基于超声列线图预测甲状腺良性结节微波消融后残留

目的 观察基于超声的多因素logistic回归模型列线图预测甲状腺良性结节微波消融（MWA）后残留的价值。方法 回顾性纳入101例接受超声引导下MWA的甲状腺良性结节患者（共133个结节）,根据MWA后1个月超声造影（CEUS）所见分为残留组（n=21）与无残留组（n=112）。比较组间MWA前甲状腺良性结节超声表现,将差异有统计学意义者纳入多因素logistic回归分析,筛选MWA后残留的独立预测因素,并绘制可视化列线图。以受试者工作特征曲线及其曲线下面积（AUC）评估列线图预测MWA后残留的区分度,以Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估其校准度。结果 超声显示消融存在风险及结节体积均为甲状腺良性结节MWA后残留的独立预测因素（P均＜0.05）,提示消融风险高［OR=17.637（2.528,123.019）］及体积大的甲状腺良性结节［OR=1.297（1.155,1.457）］MWA后残留风险更高。所获列线图预测甲状腺良性结节MWA后残留的AUC为0.756,Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示拟合度较好（P=0.401）。结论 超声显示消融风险高及体积较大甲状腺良性结节MWA后残留风险较高;基于所获列线图可简便、有效地预测上述风险。     

对比微波消融、子宫动脉栓塞治疗单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤效果

目的 对比观察微波消融（MWA）与子宫动脉栓塞（UAE）治疗单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析49例单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤患者,27例接受MWA治疗（MWA组）,22例UAE治疗（UAE组）,比较2组治疗效果及预后。结果 2组术后月经过多、痛经、贫血等症状均缓解并逐渐消失。术后均出现发热、腹痛及阴道排液等并发症,经对症处理或未经处理自行恢复。术后随访12个月,术后3、6个月MWA组肌瘤体积及最大径均小于UAE组（P均<0.05）。术后6、12个月MWA组血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）水平均低于UAE组（P均<0.05）,雌二醇（E2）水平高于UAE组（P<0.05）。MWA组复发率为25.93%（7/27）,UAE组为27.27%（6/22）,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 MWA和UAE治疗单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤疗效确切、安全可靠,MWA效果优于UAE。     

微波消融与手术切除治疗孤立性T1N0M0期甲状腺乳头状癌

目的 观察微波消融(MWA)与手术切除(SR)治疗孤立性T1N0M0期甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)的价值。方法 纳入接受MWA(MWA组,n=364)或SR(SR组,n=364)治疗的728例孤立性T1N0M0期PTC患者,比较组间治疗相关及术后随访资料,对比MWA与SR疗效。结果 MWA组与SR组手术时间分别为23(14,38)min及72(33,180)min,术中失血量为2(1,5)ml及10(8,30)ml,术后住院时间为1(1,3)天及2(1,6)天,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01)。MWA组16例疾病进展,包括局部复发1例、新发PTC 12例及颈部淋巴结转移3例;SR组15例疾病进展,包括新发PTC 11例及颈部淋巴结转移4例;组间疾病进展差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。并发症发生率组间差异无统计学意义(χ²=-3.36,P＞0.99)。至随访期末,MWA组T1期PTC肿瘤缩小率为89.45%~100%,肿瘤消失率为70.60%(257/364);T1a期肿瘤消失率显著高于T1b期PTC(P＜0.05)。结论 MWA治疗孤立性T1N0M0期PTC的安全性及有效性与SR相当。     

对比乙型与丙型肝炎背景下肝细胞癌患者经微波消融治疗后预后

目的 对比观察微波消融（MWA）治疗乙型（HB）与丙型肝炎（HC）背景下肝细胞癌（HCC）的预后。方法 回顾性分析HCC伴HB（HB-HCC）及HCC伴HC（HC-HCC）各159例患者资料,比较组间肿瘤学结局,分析患者死因,观察HCC患者MWA后总生存期（OS）的危险因素。结果 HC-HCC组OS率低于HB-HCC组（P=0.045）,组间无病生存率（P=0.095）及癌症特异性生存率（P=0.189）差异均无统计学意义。相比HB-HCC组,HC-HCC组患者死于肝硬化并发症的风险更高（HR=2.339,P=0.043）。Child-Pugh B级（HR=3.082,P＜0.001）、肝炎病毒载量＞500 IU/ml（HR=1.654,P=0.006）及病灶最大径≥3.0 cm（HR=1.541,P=0.017）均为HCC患者MWA后OS的独立危险因素。结论 相比HB-HCC患者,HC-HCC患者MWA后OS较短。     

