Fetal heart rate patterns associated with amniotic fluid embolism

Two cases with recorded fetal heart rate response during maternal amniotic fluid embolus are reported. Fetal heart rate abnormalities can be associated with the development of amniotic fluid embolus or occur during the acute events of amniotic fluid embolus. Attention to the management of amniotic fluid embolus in the mother must not neglect the fetus. Improvement of maternal oxygenation and perfusion can effect intrauterine resuscitation; however, when this is not successful early delivery of the fetus may be necessary for its survival.     

胎盘早剥胎心监护的图形分析

目的分析胎盘早剥异常胎心监护图形特征,总结图像规律,以提高早期诊治胎盘早剥的能力。 方法选取2015年1月至2019年11月中山大学附属第一医院产科收治的胎盘早剥且胎心监护异常的56例病例,按出现胎心监护异常时临产情况分为已临产组(25例)和未临产组(31例),并对其胎心监护图形等资料进行分析;按胎盘早剥产前诊断与漏诊分为产前诊断组(30例)和产前漏诊组(26例),对其胎心监护异常的类型进行比较。 结果胎盘早剥常见的胎心监护异常类型为无加速、微小变异、变异减速及宫缩波异常。微小变异在胎盘早剥未临产组胎监异常类型所占比例(51.6%)明显高于临产组(8%),两组差异有统计学意义(χ²＝12.07,P<0.01);延长减速在未临产组胎监异常类型所占比例(6.5%)明显低于临产组(48%),两组差异有统计学意义(χ²＝12.74,P<0.01)。宫缩波异常在产前诊断组胎监异常类型所占比例(50%)明显高于产前漏诊组(3.8%),两组差异有统计学意义(χ²＝14.54,P<0.01);变异减速在产前漏诊组胎监异常类型所占比例(46.2%)明显高于产前诊断组(16.7%),两组差异有统计学意义(χ²＝5.73,P＝0.02)。 结论准确判读胎心监护图形,有助于早期发现胎盘早剥。当胎心监护出现微小变异、延长减速或宫缩波异常时,需警惕胎盘早剥的发生。     

羊水乳酸水平及胎心监护预测胎儿窘迫的价值

目的　探讨羊水乳酸水平及胎心监护图形预测胎儿窘迫的价值。方法　 2 0 0 3年 8月至 2 0 0 4年 8月暨南大学医学院第二附属医院测定 90例第一产程活跃期出现不良胎儿监护图形 (观察组 )和 10 0例正常胎儿监护图形 (对照组 )的羊水及新生儿脐动脉血乳酸水平 ,其中对照组 30例同时进行母血、脐血及羊水乳酸水平检测。结果　脐血乳酸水平明显高于母血乳酸水平 ,但较羊水为低 (P <0 0 1)。羊水与脐血乳酸水平存在正相关关系(r =0 92 3,P <0 0 1) ,而母血与脐血乳酸水平无相关关系 (r =- 0 15 7,P >0 0 5 )。观察组中自然分娩率低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,剖宫产率及新生儿窒息率均高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。胎儿监护异常减速羊水乳酸水平为(10 6 0± 1 6 9)mmol/L ,明显高于对照组的 (7 18± 0 91)mmol/L(P <0 0 1) ,轻度变异减速及心动过速羊水乳酸水平分别为 (7 5 0± 1 4 6 )mmol/L ,(7 36± 1 14 )mmol/L ,与对照组比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　胎儿监护异常减速与胎儿窘迫密切相关。羊水乳酸水平可望成为一种简便、有效的判断胎儿窘迫的生化指标。     

Fetal heart rate patterns in response to acoustic stimulation

Fetal heart rate response to fetal acoustic stimulation (FAST) during the antepartum period after 25 weeks of gestational age was studied in 157 cases of normal pregnancy, 22 cases of fetal distress, 12 cases of SFD, 10 cases of fetal malformation, 9 cases of placental dysfunction, 4 cases of oligohydramnios, 12 cases of toxemia of pregnancy, and 15 cases of SLE. Five different types of response were observed: Type I through type V. 1. FAST was available to evaluate fetal well-being from 27 weeks of gestational age, although a nonstress test (NST) has been used after 31 weeks of gestational age. 2. Type IV was observed frequently in the case of coiling of the umbilical cord. 3. In acute fetal distress abnormality was detected by NST prior to FAST, but in latent fetal distress abnormality was detected by FAST prior to NST. 4. Cases classified as FAST types III and IV, which remained unchanged or deteriorated to III, IV or V were almost all characterized by poor fetal outcome.     

Fetal heart rate patterns in the small-for-gestational-age human fetus

A total of 24 pregnant women with growth-retarded fetuses were studied to examine the distribution of fetal heart rate accelerations between 30 and 40 weeks' gestation, as compared with those of fetuses of normal growth that were matched for gestational age and length of fetal heart rate tracings. Growth-retarded fetuses had significantly lower PO2 levels in the umbilical artery at birth (3 mm Hg less) than did healthy fetuses (p less than 0.05), but without metabolic acidosis. There was a larger proportion of small amplitude (less than 10 beats/min) and a smaller proportion of large amplitude (greater than 20 beats/min) fetal heart rate accelerations in the small-for-gestational-age fetuses than in the fetuses of normal growth. Although the number of accelerations was significantly reduced (50% less) in growth-retarded fetuses compared with healthy fetuses, there was no significant difference in the mean basal fetal heart rate and the mean number of decelerations between the two groups. Currently used definition of an acceleration as greater than or equal to 15 beats/min for greater than or equal to 15 seconds was applicable only in fetuses of normal growth. We hypothesized that a decrease in absolute acceleration frequency might be a useful index to detect the chronically hypoxemic fetus before severe metabolic acidosis and irreversible damage occurred.     

Fetal heart rate monitoring in the upright pregnant woman

In a prospective study were performed methods for electronic supervision in 163 lying and standing patients beyond the end of pregnancy. Results of the nonstress test (NST) and standing challenge test (SCT) were correlated with late and severe variable decelerations of fetal heart rate during labor, Apgar scores at 5 minutes and pH in arterial cord blood. The correlation of NST and SCT results and the various measures of fetal and neonatal condition indicated that an individual fetus at risk cannot be identified with a high degree of accuracy. There were no significant differences for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value if NST were compared with SCT. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.