大鼠下丘脑加压素神经元的免疫细胞化学初步观察

用免疫细胞化学方法,观察到青年和老年大鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)视上核(SON)部位加压素免疫反应阳性神经元(VP神经元)较密集出现,并有粗细两类纤维。在PVN,有时可见一些VP神经元胞体或纤维接近或存在于室管膜层,甚至伸入第三脑室内。多数老年鼠PVN的VP神经元胞体染色浅,深染颗粒减少。发自PVN的粗细纤维都显著减少,染色也变浅。但VP细胞数量、形态、大小和青年鼠差不多。在老年鼠SON,VP神经元未见明显改变。     

鸡黄体生成素释放激素—Ⅰ和—Ⅱ在大鼠脑内的免疫组织化学定位

用免疫组织化学ＰＡＰ法观察鸡两种类型黄体生成素释放激素在雌性大鼠脑内的定位。结果显示：（１）黄体生成素释放激素－Ⅰ阳性纤维和末梢的分布与哺乳类黄体生成２素释放激素纤维的分布相似，主要见于下丘脑正中隆起两侧，少量见于视交叉平面的终板血管器。（２）首次发现鸡体生成素释放激素Ⅱ型阳性细胞位于雄性大鼠下丘脑视上核、室周核及视交叉后区视上核；其阳性纤维和末梢位于正中隆起的内侧。该种分布不同于哺乳类及鸡黄体素     

血管活性肠肽,加压素和生长抑素免疫阳性细胞和纤维在大鼠…

用免疫组化技术观察了正常和秋水仙素预处理后的血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫反应阳性胞体和纤维在ＳＤ大鼠交叉上核的分布。（１）血管活性肠肽：在交叉上核嘴侧部的腹外侧部有少量阳性胞体和纤维分布；在交叉上核中部，大量阳性胞体集中在腹外侧亚核，相当多的阳性纤维分布于整个核区；在交叉上核尾侧部可见少量阳性胞体和中等密度的阳性纤维。（２）加压素：在交叉上核嘴侧部和尾侧部可见中等密度的阳性胞体和纤维，以核的     

后叶加压素在下丘脑的分布和释放途径及失水对正中隆起中后叶加压素的影响

我们用免疫细胞化学方法(ICC)对大白鼠下丘脑中加压素(VP)免疫反应阳性的神经元作了较详细研究。观察到VP阳性神经元存在于下丘脑室旁核(PVN)各亚核、视上核(SON)、交叉上核(SCN)、室周核(PN)及一些附属核团,包括环状核(CN)、交叉后核(RCN)、下丘脑外侧核(HLN)、穹窿周围核(PFN)。且发现一特殊的VP阳性胞体聚集区—很可能是多巴胺神经元聚集区A_(14)中的细胞,位于第三脑室侧壁中1/3段两侧,腹内侧核背侧。本文首次观察到在PVN和SON之间有VP阳性的神经纤维相联系。ICC和免疫电镜研究进一步证明在正中隆起外带存在VP阳性纤维,含大颗粒囊泡的VP末梢紧邻门脉毛细血管。将HRP注入第四脑室用HRP逆行追踪与ICC方法相结合,在PVN中观察到双标细胞,与直接用ICC法所见VP阳性轴突伸入第三脑室腔的结果一致。说明PVN中存在接触脑脊液神经元。干渴动物正中隆起的内、外带中的VP免疫反应明显减弱。     

血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫阳性细胞和纤维在大鼠交叉上核的分布

用免疫组化技术观察了正常和秋水仙素预处理后的血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫反应阳性胞体和纤维在ＳＤ大鼠交叉上核的分布。（１）血管活性肠肽：在交叉上核嘴侧部的腹外侧部有少量阳性胞体和纤维分布；在交叉上核中部，大量阳性胞体集中在腹外侧亚核，相当多的阳性纤维分布于整个核区；在交叉上核尾侧部可见少量阳性胞体和中等密度的阳性纤维。（２）加压素：在交叉上核嘴侧部和尾侧部可见中等密度的阳性胞体和纤维，以核的背内侧为多，大量阳性胞体和纤维见于交叉上核中部的背内侧亚核。（３）生长抑素：阳世胞体较少，散布于交叉上核的背内侧亚核，以核的中部为多，中等密度的阳性纤维遍及交叉上核全长。（４）双标显示血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素存在于交叉上核的不同神经元之中，没有共存。     

