创伤后脊髓空洞症的MRI表现及诊断标准的探讨

目的：分析创伤后脊髓空洞症的MRI表现及其形成机制，并探讨了诊断标准。方法：10例脊髓创伤后2．11年的发生脊髓空洞症病例，平均年龄41岁。临床资料和MRI资料齐全。用Frankel脊髓功能分级法记录临床表现．MRI重点观察脊髓及其空洞的形态和信号特征。结果：10例创伤后脊髓空洞症患累及脊髓颈段2例，脑干与脊髓颈段交界4例，脑干2例，圆锥2例，空洞始于脊髓受压明显处，延及长度2到13个脊髓节段不等，空洞均位于脊髓中央：T1加权像上6例表现为串珠样边缘，其内呈脑脊液样低信号；T2加权像上空洞段脊髓增粗或萎缩，呈均匀或不均匀高信号，空洞周边脊髓呈片状高信号。结论：MRI能反映创伤后脊髓空洞症的特点及其形成的可能机制，其影像学变化特征可列入诊断标准。创伤后脊髓空洞症的形成与脊髓持续受压有一定关系，而与临床症状关系不大，     

Can neck swelling lead to spinal cord compression?

Spinal cord compression (SCC) caused by cervical spinal canal invasion of a pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma metastasis has never been reported previously. A 59-year-old man, with a history of pulmonary carcinosarcoma, developed over several weeks important neck swelling. Admitted to our division with severe tetraparesis he underwent a cervical spine computed tomography scan that showed a large cervical mass measuring 11 cm × 27 cm × 17 cm with SCC, extending from the occiput to C7. Emergency spinal cord decompression was performed leading to minor neurological improvement. Poor outcome was due to the unusual clinical sign that led to late diagnosis and treatment.     

创伤后脊髓空洞症的MRI诊断

目的分析创伤后脊髓空洞症的MRI表现及其形成机制。方法回顾性分析31例脊髓损伤后发生脊髓空洞症病例,MRI重点观察脊髓及其空洞的形态和信号特征。结果31例患者累及脊髓颈段11例、颈胸段6例、胸段4例、胸腰段5例、全脊髓5例、延髓5例、脑桥1例。T₁加权像为脑脊液样低信号;₂加权像呈均匀或不均匀高信号。23例患者可见脊髓、蛛网膜、硬脊膜粘连、外伤后栓系改变。结论MRI不但能反映创伤后脊髓空洞症的特点,还能描述蛛网膜硬脊膜粘连范围、程度,对指导手术有益。     

Focal spinal arachnoiditis increases subarachnoid space pressure: a computational study

BACKGROUND: Enlarging fluid filled cystic cavitations form within the spinal cord in up to 28% of spinal cord injured patients. These post-traumatic syrinxes can cause neurological deterioration and current treatment results are unsatisfactory. Localized scar tissue (arachnoiditis) within the subarachnoid space at the level of injury has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of syrinx formation. This study tests the hypothesis that pressure pulses in the subarachnoid space are accentuated adjacent to regions of arachnoiditis, which may drive fluid into the spinal cord and contribute to syrinx formation. METHODS: An axisymmetric, cylindrical computational fluid dynamics model was developed to represent the subarachnoid space under normal physiological conditions and in the presence of arachnoiditis. Cerebrospinal fluid flow into the model was estimated from magnetic resonance imaging flow studies. Arachnoiditis was modelled as a porous obstruction in the subarachnoid space. FINDINGS: Peak fluid pressures were higher above the obstruction than in the absence of obstruction. The peak pressures were strongly dependent on the permeability of the obstruction. INTERPRETATION: Elevations in subarachnoid space pressures due to arachnoiditis may facilitate fluid flow into the spinal cord, enhancing syrinx formation. This suggests that it may be worthwhile to investigate strategies that inhibit arachnoiditis or minimize systolic pressure peaks for treating or preventing syringomyelia.     

脊髓空洞的MRI诊断与鉴别诊断

目的分析18例各种原因所致脊髓空洞的MRI表现及鉴别诊断。方法18例脊髓空洞病例，全部病例经手术或治疗随访证实。MRI重点观察脊髓及其空洞的形态和信号特征。结果18例脊髓空洞中，脊髓肿瘤性空洞7例、Chiari畸形所致5例、创伤后空洞4例、自发性脊髓空洞2例；空洞累及颈或胸髓，空洞均位于脊髓中央管，范围从2～13个脊髓节段不等，空洞内信号变化同脑脊液。但不同原因的空洞又有各自不同的合并症或特点。结论脊髓空洞主要由于脊髓肿瘤、Chiari畸形、创伤、自发性脊髓空洞等引起，不同病因空洞的MRI表现各不相同，据此可进行鉴别诊断。     