比较TACE+微波消融+程序性死亡受体-1与TACE+微波消融治疗原发性肝癌

目的 比较TACE+微波消融（MWA）+程序性死亡受体-1（PD-1）与TACE+MWA治疗原发性肝癌（PHC）的价值。方法 回顾性纳入接受TACE+MWA+PD-1（观察组）或TACE+MWA治疗（对照组）的PHC患者各40例,比较组间基线资料、疗效和并发症。结果 2组患者基线资料差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。观察组与对照组客观缓解率（ORR）分别为90.00%和72.50%,疾病控制率（DCR）分别为97.50%和95.00%;组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。观察组与对照组中位总生存期（OS）分别为30.80个月和15.70个月,中位无进展生存期（PFS）分别为23.35个月和6.80个月;观察组OS和PFS均长于对照组（P均<0.05）。组间并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,且均经相关对症治疗后好转。结论 TACE+MWA+PD-1联合治疗PHC效果优于TACE+MWA。     

冷循环液温度对微波消融离体猪肝消融灶形态的影响

目的 观察冷循环液温度对微波消融（MWA）离体猪肝消融灶形态的影响。方法 将20块新鲜离体猪肝组织随机分为冰水冷循环组（A组）及常温冷循环组（B组）,分别以不同消融功率（50、60、70 W）及消融时间（1、5 min）于各亚组,即A1与B1（50 W,1 min）、A2与B2（50 W,5 min）、A3与B3（60 W,1 min）、A4与B4（60 W,5 min）、A5与B5（70 W,1 min）及A6与B6（70 W,5 min）亚组内各消融10个靶区。对比A、B组相同条件亚组间及组内消融灶形态,包括消融灶纵向直径（LD）、横向直径（TD）、球形指数（RI）及体积（V）。结果 相同消融功率及时间下,A组各亚组消融灶LD均小于B组（P均＜0.05）;A1 与B1、A2与B2、A4与B4、A5与B5、A6与B6亚组之间,前者消融灶RI均大于后者（P均＜0.05）,而A3与B3亚组间消融灶RI差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。冷循环液温度对2组消融灶TD（F=1.125）和V（F=3.332）的主效应均不显著（P均≥0.05）。相同冷循环液温度条件下,A1与A2、A3与A4、A5与A6各亚组间消融灶形态各参数差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）,B组各亚组间亦然。结论 以恒定消融功率及时间行MWA消融离体猪肝时,采用冰水冷循环可使消融灶形态更接近于球形;且随消融时间延长,消融灶范围越大,则RI越高。     

超声造影联合声辐射力脉冲弹性成像评估微波消融治疗大鼠肝泡型棘球蚴病

目的 观察超声造影（CEUS）联合声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）弹性成像技术评价微波消融（MWA）治疗大鼠肝泡型棘球蚴病（HAE）效果的价值。方法 将40只HAE大鼠模型分为实验组（n=30）和对照组（n=10）。实验组予超声引导下MWA,对照组仅常规饲养。术前及术后1个月采用二维超声、CEUS和ARFI测量2组病灶最大径,以及实验组病灶边缘带平均灰阶比值与剪切波速度（SWV）。完成检测后处死大鼠,对组织切片行常规HE染色、CD34免疫组织化学染色及Masson染色,计数病灶边缘带微血管密度（MVD）及纤维化面积。结果 术后1个月,3种方法所测实验组病灶最大径均较术前缩小（P均<0.001）,对照组病灶最大径均较入组时增大（P均<0.001）;CEUS、ARFI所测病灶最大径均大于二维超声（P均<0.05）,CEUS与ARFI组间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。术后1个月实验组病灶边缘带平均灰阶比值低于术前,平均SWV高于术前（P均<0.001）;病灶边缘带MVD低于而纤维化面积高于对照组（P均<0.001）,MVD与病灶边缘带灰阶比值呈正相关（r=0.541,P=0.011）,SWV与纤维化面积呈正相关（r=0.494,P=0.023）。结论 CEUS联合ARFI对评估MWA治疗大鼠HAE效果具有一定应用价值。     