妊高征大鼠脑内室旁核、视上核及孤束核内血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体的表达

目的观察妊娠高血压大鼠(PIH)与正常妊娠大鼠下丘脑室旁核(PVN)、视上核(SON)及孤束核(NTS)内血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1)免疫阳性神经元的分布。方法用免疫荧光染色技术对PIH大鼠AT1分布的神经元进行了研究,并与正常大鼠进行比较。结果两组大鼠PVN、SON、NTS内AT1免疫阳性神经元的分布与形态基本类似。数据经统计学处理,结果表明,PIH组大鼠PVN和NTS内AT1阳性细胞数目较对照组多,而两组大鼠SON内AT1的表达无明显差异。结论实验结果提示AT1在下丘脑PVN和NTS内的血压神经内分泌调节活动中起着重要的介导作用,中枢AT1受体的异常增加可能与母体妊高征的发病有关。     

单侧磨牙缺失对老年学习记忆减退大鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统的影响

目的:探讨单侧缺牙对不同学习记忆能力老年大鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统的影响。方法:用Morris水迷宫筛选出老年记忆减退鼠和老年记忆正常鼠,拔除单侧磨牙后2个月,用免疫组化和组织化学染色观察对其斜角带核垂直支胆碱能神经元和海马CA1区、前额皮质胆碱能纤维密度的影响。结果:斜角带核垂直支ChAT阳性细胞数和海马CA1区、前额皮质AChE阳性纤维密度在老年记忆减退鼠中,拔牙组较对照组(未拔牙)明显下降;海马CA1区AChE阳性纤维密度在老年记忆正常鼠中,拔牙组较对照组明显下降。结论:单侧磨牙缺失可加速老年学习记忆减退鼠基底前脑胆碱能系统的损害。     

加压素在自发性高血压大鼠与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核、室旁核神经元内表达

目的观察加压素(AVP)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)内的分布。方法应用光镜和免疫细胞化学技术。结果SHR的AVP阳性细胞内分泌颗粒密集呈棕黄色,正常大鼠组则染色较浅。SHR大鼠SON内AVP阳性神经元百分数(69.30±18.10%)明显多于正常大鼠(59.53±16.97%,P<0.05),而两组大鼠PVN内AVP的表达无明显差异。结论AVP在下丘脑的血压调节活动中起着重要的介导作用,中枢AVP含量的异常增加可能与高血压的发病有关。     

下丘脑生长抑素神经元——PAP免疫电镜观察

本实验以包埋前PAP免疫电镜技术对大鼠下丘脑生长抑素(SRIF)神经元胞体或纤维进行观察,结果表明:下丘脑内SRIF神经元呈三种不同亚微结构特征。其中两种类似一般产生调节激素的小细胞神经元。而另一种细胞器发育类似于神经分泌大细胞。在室周核(Pv)和室旁核(PVN)内的SRIF神经元之间可见多种类型突触。下丘脑腹内侧核(VMN)、弓状核(ARN)、视交叉上核(SCN)内常见许多免疫反应阳性终末轴突与其它阴性树突形成突触联系,正中隆起(ME)处可见SRIF轴突与其它免疫反应阴性轴突形成轴—轴突触,上述结果表明:(1)下丘脑SRIF神经元有三种功能状态的神经元,(2)Pv,PVN内SRIF神经元具有同步活动,超短反馈的形态基础,(3)Fv似外的SRIF神经元参与对局部核团的功能调节。     

大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内甘氨酸受体和甘氨酸阳性神经元的分布

目的 研究大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内甘氨酸受体和甘氨酸阳性神经元的分布及其匹配关系,方法：免疫细胞化学染色技术,结果：甘氨酸受体免疫组化染色阳性胞体和纤维分布于三叉神经尾侧亚核各层,尤以浅层密集,甘氨酸阳性胞体在每层均有广泛分布,甘氨酸阳性纤维及终末密集分布于三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核的浅层,深层的阳性纤维及终末呈散在线性分析,结论 上述结果表明在三叉神经尾侧亚核浅层甘氨酸阳性纤维和终末的分布与甘氨酸受体     

Effect of the glucocorticoid milieu on the immunostaining of peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) in the rat hypothalamus

Effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) or dexamethasone (DEX) treatment on the immunostaining of hypothalamic peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) were examined in male rats. After colchicine treatment, PHI-containing cell bodies were observed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). ADX increased and DEX dose-dependently decreased the number of PHI-immunopositive neurons in the PVN. The number of SCN-PHI neurons was not affected by any treatment employed in this study. These results suggest that PVN-PHI neurons are under the effects of the glucocorticoid milieu, and that the neurons may be involved in the glucocorticoid regulation of adrenocorticotropin and prolactin secretion.     

