超声引导下置管引流与穿刺抽吸在肝脓肿治疗中的比较

目的:比较超声引导下穿刺抽吸与置管引流在肝脓肿治疗中优劣。方法:33例置管引流与87例穿刺抽吸两组患者,术后比较体温及白细胞下降至正常的时间,平均住院时间以及并发症。两种方法均同时采用静脉内给抗生素治疗。结果:两组方法在疗效及安全性上无显著差异(包括体温及白细胞降至正常时间,平均住院时间以及并发症)。结论:超声引导下穿刺抽吸或置管引流在治疗肝脓肿的疗效与安全性均无显著差异。     

Ultrasonically guided percutaneous drainage of abdominal fluid collections: A long-term study of its therapeutic efficacy

Fifty patients underwent ultrasonically guided percutaneous drainage (US-GPD) either with needle aspiration or catheter drainage. The procedures resulted in 70% complete recovery, 20% partial success and 10% of failures. The same patients were followed with clinical examination and sonography for a mean time of 36.3 months (minimum follow-up: 12 months). During the follow up period, 10 relapses occurred and one patient, considered for surgery after partial percutaneous treatment of a pyogenic liver abscess, recovered completely under conservative treatment. An analysis of the factors potentially related to the recurrence was made. It was found that one-step needle aspiration of abdominal abscesses and percutaneous treatment of chronic pancreatic pseudocysts are more prone to relapses. We conclude that US-GPD is an efficacious therapy for abdominal fluid collections, but an adequate drainage technique and a careful selection of the patients is crucial to avoid the possibility of relapse.     

Breast abscess: evidence based management recommendations

Literature review was carried out and studies reporting on treatment of breast abscesses were critically appraised for quality and their level of evidence using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy guidelines, and key recommendations were summarized. Needle aspiration either with or without ultrasound guidance should be employed as first line treatment of breast abscesses. This approach has the potential benefits of: superior cosmesis, shorter healing time, and avoidance of general anaesthesia. Multiple aspiration sessions may be required for cure. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheter placement may be considered as an alternative approach for treatment of larger abscesses (>3 cm). Surgical incision and drainage should be considered for first line therapy in large (>5 cm), multiloculated, or long standing abscesses, or if percutaneous drainage is unsuccessful. All patients should be treated concurrently with antibiotics. Patients with recurrent subareolar abscesses and fistulas should be referred for consideration of surgical treatment.     

Sonographic appearances and percutaneous management of primary tuberculous liver abscess

Primary tuberculous liver abscesses are rare. We report on 3 patients who presented with a nonresolving abscess in the liver. Clinical presentation and sonographic findings in each case were nonspecific. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was established with microbiologic examination of pus in 2 cases and examination of an excised abscess wall in 1 case. Needle aspiration (1 patient) and short-term (72 hours) catheter drainage (1 patient) were unsuccessful, and surgical excision was required in these patients. In the third patient, continuous catheter drainage over 18 days resulted in cure, indicating that long-term catheter drainage with antituberculous chemotherapy may be a viable alternative to surgery in the management of primary tuberculous liver abscess.     

Ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses in the hands of the clinician: a multicenter Italian study

Objective: Image guided percutaneous drainage is a well established therapeutic technique. The results of these procedures, when performed directly by the clinician and under sonographic guidance, in respect to other imaging techniques are not yet clarified. Methods: The 886 cases of ultrasound guided drainage were collected from eight italian clinical institutions and the results were analyzed according to location of the abscess, drainage technique, underlying diseases, microbiological findings, immunological patient status and previous surgical intervention. Results: We observed an overall cure rate of 90.4%. The best results were obtained in hepatic abscesses, both amoebic and pyogenic (cure rate 98.7 and 94.3%). Slightly lower cure rates were obtained in abdominal and splenic abscesses, postoperative collections and severely immunocompromised patients. The frequency of complications was low (6.6%) and mostly related to catheter drainage. No drainage-related deaths occurred. Conclusions: The study confirms the high clinical efficiency and safety of ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage, even when performed directly by the clinician. The sonographic guidance showed similar efficacy, more manageability and lower costs than other imaging techniques and it should be preferred whenever possible. For hepatic abscesses, ultrasound guided needle aspiration showed good results and less complications than catheter drainage.     