微波消融同步联合经导管动脉化疗栓塞治疗膈下肝细胞癌

目的 观察微波消融（MWA）同步联合经导管动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）治疗膈下肝细胞癌（HCC）的效果。方法 回顾性分析119例接受介入治疗的原发性HCC患者,其中57例（63个膈下病灶）接受MWA同步联合TACE治疗（MWA+TACE组）,62例（71个膈下病灶）接受单纯TACE（TACE组）。术后定期随访复查,发现肿瘤残留时酌情行TACE或/和MWA。术后6个月复查腹部增强CT和/或MRI以评价疗效,记录TACE、MWA次数及并发症。结果 术后6个月内,MWA+TACE组接受1、2、3次TACE治疗者分别为29例、25例和3例;接受1、2、3次MWA治疗者分别为46例、10例及1例。TACE组接受1、2、3、4次TACE治疗者分别为8例、27例、25例及2例;组间TACE治疗次数差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。术后6个月,MWA+TACE组客观缓解率（ORR）为82.54%（52/63）、疾病控制率（DCR）为90.48%（57/63）,TACE组分别为45.07%（32/71）、74.65%（53/71）,组间差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。MWA+TACE组术后3例发生穿刺部位出血、2例气胸、1例肝脓肿,TACE组2例消化道出血、1例胆汁瘤伴感染,均较轻微,经积极对症处理后好转。随访期间均未见严重并发症及死亡。结论 MWA同步联合TACE治疗膈下HCC安全、有效。     

肝切除与微波消融治疗胰腺导管腺癌术后异时性肝寡转移的疗效比较

背景与目的 针对胰腺导管腺癌（PDAC）根治术后发生的异时性肝转移的治疗,目前尚无明确的临床指南共识。因此,本研究比较肝切除术（LR）与微波消融（MWA）治疗PDAC根治术后异时性肝寡转移的疗效,旨在为该类患者的临床管理提供参考依据。方法 回顾性收集四川省眉山市人民医院2014年1月—2021年12月期间收治的74例PDAC根治术后发生异时性肝寡转移患者的临床病理资料,其中37例行LR治疗（LR组）,28例行MWA治疗（MWA组）,9例仅行姑息性化疗（保守治疗组,与前两组作生存获益对比）。基于临床随访资料,比较LR组和MWA组的术后并发症及远期疗效,分析影响PDAC患者远期疗效的危险因素。结果 LR组与MWA组的基线资料差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。LR组与MWA组的中位总生存期（OS）分别为25.0个月（95% CI=21.5~28.5）和23.0个月（95% CI=19.2~26.8）,而保守治疗组的中位OS为11.0个月（95% CI=8.9~13.1）。LR组和MWA组的中位无进展生存期（PFS）分别为17.0个月（95% CI=14.7~19.3）和15.0个月（95% CI=11.7~18.3）。生存曲线比较结果显示,LR组与MWA组的OS率与PFS率差异均无统计学意义（χ²=0.184,P=0.668;χ²=0.488,P=0.485）。两组复发率差异无统计学意义（70.3% vs. 78.6%,χ²=0.569,P=0.451）,LR组术后严重并发症总发生率明显高于MWA组（48.6% vs. 14.3%,χ²=8.405,P=0.004）。LR组住院时间明显长于MWA组（9.0 d vs. 5.0 d,P<0.001）。Cox多因素回归分析结果显示,围术期未行化疗及早期发生肝转移（<1年）是PDAC预后不良的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论 LR和MWA两种方式治疗PDAC术后异时性肝转移均能使患者取得生存获益,且远期疗效相似,但MWA术后严重并发症更少,住院时间更短。未联合围术期化疗和早期发生肝转移（<1年）的PDAC患者预后较差。     

超声引导经皮微波消融治疗结直肠癌肝转移瘤不良事件及其影响因素

目的 探讨超声引导经皮微波消融（MWA）治疗结直肠癌肝转移瘤（CRLM）不良事件（AE）及其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析427例接受超声引导经皮MWA治疗的CRLM患者,共治疗614例次、1 334个病灶,统计术后AE发生率及其影响因素。结果 AE总发生率4.89%（30/614）,无消融相关死亡。影响AE的危险因素包括穿刺针数（OR=1.301,P=0.005）、高危部位病灶（OR=2.829,P=0.025）、病灶数>5（OR=4.655,P=0.010）、腹腔手术史（OR=7.716,P=0.047）及肝吸虫病（OR=17.683,P=0.005）。结论 超声引导经皮MWA治疗CRLM的AE发生率较低,AE发生与病灶数目、高危部位、穿刺针数、腹腔手术史及肝吸虫病有关。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。