单纯性脊髓空洞分流术远期临床疗效分析

目的 单纯性脊髓空洞症患者行脊髓空洞胸腔分流（SPS）和脊髓空洞蛛网膜下腔分流（SSS）手术方式的临床疗效评价.方法 脊髓空洞症患者28例,其中行SPS 18例,SSS 10例,对其疗效进行评价.结果 所有患者术后3个月左右复查MRI检查脊髓空洞腔明显缩小;术后早期（48 h内）9例SPS术式患者、4例SSS患者在术后早期MRI均显示空洞范围缩小,SPS术式病例中感觉症状改善15例（83.3％）,无明显改善1例（5.5％）,加重或其他部位出现感觉异常1例（5.5％）,患侧感觉改善健侧出现感觉异常1例（5.5％）;SSS术式病例中感觉症状改善8例（80.0％）,无明显改善1例（10.0％）,加重或其他部位出现感觉异常1例（10.0％）.SPS术式术后4例患者出现少量气胸,肺压缩比均小于5％,均未行手术干预处理.所有患者均未出现分流管堵塞、感染和胸腔积液等症状.结论 单纯性脊髓空洞症伴有症状患者适合行空洞分流手术,相对于蛛网膜下腔分流,我们认为胸腔分流有一定的优势,但是需要长期的大宗手术病例随访资料证实.     

枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症

目的 回顾性分析枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的疗效.方法 采用枕大池成形术(后颅凹减压+硬脑膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除+蛛网膜粘连松解)治疗17例Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症患者.对其近期疗效和远期疗效进行总结.结果 近期疗效:17例患者术后临床症状消失或改善15例(有效率为90%),MRI检查提示下疝扁桃体消失,脊髓空洞缩小.远期疗效:MRI检查提示枕大池成形,脊髓空洞消失或明显变细,脊髓蛛网膜下腔增宽.治疗有效12例(有效率70%).结论 枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症效果满意,是一种较为合理的治疗方法.     

Unilateral neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder secondary to syringomyelia: Diagnostic challenges

Neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder is a rare disorder characterized by joint degeneration, and is associated with loss of sensory innervation. Syringomyelia is a disease in which fluid-containing cavities(syrinxes) form within the spinal cord. Here, we report a case of neuropathic arthropathy of the shoulder secondary to syringomyelia in a 40-year-old woman. X-rays of the left shoulder revealed damage to bone and joint architecture. Blood tests indicated vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine showed a large syrinx from the second cervical spine to the second dorsal spine. Although neuropathic arthropathy is uncommon, it should be considered in cases of unexplained pain, discomfort, or limited range of motion of the affected joint. Symptoms related to the affected joint may precede or overshadow neurological deficits. Appropriate radiological examinations and diagnoses are imperative to prevent misdiagnosis or undetected bone and joint disorders.     

开门式椎板切除空洞分流术治疗脊髓空洞症合并脊髓型颈椎病

目的 探讨颈椎后路开门式椎板切除减压、空洞蛛网膜下腔分流术治疗脊髓空洞症合并脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。方法 对11例脊髓空洞症合并脊髓型颈椎病患者采取颈椎后路开门式椎板切除减压、空洞蛛网膜下腔分流术进行治疗。结果 经1-5年，平均2．5年随访，本组11例患者肢体功能均有不同程度的恢复。结论 颈椎后路开门式椎板切除、空洞蛛网膜下腔分流术是治疗脊髓空洞症合并脊髓型颈椎病的有效方法。     

颈椎病患者MRI T2WI髓内有高信号与无高信号的比较研究

目的 探讨颈椎病患者MRI T2WI（T2加权像）髓内高信号产生的原因及共临床意义。方法 颈椎病患者MRI检查中，随机抽取T2WI髓内高信号和无高信号的各50例，对其主诉，症状，体征，MRI的表现进行比较。结果 MRI T2WI颈脊髓内高信号的患者以老年人居多，其主诉，症状和体征多符合脊髓现的诊断。结论 MRI T2WI髓内高信号的产生可能与脊髓前动脉受压有关，此类患者临床症状重，必须引起高度重视。     

磁共振成像对实验性脊髓空洞症演变动态观察的有用性评价

目的 探讨MRI对实验性脊髓空洞症动态观察和组织学结果的一致性，为MRI能够动态反映SM演变提供依据。方法 取新西兰白兔32只，其中Kaolin组（16只），经皮枕大池穿刺注入高岭土（Kaolin），生理盐水组和假手术组（各8只）作对照。术后定期行MRI扫描并与光镜组织学观察结果对比。结果 2周时，MRI发现上颈髓呈现水肿、缺血变化。4-6周，90%的动物形成空洞。空洞随观察时间延长而增大，累及节段增多。组织学和MRI发现一致。结论 MRI结果与组织学发现一致，能够无创、恰当地动态观察实验性脊髓空洞症的演变过程。     