Prostatic abscess: transrectal color Doppler ultrasonic diagnosis and minimally invasive therapeutic management

The purpose of this study was to analyze the transrectal ultrasound (US), or TRUS, and color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) findings and therapeutic strategies with TRUS-guided procedures in 13 patients with prostatic abscess. Over a period of 6 years, 18 prostatic abscesses were diagnosed in 13 patients (mean age: 59 years). Diagnostic workup included TRUS, analysis of midstream urine, and analysis and culture of abscess fluid for leukocytes and pathogens. These patients were treated either conservatively (for abscess cavities < 1 cm in diameter), or by aspiration or draining procedures (cavities > or = 1 cm). The transrectal CDU findings were correlated to the treatment effects. The predisposing factors were also reviewed. In the 13 patients, the most common clinical symptom and sign were urinary frequency (77%) and pus cell in the midstream urine (92%). Predisposing factors were found in 11 men, with diabetes in 5 of them. In 10 patients, the definitive preinterventional diagnosis was based on the TRUS findings. TRUS with probe palpation demonstrated tiny floating echogenic speckles in the abscess cavity in 4 patients. CDU demonstrated increased color-flow signals at the margin and surrounding tissue of the abscess pockets. Abscesses with poorly defined boundaries had more prominent surrounding color-flow signals and achieved, with relative difficulty, a satisfactory aspiration procedure. Aspiration was done for all 11 abscesses between 1 and 3 cm. A total of 4 larger abscesses (> 3.0 cm) were treated with aspiration or drainage using a 5-French pigtail catheter. No surgical drainage was performed. Transrectal CDU may help in the evaluation of maturity of an abscess pocket. US-guided aspiration with an 18-gauge needle or drainage with a 5-French pigtail catheter significantly shortened the hospital stay.     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床价值

目的评价超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对临床确诊为细菌性肝脓肿的49例患者进行超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗,其中22例行单纯细针抽吸术（抽吸组）,26例行置管引流术（置管组）,1例抽吸术后1周脓腔无明显缩小而行置管引流术（抽吸＋置管组）;同时配合静脉抗炎、全身支持治疗。结果超声引导下经皮肝穿刺细针抽吸或置管引流治疗后,患者体温恢复正常、白细胞计数恢复正常及脓腔消失时间分别为（2.8±0.6）d、（3.2±0.5）d、（14.6±4.2）d。所有患者均无并发症,术后3个月复查超声脓腔均消失,超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的治愈率为100%。结论超声引导下经皮肝穿刺细针抽吸和置管引流术具有简便经济、创伤小、并发症低、治愈率高等优点,成为细菌性肝脓肿首选治疗方法。     

Splenic abscess: Sonographic diagnosis and percutaneous drainage or aspiration

During a recent 5-year period, 12 patients with splenic abscesses were evaluated by abdominal ultrasound (US) examination. Multifocal abscesses were noted in seven patients, three of them were secondary to infectious endocarditis, three were in immunosuppressed state, and one was caused by tuberculosis. The latter four patients had developed splenic microabscesses with a diameter of <1.5 cm. The larger abscesses showed an irregular wall, weak or no internal echoes, ovoid or round in shape, and accompanied by mild to moderate distal acoustic enhancement. Wedge-shaped abscesses were typically noted in patients with infectious endocarditis and septic embolism. US-guided percutaneous drainage was done in five patients (abscesses > 4 cm). Simple aspiration in conjunction with antibiotic administration was done for seven smaller abscesses (diameter <3.5 cm) in five patients. A second drainage, either for a dislodged catheter or a recurrent abscess, was performed in two cases. All patients had uneventful clinical course following this therapeutic approach.     

