泸州市老年人艾滋病相关知识态度和行为调查

目的 了解泸州市老年人(年龄≥50岁)艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为,为针对性地开展老年人艾滋病教育工作提供依据.方法 采用多阶段抽样的方法,于2019年10月至2020年1月对泸州市≥50岁老年人进行面对面问卷调查.结果 在纳入研究的老年入中,艾滋病知识总知晓率为30.9％(209/676),年龄、居住地、人均月收入、参...     

建筑工地农民工艾滋病知识知晓情况调查分析

目的了解农民工对艾滋病相关知识、态度及其行为现状,探讨其艾滋病相关知识的获得途径,为制定针对农民工的艾滋病防治策略提供科学依据。方法通过整群随机抽样方法,抽取3个建筑工地的农民工,采用自行设计的调查问卷进行一对一匿名调查;通过χ2检验等方法,分析建筑农民工关于艾滋病知识的知晓情况及希望获得艾滋病知识的途径。结果共发放调查问卷508份,获取合格问卷498份,应答率为98.03%。调查对象以男性农民工为主,年龄主要集中在19～29岁组,初中文化程度为主,艾滋病相关知识知晓率在30.12%～92.97%之间。不同年龄组、不同文化程度者艾滋病基本知识知晓率比较,差异均有统计学意义（分别为P〈0.05、P〈0.01）。希望获得艾滋病防治知识的途径中比例最高的是书刊报纸（70.14%）,其次是宣传展览（64.97%）。结论建筑农民工关于艾滋病知识掌握还不全面,需要通过多种形式在该人群中加强艾滋病防控知识的宣传教育。     

Prevalence and associated factors of behavioral intention for risk compensation following voluntary medical male circumcision among male sexually transmitted diseases patients in China

Risk compensation was an important concern of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) promotion campaigns. No study investigated risk compensation following VMMC among male sexually transmitted diseases patients (MSTDP). A cross-sectional survey interviewed 308 uncircumcised MSTDP in Shenzhen, China. 26.9% of them intended to perform at least one of the five types of risk compensation behaviors following VMMC. In the summary stepwise model, provision of incorrect response to HIV/sexually transmitted diseases knowledge items (multivariate odds ratios (ORm)?=?2.30), genital herpes infection (ORm?=?3.19), Risk Reduction Score for Unprotected Sex, and Negative Condom Attitudes Scale (ORm?=?1.13) were significantly associated with behavioral intention to perform at least one type of risk compensation behavior following VMMC. The results provided a framework for developing related interventions. Prevention of risk compensation should be an essential component of VMMC promotion for all MSTDP, irrespective of their intention for VMMC.     

Using the health belief model to explore nursing students’ relationships between COVID-19 knowledge,health beliefs,cues to action,self-efficacy,and behavioral intention: A cross-sectional survey study

Nursing educators should equip nursing students with sufficient knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19.The purpose of this study was to use the health belief model to elucidate nursing students’ relationships between knowledge about COVID-19, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention.A cross-sectional survey design was adopted and purposive sampling was utilized. A total of 361 nursing students participated in the study. Quantitative analysis was employed for all data analysis.The findings showed that the nursing students had the following mean scores on knowledge of COVID-19 9.43 [standard deviation (SD)1.19], perceived susceptibility 19.41 (SD2.68), perceived severity 20.31 (SD 4.09), perceived benefits 26.52 (SD 4.08), perceived barriers 15.17 (SD5.88), cues to action 3.30 (SD1.70), self-efficacy 17.68 (SD2.83), and behavioral intention 18.46 (SD2.33). Nursing students’ demographic background, knowledge of COVID-19, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy explained 58.1% of the variance in behavioral intention (R² = 0.581, F = 29.775, P < .001).Nursing educators can increase nursing students’ knowledge of COVID-19, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy as effective means of health promotion to improve their behavioral intention to prevent the spread of COVID-19.     

