Crohn’s disease are known to be associated entities. However, a carcinoma arising within a chronic perianal fistulous tract in a patient with Crohn’s disease is a rare complication.Presentation of caseWe present a case of a 40-year-old male patient with a long-standing perianal Crohn’s disease who developed an anal mucinous adenocarcinoma within the fistulous tracts.DiscussionAlthough, Crohn’s disease and colorectal carcinoma association is well established, few cases have been reported where the cancer has originated within a perianal fistula. Constant mucosal regeneration occurring within a fistula seems to be the predominant pathogenetic mechanism, while immunosuppressants and anti-TNF agents may also contribute to the malignant transformation. Unfortunately, the lack of suspicion and the inadequate physical examination or colonoscopy due to exacerbation of the perianal symptoms could lead to delayed diagnosis; and thus, a poor prognosis.ConclusionAlbeit a rare complication, clinicians should maintain a high degree of vigilance about the possible development of adenocarcinoma in patients with long-standing perianal Crohn’s disease. Thus, these patients should be kept under regular surveillance with examination under anaesthesia and biopsies or curettage of the tracts.