Abscess Management: An Evidence-Based Review for Emergency Medicine Clinicians

BackgroundAbscesses are commonly evaluated and managed in the emergency department. Recent research has evaluated the use of ultrasonography, packing, incision and drainage (I&D), and antibiotics. There are evidence-based nuances to the management of specific types of abscesses, such as Bartholin, breast, dental, hidradenitis suppurativa, peritonsillar, and pilonidal abscesses.ObjectiveThis review provides emergency medicine clinicians with a summary of the current literature regarding abscess management in the emergency department.DiscussionUltrasound is valuable in diagnosing abscesses that are not clinically evident and in guiding I&D procedures. Although I&D is traditionally followed by packing, this practice may be unnecessary for small abscesses. Antibiotics, needle aspiration, and loop drainage are suitable alternatives to I&D of abscesses with certain characteristics. Oral antibiotics can improve outcomes after I&D, although this improvement must be weighed against potential risks. Many strategies are useful in managing Bartholin abscesses, with the Word catheter proving consistently effective. Needle aspiration is the recommended first-line therapy for small breast abscesses. Dental abscesses are often diagnosed with clinical examination alone, but ultrasound may be a useful adjunct. Acute abscess formation caused by hidradenitis suppurativa should be managed surgically by excision when possible, because I&D has a high rate of abscess recurrence. Peritonsillar abscesses can be diagnosed with either intraoral or transcervical ultrasound if clinical examination is inconclusive. Needle aspiration and I&D are both suitable for the management of peritonsillar abscesses. Pilonidal abscesses have traditionally been managed with I&D, but needle aspiration with antibiotics may be a suitable alternative.ConclusionsThis review evaluates the recent literature surrounding abscess management for emergency medicine clinicians.     

Drainage of deep pelvic abscesses using therapeutic echo endoscopy

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of endosonographically guided transrectal aspiration and drainage by plastic stent of deep pelvic abscesses, using a therapeutic echo endoscope device. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 2000 and June 2001, 12 patients (nine men, three women, mean age 67 years) were treated for a perirectal or a pelvic abscess using an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) technique. The drainage of these fluid collections was performed under EUS guidance, using therapeutic EUS scopes with a large working channel. RESULTS: No major complication occurred during this study. Transrectal stent insertion succeeded in nine patients. In three patients, only aspiration was possible. Among the nine patients in whom a stent was successfully introduced into the fluid collection, complete drainage without relapse was achieved in eight patients (mean follow-up 10.6 months, range 6-14 months). The stent was removed endoscopically after 3 to 6 months. Drainage was incomplete in one patient (with a large abscess, diameter > 8 cm), who subsequently underwent surgical drainage. However, two out of the three patients in whom aspiration alone was performed developed a recurrence of the abscess and required surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: EUS-guided drainage of deep pelvic abscesses could offer an alternative treatment to surgery in the management of these postoperative complications.     

Hepatic abscesses in immunocompromised patients: Ultrasonically guided percutaneous drainage

Ultrasonically guided percutaneous drainage (US-PD) is considered first-line therapy for hepatic abscesses, but no data are available on its efficacy in severely immunocompromised patients. Therefore, we examined 15 such patients in whom one or more hepatic abcesses of different etiology were treated with US-PD. Eleven patients underwent needle aspiration and four had catheter drainage under US guidance. In 12 cases we achieved complete healing of the abscesses. In one case, clinical improvement was obtained but surgery was required for cure. In another case (fungal abscess in AIDS), we had no improvement and the patient died. No procedural complications were observed. Seven patients died during the follow-up periods of up to 49 months from their underlying disease. We conclude that US-PD must be considered the therapy of choice for hepatic abscess (except the fungal lesions) in severely immunocompromised patients.     