社区老年人抑郁症的相关因素及其预防与控制

目的了解社区老年人抑郁症状况及其相关因素,从而制定相应的预防与控制对策。方法选用抑郁自评量表(SDS)及自行设计的调查问卷,对上海闸北区北站街道133名社区老年人进行调查,并对其中84人进行健康教育,比较教育前后老年人对抑郁症的认知情况。结果133名老年人抑郁症的检出率为27.07%,标准分为48.65±13.42,显著高于常模41.88±10.57(P<0.01)。经Logistic回归发现:老年期抑郁的发生与其文化程度、家庭月收入、生活自理能力、有无兴趣爱好、心情抑郁时是否向人倾诉、是否去看心理医生及对抑郁症的认知有关。并发现:通过健康教育,老年人对心理健康知识、抑郁症影响因素、抑郁症的早期表现及抑郁症早期就诊益处的认识有了显著提高(P<0.01)。结论老年人抑郁症的检出率较高。加强社区健康教育,提高老人对抑郁症的认知;加强社会支持,及时宣泄不良情绪;早期就诊;提高生活自理能力,是预防和控制老年人抑郁症的重要措施。     

Ambient PM2.5 exposure exacerbates severity of allergic asthma in previously sensitized mice

Objective: Epidemiological studies have shown that elevated concentrations of ambient particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5?μm; PM2.5) correlates with increased incidence of asthma. The aim of this study was to determine whether PM2.5 participates in the exacerbation of asthma. Methods: Effects of 1, 10 and 100?μg PM2.5 instilled intratracheally in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized or asthmatic mice were compared. Results: PM2.5 exposure in the OVA-sensitized and especially asthmatic groups increased Mch responsiveness in a dose-dependent manner. In OVA-sensitized groups, exposure to 1?μg of PM2.5 caused no detectable lung inflammation, while 10 and 100?μg of PM2.5 resulted in a slightly increased trend in numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. Compared with the asthmatic control group, both 10 and 100?μg of PM2.5 provoked a significant increase in eosnophils and neutrophils whereas only 100?μg of PM2.5 noticeably enhanced lymphocytes. In asthmatic groups, administration of 100?μg of PM2.5 greatly increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and Th2-related cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, but it decreased Th1-related INF-γ. In addition, 10 and 100?μg of PM2.5 exacerbated inflammatory infiltration, goblet cell metaplasia and lung ultrastructure lesions in asthmatic mice. Conclusions: Our results suggested that acute exposure of PM2.5 could synergize with allergens in the subsequent challenge to aggravate the severity of asthma in sensitized mice, possibly by promoting a Th2-biased immune response.     

Elevation of serum endothelins and cardiotoxicity induced by particulate matter (PM2.5) in rats with acute myocardial infarction

Epidemiological studies have defined a significant positive association of acute exposure to ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with increased daily mortality and hospital admission for cardiovascular diseases. Experimental studies have shown that animals with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases are more susceptible to the cardiac effect of PM exposure. The present study was undertaken to investigate possible involvement of upregulation of the endothelin system in PM exposure-induced cardiotoxicity in rats with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to occlusion of the left coronary artery and displayed myocardial infarction 12 h after the surgery. The heart rate significantly decreased and premature ventricular complexes of the electrocardiogram occurred in the myocardial infarct animals. Exposure to PM_2.5 via intratracheal instillation with 2.0 mg in 0.3 mL normal saline significantly worsened the ventricular arrhythmia along with a further decrease in heart rate. The same PM exposure only caused slight cardiac changes in the sham-operated animals. Serum total endothelin concentrations were significantly elevated in both myocardial infarct rats and sham-operated controls in response to PM exposure. However, increased numbers of the endothelin receptor type A on the cardiomyocytes were observed only in the infarct myocardium. This study thus suggests that upregulation of the endothelin system in rats with MI is likely involved in the PM exposure-induced cardiotoxicity.     

Risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension among workers at public elderly welfare facilities in Taiwan: A cross-sectional survey

The prevalence and factors that influence prehypertension and hypertension in workers at elderly welfare facilities remain unknown. This study investigated prehypertension and hypertension as well as the relevant factors affecting the development of these conditions in workers at elderly welfare facilities.A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 242 workers at 3 elderly welfare facilities in northern Taiwan. A structured questionnaire survey comprising demographic characteristics, job characteristics, burnout inventory, and health information was employed for data collection. Chi-Squared tests and multinomial logistic regression were adopted to analyze the correlation between research variables and blood pressures as well as relevant factors influencing prehypertension and hypertension.The results indicated that sex, age, education level, type of work shift, work-related burnout, and body mass index of the research participants were significantly correlated with prehypertension and hypertension. The results of multinominal logistic regression demonstrated that being male, being older, being a nonnurse assistant, being obese, working in shifts, and having moderate or severe work-related burnout were associated with higher risks of prehypertension and hypertension. The interaction between age and being a nonnurse assistant was statistically significant. Compared with nonnurse assistants, nurse assistants aged ≥55 years had a relatively low risk of prehypertension and hypertension.Age, job characteristics, work-related burnout, and obesity of workers in elderly welfare facilities were the major risk factors for prehypertension and hypertension.     

Roles of Ambient Temperature and PM2.5 on Childhood Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis from Viral Infection

Studies have associated the human respiratory syncytial virus which causes seasonal childhood acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (CABs) with climate change and air pollution. We investigated this association using the insurance claims data of 3,965,560 children aged ≤ 12 years from Taiwan from 2006–2016. The monthly average incident CABs increased with increasing PM_2.5 levels and exhibited an inverse association with temperature. The incidence was 1.6-fold greater in January than in July (13.7/100 versus 8.81/100), declined during winter breaks (February) and summer breaks (June–August). The highest incidence was 698 cases/day at <20 °C with PM_2.5 > 37.0 μg/m³, with an adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97–1.04) compared to 568 cases/day at <20 °C with PM_2.5 < 15.0 μg/m³ (reference). The incidence at ≥30 °C decreased to 536 cases/day (aRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.85–1.06) with PM_2.5 > 37.0 μg/m³ and decreased further to 392 cases/day (aRR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.58–0.65) when PM_2.5 was <15.0 μg/m³. In conclusion, CABs infections in children were associated with lowered ambient temperatures and elevated PM_2.5 concentrations, and the high PM_2.5 levels coincided with low temperature levels. The role of temperature should be considered in the studies of association between PM_2.5 and CABs.     

武汉地区中老年常住人群代谢综合征患病率与相关因素调查

采用抽样分层横断面现场调查方法对武汉地区2600名40岁以上成人进行问卷调查及口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验。代谢综合征、糖尿病、糖耐量受损、高血压病、中心性肥胖患病率分别为12．2％、11．8％、10．3％、31．9％、48．0％。     

北京市社区老年人衰弱状况及其相关因素分析

目的了解北京市社区老年人的衰弱状况及其影响因素,为采取相应措施延缓老年人衰弱进程提供科学依据。方法2015年11月至2016年1月采用分层整群抽样方法,选取北京市东城区(原北京市崇文区)龙潭街道办事处所管辖社区的60岁及以上老年人为研究对象,以面对面询问的方式进行入户调查,应用衰弱指数(FI)评价老年人的衰弱状况,采用多元线性回归分析影响老年人衰弱的相关因素。结果共调查1557名老年人,老年人FI值中位数(四分位间距)为0.09(0.08),其中男性为0.08(0.07)、女性为0.10(0.08),女性FI值明显高于男性(Z=5.376,P=0.000),随增龄老年人FI值增大(H=329.698,P=0.000);多元线性回归结果显示,女性、增龄、生理失能越严重、过去1年住过院、近3年住过院、对目前生活状态不满意的老年人FI值相对高(β’=0.082、0.236、0.336、0.065、0.089、0.193,均P<0.05),而文化程度越高、家庭和睦、可支持和帮助的朋友数多、参加集体组织活动的频率高、定期体检及经常参加体育锻炼的老年人FI值相对低(β’=-0.049、-0.052、-0.089、-0.047、-0.045、-0.219,均P<0.05),且生理失能对FI值的影响最大,其次为年龄及是否经常参加体育锻炼。结论以FI的方法评价中国老年人的衰弱情况及特性与国外研究类似,对于评价中国老年人的衰弱情况也适用;老年人衰弱状况除与自身的生理与疾病等内在因素有关外,同时与社会、心理、行为等这些可干预因素均有关,应采取针对相关因素的综合性措施延缓老年人衰弱的进程。     

Behavioral intention to take up different types of HIV testing among men who have sex with men who were never-testers in Hong Kong