MRI观察成人无骨折、脱位型颈髓损伤

目的 分析成人无骨折、脱位颈椎外伤合并颈脊髓损伤的MR表现及其临床意义.方法 收集该病患者38例,入院时均行颈椎X线、CT及MR检查,其中男32例,女6例,年龄24～62岁,平均(42.0±0.4)岁.结果 本组病例X线、CT及MR检查均未见颈椎骨折及脱位.脊髓MRI信号改变包括脊髓信号无改变4例,髓内水肿30例,髓内出血9例,脊髓软化或囊性变4例以及增强后有强化13例.其他MRI表现包括颈椎后纵韧带骨化或颈椎间盘退变或损伤后突出等,为脊髓受压迫的原因.结论 MRI可为无骨折、脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者的诊断与正确治疗提供依据.MRI无信号改变或仅有水肿表现者预后较好,髓内出血或者异常强化者预后较差.     

显著椎间盘退变的脊髓型颈椎病的方式选择

目的：探讨椎间盘显著退变与脊髓型颈椎病节段性不稳的关系及其对手术方式选择的意义。方法：回顾性分析42例椎间盘显著退变的脊髓型颈椎病的术前动态X片和MRI，了解颈椎不稳和脊髓压迫的相关因素，随访观察前路和后路手术的治疗效果。结果：显著退变椎间盘的上方相邻椎体不稳率71.4％，明显狭窄椎间隙及上方相邻椎间隙处常存在明显的脊髓压迫。前路减压植骨融合固定术或后路双开门椎板成形术的神经功能恢复率分别为60．8％和57．1％，优良率分别为88．5％和81．3％。结论：显著退变椎间盘的上方相邻椎体有失稳倾向，脊髓压迫存在静态和动态压迫因素，手术应采用前路多节段减压融合固定或后路椎板扩大成形术。     

脊髓空洞合并Chiari畸形的显微手术治疗

目的　探讨手术治疗脊髓空洞症合并Chiari畸形的新方法。方法　对 6例脊髓空洞症合并Chiari畸形的病人 ,采用枕大孔减压 ,脊髓背根处切开 ,空洞蛛网膜下腔分流术进行治疗。结果　术后感觉障碍均减轻 ,运动改善 2例 ,双手不能伸直僵硬者改善明显 ,无新增加的神经系统阳性体征 ,有 4例术后复查MR示空洞明显缩小。结论　经脊髓背根处切开 ,空洞蛛网膜下腔分流对脊髓损伤小 ,术后并发症少 ,枕大孔区骨性及软组织充分减压后多不需切开硬膜 ,术后病人反应小 ,恢复快。应用半环形硅胶管分流具有价廉、取材方便、无分流管梗阻等优点 ,近期效果良好。     

适合MRI研究的羊颈髓压迫损伤模型的制作

目的 探讨建立一种新的适合MRI研究的羊颈髓压迫损伤模型.方法 健康山羊10只,体重20～25 kg,随机分为实验组和对照组.手术显露左侧颈2-3椎间孔,将自制的导管球囊通过椎间孔插入硬膜外腔,达颈2-3椎间盘水平.实验组术后第10天经导管缓慢注射生理盐水0.2 ml使球囊膨胀.持续压迫40天.对照组不注水.利用MR、运动功能评分和病理学检查对模型进行评价.结果 置入的球囊位于脊髓的左前方.球囊未注水时,球囊所在部位蛛网膜下腔变窄,脊髓没有明显受压.注水0.2 ml后,球囊呈椭圆形,脊髓受压变扁.所有MR图像显示清楚,没有明显伪影.实验组运动功能评分下降,病理学检查示神经细胞和神经纤维肿胀、变性、坏死.结论 采用经颈椎椎间孔置入导管球囊制作羊颈髓压迫损伤模型,压迫程度、压迫速度和持续时间可控,保留了椎管的完整性,能获得较满意的MR图像.     