Percutaneous drainage of pelvic abscesses: management of the tubo-ovarian abscess

Percutaneous drainage of 35 pelvic abscesses secondary to pelvic inflammatory salpingitis are reported. Two methods of drainage were used: simple aspiration and catheter drainage. The success rate of aspiration drainage was 94 per cent, while catheter drainage yielded a 77 per cent success rate. The differences between pelvic abscess drainage and other types of percutaneous drainage are presented. The role of percutaneous drainage in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease is also discussed.     

CT引导下经皮穿刺抽液引流诊治急性胰腺炎局部并发症(附24例报告)

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺抽液和/或外引流在诊治急性胰腺炎局部并发症中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2002年3月至2006年12月在我院行CT引导下经皮穿刺诊治的急性胰腺炎局部并发症的24例患者的临床资料,其中急性液体积聚6例、胰腺坏死3例、胰周脓肿6例、假性胰腺囊肿9例。检查穿刺液是否伴感染、含淀粉酶情况,随访临床症状、引流效果和影像学的改变。结果:共穿刺28例次,穿刺成功率100%,20/24例(83.33%)穿刺抽出积液后感局部胀痛缓解。可及时确诊感染性坏死,但引流效果差。2/6例(33.33%)胰周脓肿穿刺引流后治愈,4/6例引流效果差需开腹手术。5/9例(55.56%)假性胰腺囊肿经1.5～6月外引流后治愈拔管,4/9例(44.44%)转行内引流术。结论:CT引导下穿刺检查和外引流成功率高,并发症少。通过穿刺可明确是否伴有感染、了解引流物的性状,为制定治疗方案提供依据,可安全用于诊断和治疗一些急性胰腺炎的局部并发症。     

彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流并反复抗生素冲洗治疗老年肺脓肿

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流并反复抗生素冲洗治疗老年肺脓肿的治疗方法和临床应用价值。方法对58例老年肺脓肿患者进行了彩色多普勒超声引导经皮穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流并反复抗生素冲洗法治疗。结果所有患者均一次性穿刺成功,成功率100%,术后使用氯化钠和抗生素稀释后反复抽洗脓腔,直至脓液相对减小或闭合时,拔出引流导管,随访0.5～3年,56个肺脓肿治愈,治愈率96.6%,均未出现出血与气胸等并发症。结论彩色多普勒超声引导下经皮穿刺留置中心静脉导管引流并反复抗生素冲洗治疗老年肺脓肿,成功率和治愈率高,并发症少。     

Transrectal and transvaginal sonographic intervention of infected pelvic fluid collections: a complete approach

Infected pelvic fluid collections are relatively common particularly after abdominal or pelvic surgery or in patients suffering from benign intestinal disease such as diverticulitis, appendicitis, or Crohn's disease. Historically the treatment of pelvic abscess has been either laparotomy with lavage or blind surgical incision and drainage through the rectal or vaginal wall. More recently, computed tomography and ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage has become the procedure of choice, when feasible, for the treatment of pelvic abscess. However, many deep pelvic collections are not amenable to percutaneous technique. Transrectal or transvaginal ultrasound-guided abscess drainage is a safe and effective method used in the treatment of deep pelvic abscesses. The purpose of this article is to review the techniques, patient selection, pre- and post-procedural care, and monitoring aspects of transrectal or transvaginal ultrasound-guided drainage.     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided abscess drainage

Abdominal and pelvic abscesses have traditionally been drained by percutaneous techniques or surgery. While surgical drainage is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, percutaneous techniques are associated with the need for multiple interventions, increased length of hospital stay, and an indwelling external catheter for prolonged periods. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive but highly effective technique that enables internal drainage of the abscess. Although data are limited, evidence supporting its clinical efficacy is increasing rapidly. This article summarizes the current status of EUS-guided approach for drainage of gastrointestinal abscess collections.     

New approaches in treating abdominal abscesses

Ultrasonography, computed tomography and radionuclide scintigraphy are changing the management of patients with intra-abdominal abscesses. Traditional surgical incision and drainage may not be necessary in all cases. Percutaneous catheter drainage using radiologic techniques has a high success rate. Although there are factors that preclude the use of percutaneous catheter drainage of an abscess, it nonetheless may be an alternative in certain situations.     