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is an important global prevention strategy but underutilized by local men who have sex with men (MSM). This study investigated the prevalence of behavioral intention to take up HIV testing (specific or any type), in the next six months among MSM who had not been tested for HIV in the last three years (never-testers) in Hong Kong. The data was based on 141 never-testers of 430 MSM who completed the anonymous baseline telephone survey of an ongoing randomized controlled trial from January 2015 to August 2015. Only 17.7% of them showed strong intention to take up any type of HIV testing in the next six months. Adjusted analysis showed that perceived benefit of HIV testing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.66), perceived psychological barriers of HIV testing (AOR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.73, 1.00), and perceived self-efficacy in taking up HIV testing (AOR: 1.28, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.52) were significantly associated with behavioral intention to take up any HIV testing. Perceived cue to action from non-governmental organization staff was positively associated with a marginal p-value of 0.077 (AOR: 2.37, 95%CI: 0.97, 5.77). It is warranted to strengthen perceived benefit, remove psychological barriers, and increase perceived self-efficacy related to HIV testing. Innovative and effective health promotions are greatly needed to increase HIV testing coverage among never-testers.     

心理社会因素对暗娼安全套使用意图的影响

目的从心理社会的角度探讨影响暗娼安全套使用意图的相关因素。方法采用横断研究问卷调查法,对广西壮族自治区某县3个区域内的454名暗娼的安全套使用意图、使用情况,以及心理社会因素对其影响进行调查和分析。结果在454名暗娼中,52.6%的暗娼有安全套使用意图,34.4%经常使用安全套。在控制相关因素后,对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染严重性和使用安全套好处的感知,能够有效预测暗娼安全套使用意图(OR 1.46,95%CI 1.03~2.04;OR 2.48,95%CI 1.32~4.64)。暗娼安全套使用习惯也能有效预测暗娼的安全套使用意图(OR 2.25,95%CI 1.80~2.82)。结论心理社会因素能够较好预测暗娼的安全套使用意图。     

Prevalence and risk factors of depression among community dwelling elderly

Depression in the elderly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of depression among community-dwelling older population in an urban setting in Turkey. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 482 elderly individuals 65 years and over in an urban area. Cluster sampling method was used for sample size. Depression in the elderly had been diagnosed by a clinical interview and Geriatric Depression Scale. Data were collected by door-to-door survey. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. P value, which was calculated by the results of chi square test and coefficient of phi (φ), below 0.05 was included in the analysis of logistic regression. Depression was significantly associated with female gender, being single or divorced, lower educational status, low income, unemployment, and lack of health insurance. However, logistic regression analysis revealed higher depression rates in the elderly with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psychiatric disease, cerebrovascular disease, low income and being dependent. Depression is common among community-dwelling older people in an urban area of Izmir, Turkey. Older adults living in community should be cautiously screened to prevent or manage depression.     

北京城乡老年人高血压与抑郁的关系

目的分析北京市城乡老年人血压与应用抑郁量表(CES-D)检测出的抑郁症状的关系。方法于2000年对一个流行病学队列研究人群2 656例老年人进行血压测量及CES-D的检查,同时进行人口学因素及慢性病情况的调查。结果2 656例老人平均收缩压为(141.16±23.88)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),平均舒张压为(80.28±12.15)mm Hg。CES-D平均得分(6.89±9.05)分。其中有抑郁症状者362例(13.6%)。收缩压≥160 mm Hg者抑郁发生率为16.9%,舒张压≥90 mm Hg者抑郁发生率为18.4%,分别显著高于收缩压<160 mm Hg者(12.8%)和舒张压<90 mm Hg者(12.2%),分层分析显示,女性、年龄<75岁、不吸烟的老人收缩压及舒张压增高者抑郁症状出现的比例增大;居住于城市、非文盲、已知有高血压史、高血压史10年以上的老人收缩压增高更易出现抑郁症状;而居住于农村、文盲、高血压史小于10年的老人舒张压增高更易出现抑郁症状。多元logistic回归分析显示,舒张压增高、慢性病史、女性、文盲、农村老人易患抑郁。结论老年人血压增高与抑郁相关。     