超顺磁性氧化铁标记骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗兔脊髓损伤的磁共振活体示踪

目的通过蛛网膜下腔置管,将超顺磁性氧化铁(SPIO)标记后的骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植入兔脊髓损伤模型,观察脊髓损伤MR活体示踪移植细胞的可行性。方法制作兔SCI模型,并在蛛网膜下腔置管以备移植。将实验用大白兔随机分为三组:A组为移植SPIO标记细胞;B组为移植未标记细胞;C组不移植细胞只注射PBS液做对照组。在细胞移植后3d、7d、14d、21d,进行MR活体示踪,并做病理学检测进行对照。结果 SPIO标记的MSCs移植入脊髓损伤模型后7d,MR扫描的T2WI上脊髓损伤区域出现点状低信号影;14d后T2WI上脊髓损伤区域的点状低信号影增多,21d后T2WI上脊髓损伤区域的点状低信号影减少。脊髓损伤区域组织切片行普鲁士蓝染色,发现局部组织上出现大量含蓝色铁颗粒的细胞,其细胞变化规律与MR示踪结果一致。结论蛛网膜下腔移植的SPIO标记MSCs可定向迁移到脊髓损伤区域,利用MR可对移植细胞进行活体示踪。     

Endovascular coil embolization of a spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula with associated cord compression from an enlarging venous varix

Spinal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) completely isolated to the epidural compartment are exceedingly rare. As such, the optimal management of these lesions is poorly defined. The aim of this technical note is to describe our endovascular technique for the occlusion of a purely epidural AVF of the thoracic spine associated with cord compression from an associated enlarging venous varix. A 40-year-old male presented with severe right-sided back pain and anterior thigh numbness after a sports-related back injury six months previously. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an enhancing, extradural mass lesion at T12. Spinal angiography revealed an epidural AVF supplied by a radicular branch of the right T12 subcostal artery and draining into the paravertebral lumbar veins, as well as an adjacent 20 × 13 mm² contrast-filling sac, compatible with a dilated venous varix. There was no evidence of intradural venous drainage. We elected to proceed with endovascular treatment of the lesion. At the time of embolization five days later, the venous varix had enlarged to 26 × 16 mm². The T12 epidural AVF was completely occluded with two coils, without residual or recurrent AVF on follow-up angiography one month later. The patient made a full recovery, and complete resolution of the venous varix and cord compression were noted on MRI at three months follow-up. Endovascular coil embolization can be successfully employed for the treatment of appropriately selected spinal epidural AVFs. Cord compression from an enlarging venous varix can be treated concurrently with endovascular occlusion of an associated spinal epidural AVF.     

脊髓栓系综合征MRI表现

目的探讨脊髓栓系综合征的MRI影像表现特征。方法回顾性分析14例脊髓栓系综合征患者的MRI影像资料。结果14例MRI均明确诊断为脊髓栓系综合征;腰椎生理曲度正常7例,生理曲度变浅3例,生理曲度明显加深4例;患者均有脊髓位置下降;终丝横径正常者l例,余13例终丝横径均增粗;12例终丝内可见短T1长T2异常信号,2例终丝信号正常;14例患者中合并脊柱裂2例,双脊髓1例,脊髓空洞2例,骶管囊肿2例,中央管扩张1例,骶管裂1例;脊膜膨出2例,脂肪脊髓脊膜膨出12例。结论MRI对诊断脊髓栓系综合征及手术方案的制定有一定价值。     

下颈椎不稳对颈椎后纵韧带骨化症早期发病的影响

目的探讨下颈椎不稳与颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(OPLL)早期发病的关系。方法对76例OPLL患者及30例正常人行颈椎X线摄片、CT及MRI检查。在颈椎屈曲/伸展侧位片上测量全颈椎活动范围、椎体水平移位及成角程度,根据MRIT2加权像观察脊髓内高信号变化,并与临床资料对比分析。结果OPLL患者颈椎屈伸范围比正常人明显减小(P<0.01),下颈椎不稳发生率比正常人明显增高(P<0.01)。OPLL合并下颈椎不稳的患者,神经系统受损程度和脊髓受压程度不平行,产生重于影像学表现的临床症状。结论下颈椎不稳加速OPLL症的发生和发展。     

Identifying Myelopathy Caused by Thoracic Syringomyelia: A Case Report

Myelopathy is a form of neurological disease caused by compression of the spinal cord. Upper and lower quarter screens are commonly used in identifying myelopathy, although most of the screen components demonstrate poor or unstudied diagnostic value. The purpose of this case report is to describe the diagnostic process in detecting syringomyelia, an intramedullary lesion that may cause myelopathy. The patient was a 47-year-old female with a thoracic syrinx that was discovered by spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following a complicated and delayed clinical diagnostic course. Following surgical intervention and a two-week inpatient rehabilitation stay, the patient was discharged using a rolling walker for ambulation and was performing most transfers with modified independence. A complicating pattern of signs and symptoms combined with a diagnostic process guided by poorly studied screen components demonstrates the diagnostic dilemma associated with identifying the cause of myelopathy within the thoracic spine. This also indicates the need for further investigation of individual and clustered components of the neurological screen to improve the ability to identify patients in need of complete imaging studies in a more timely fashion.