Ultrasound-guided drainage of deep pelvic abscesses: experience with 33 cases

The aim of this study was to demonstrate and evaluate the ultrasound-guided drainage of deep pelvic abscesses in which transabdominal percutaneous access could not be performed because of overlying structures. A retrospective analysis of 32 consecutive patients with 33 deep pelvic abscesses was performed. The underlying causes of the abscesses included postsurgical fluid collection or surgical complications in 18 of the 32 patients, and 11 of these patients underwent recent rectal cancer surgery. The locations of the abscesses, which had a median diameter of 6 cm (range 2-10 cm), were as follows: perirectal (n = 13), presacral (n = 9), pouch of Douglas (n = 7), internal genitals (n = 2) and between the bowel loops (n = 2). The abscesses were all drained using ultrasound (US) guidance with a transrectal (n = 18), transvaginal (n = 11), transperineal (n = 2) or transgluteal (n = 2) approach. Of the larger abscesses (median diameter 7 cm), 19 were treated with catheter drainage and 18 of these cases resulted in favorable clinical outcomes. Of the smaller abscesses (median diameter 4 cm), 14 were treated with needle drainage. In two of these cases, follow-up US showed that a repeat puncture and drainage was necessary. All needle drainages resulted in favorable clinical outcomes. Sixteen of the 29 transrectal or transvaginal drainage procedures were performed without any anesthesia (10 were performed with a needle and six were performed with a catheter). Apart from minor discomfort during the drainage procedure and the subsequent in-dwelling catheter period, there were no serious complications related to the drainage procedures. We conclude that ultrasound-guided transrectal, transvaginal, transperineal and transgluteal drainage of deep pelvic abscesses are safe and effective treatment approaches. Based on our findings, needle drainage will be our most common first-line treatment approach because of the simplicity of the procedure, improved patient comfort and reduced costs. Catheter drainage will be reserved for large multiloculated abscesses.(E-mail: tlo@dadlnet.dk)     

Percutaneous paracoccygeal catheter drainage of deep pelvic abscesses using a combination of sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance

Background  The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and success of percutaneous paracoccygeal catheter drainage of deep pelvic abscesses using a combination of sonography and fluoroscopic guidance. Methods  From April 2005 to December 2006, under sonography and fluoroscopic guidance, sixteen patients with deep pelvic abscess underwent percutaneous paracoccygeal drainage. The causes of pelvic abscesses were post-operative complications. The patient was in prone position; the puncture site was first evaluated with sonography. After local anesthesia, a thin needle (22 G) was positioned along the lateral margin of the coccyx to avoid an eventual injury of sciatic nerve or vessels into the deep pelvic abscess under sonography guidance. Small dose of contrast was injected under fluoroscopy to verify the needle. With Seldinger technique catheters were placed for drainage. Catheter drainage was maintained for 9–40 days. Patients underwent clinical follow-up and subsequent imaging as necessary. Results  Neither significant complications nor technical failures were observed. A complete resolution of the abscess was achieved in 14 patients, and significant resolution of abscess was also observed in the other 2 patients. Conclusions  Sonography and fluoroscopic guided percutaneous paracoccygeal drainage is safe, feasible and efficient approach in the treatment of deep pelvic abscess.     

Image-guided percutaneous drainage: a review

Percutaneous abscess drainage (PAD) has been proven to be a safe, effective, and widely used technique for treatment of patients with intra-abdominal fluid collections. Indications for PAD are ever expanding, and most abscesses are amenable to PAD. PAD is routinely used for treatment of simple unilocular abscesses however more complex collections require a collaborative strategy with surgical services for patient management. PAD is also used as a temporizing procedure for patients who will ultimately require operative intervention. A variety of imaging modalities are used for PAD including ultrasound and CT. Several catheter insertion techniques have proven effective. Complications from PAD are relatively uncommon.