社区老年人负性生活事件及相关因素

目的了解社区老年人负性生活事件及相关因素,为发展老年人社区公共卫生服务提供参考。方法应用老年健康状况MDS和相关因素调查量表,采取方便抽样、集中调查和入户调查相结合的方法对社区500名≥60岁老年人进行问卷调查。结果发生率较高的负性生活事件依次为健康恶化、经济困难、难过事情、意外事件、亲友冲突、财务丢失。Logistic回归分析表明,是否与子女同住、生活态度是否乐观、与社区朋友联系频率是老年人近2年健康恶化发生的影响因素(P0.05);配偶是否同住、生活态度是否乐观影响老年人近2年经济困难的发生(P0.05);是否担心子女、经济收入满意度、与社区朋友联系频率是老年人近2年难过事情发生的影响因素(P0.05)。结论乐观的生活态度、配偶同住、每天与社区朋友联系是近2年老年人负性生活事件发生的保护因素,担心子女、每月与社区朋友交流一次、与子女同住、经济收入满意度差是近2年老年人负性生活事件发生的危险因素。社区应针对老年人负性生活事件发生的相关因素采取有效的干预措施,完善社区医疗保健,加大社会对老年人的支持,减少负性生活事件的发生,提高老年人的生活质量。     

A community survey of diabetes in the elderly.

All 98 elderly patients who were known to have diabetes on the lists of two inner-city general practices were interviewed and examined in their own homes. They were characterized in terms of their prevalence of vascular complications, metabolic control, perceived health (measured by the Nottingham Health Profile), frequency of hospital and general practice contacts and use of domiciliary 'support services' and compared to 98 control subjects with an identical age/gender distribution. Mean haemoglobin A1 in the diabetic patients was 9.9 +/- 2.5%, few of them had suffered severe hyperglycaemia (10%) or hypoglycaemia (5%) and they were little more obese than controls (mean body mass index 26.2 +/- 4.2 vs 24.6 +/- 4.1 kg m-2; 95% confidence interval for the difference 0.4-2.8; p < 0.01). All complications were more prevalent in diabetic patients and the difference was statistically significant for visual impairment, strokes, impaired mental test scores, absent vibration sense, and absent leg pulses. Cataract was more common than retinopathy as a cause of visual disability. Diabetic patients perceived their health to be much worse than controls and were more often depressed. No measure of perceived health correlated with haemoglobin A1. We conclude that care of the diabetic elderly should not be too narrowly focused on 'metabolic' goals.     

中国城市妇女AIDS知识 态度 行为情况调查

目的　了解中国城市妇女对艾滋病 (AIDS)知识、态度及行为现况 ,为制定中国妇女预防与控制AIDS的工作方针与策略提供依据。方法　随机选择 8个AIDS流行率不同的省 ,采取分层整群抽样方式 ,每省抽取 1个城市的 15～ 49岁城市妇女 10 0人 ,共计 80 0人。主要了解中国城市妇女AIDS相关知识、态度、行为的现况 ,AIDS流行及潜在的危险行为因素等。结果　有效表 792份 ( 99 0 % )。 ( 1) 90 %以上的调查对象对性交和输血途径传播AIDS有正确认识 ,而 2 0 %调查对象对母婴传播途径缺乏认识 ;近 1/ 2的调查对象对蚊虫叮咬、干吻等非传播途径存在错误认识 ;( 2 )对艾滋病病毒感染者 (HIV)是否需要隔离 ,是否应继续学习或工作 ,回答正确率仅为 2 7 1%和5 5 3 % ,表明人们对AIDS存在歧视甚至恐惧认识 ;( 3 ) 6 9%的调查对象认为少量毒品对人无危害 ;11 9%的调查对象周围有朋友吸毒 ;0 4%的调查对象明确表示吸毒 ;0 7%的调查对象有吸毒史 (其中 0 0 8%静脉吸毒 ) ;0 7%调查对象的丈夫有吸毒史 (其中 0 0 4%为静脉吸毒 ) ;( 4) 1 1%的调查对象有婚外性伴侣 ;2 5 %拒绝回答该问题 ;( 5 )有 77 7%的调查对象采取宫内节育器及结扎等避孕措施 ,仅 6 2 %调查对象每次性生活都用安全套 ;( 6) 10 8%的调查对象存在生