大鼠三叉神经本体感觉中枢通路二、三级核团内Parvalbumin样阳性神经元突触联系的电镜研究

本教研室以往的研究证实 Parvalbum in样免疫阳性细胞广泛分布于三叉神经本体感觉中枢四级通路的各级中继核团 ,其中有 30 %～ 5 0 %为投射神经元。本研究应用电镜免疫组织化学技术进一步对此通路第二、三级神经元所在地的 Parvalbumin样阳性神经元及其纤维和终末的突触联系进行了观察。结果显示 Parvalbum in样阳性结构主要形成以下几种突触联系 :( 1) Par-valbumin样阳性轴突与 Parvalbumin样阳性胞体或树突形成轴 -体或轴 -树突触 ,其中以非对称性突触为主 ,对称性突触较少 ;( 2 )Parvalbumin样阳性轴突分别与 Parvalbumin样阴性神经元的胞体或树突形成轴 -体或轴 -树突触 ,这些突触联系以对称性为主 ,非对称性大约占 30 %左右 ;( 3) Parvalbumin样阴性终末与 Parvalbumin样阳性树突形成以对称性为主的轴 -树突触 ,这种突触大约占所有突触联系的 5 0 %。以上结果表明 :面口部本体感觉信息由三叉神经中脑核神经元向丘脑腹后内侧核传递的过程中 ,Par-valbumin样阳性轴突终末可通过突触传导机制而兴奋或抑制二、三级核团内的投射或中间神经元而发挥其重要作用     

Numbers of neurons and astroglial cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male and female rats

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of male and female rats contains about 180,000 neurons per mm3 tissue. As the volume of the SCN (unilaterally) does not exceed 0.064 mm3 in the present preparation it is assumed to contain between 11,000 and 12,000 neurons. The astroglia: neuron ratio is approximately 1:3. The number of neurons and glial cells were obtained by a new approach measuring the areal density of the nuclei on micrographs and their mean volume from three-dimensionally reconstructed nuclei in serial thick sections. Neuronal nuclei tend to be smaller in SCN of male rats, but contain relatively more nucleoli than neuronal nuclei in SCN of female rats.     

一氧化氮合酶在听源性惊厥易感大鼠室旁核的变化

用NADPH-d组织化学方法，观察和比较了室旁核内一氧化氮合酶在听源性惊厥易感大鼠和正常Wistar大鼠下丘脑室旁核的分布和变化.结果显示：在惊厥发作的大鼠，室旁核内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的光密度值明显高于非惊厥发作的听源性惊厥易感大鼠和正常Wistar大鼠。提示室旁核内的一氧化氮可能参与了惊厥应答过程。     

Contrary effect of eye enucleation on VIP-immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the superior colliculus of the rat

The topographic alternation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity after long-term bilateral eye enucleation (80 days) was investigated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the superior colliculus of the adult rat with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. In the SCN, the immunostaining of VIP-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies increased, and the intensity and density of VIP-IR fibers and terminals were markedly enhanced after eye enucleation. On the other hand, after eye enucleation, no VIP-IR cell bodies and fibers were visible in the stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus, although fusiform-shaped VIP-IR neurons were distributed in the layer of unoperated control rats. The present results, therefore, have revealed that the long-term blockage of retinal input induces changes of VIP immunoreactivity in different manners, according to the target brain areas.     

Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of neuropeptides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of ground squirrels

The cytoarchitecture and immunocytochemical distribution of neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing factor, CRF; neuropeptide Y, NPY; oxytocin, OXY; vasopressin, VP; and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP) were studied in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in male and female ground squirrels of two species (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus and S. richardsonii). Immunoreactive (IR) perikarya were found in sections incubated with VP or VIP antisera. VP-IR cell bodies were seen in the dorsal and medial parts of the nucleus in colchicine-treated animals. IR fibers were distributed throughout the SCN. In the ventral part of the nucleus, VIP-IR cells were seen in untreated animals and were more pronounced in colchicine-treated animals. VIP-IR fibers and terminals form a dense plexus throughout the nucleus. Furthermore, NPY-IR terminals and fibers with multiple varicosities, but no IR perikarya, were present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Within the borders of the SCN, no cell bodies or fibers were stained with CRF or OXY antisera in any animal.     

大鼠下丘脑室旁核中一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的生后发育

本文用NADPH－d组织化学方法观察NOS阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑室旁核生后发育各阶段（1、7、14、21、28和90d）的形态及分布特征。结果显示，1d时下丘脑室旁核内已有密集的NOS阳性神经元分布，但随生长发育，室旁核的截面积逐渐变大，其中的NOS神经元主要集中在该核的外侧大细胞部以及腹侧部，单位面积中的NOS神经元的密度逐渐降低。到21d，下丘脑室旁核NOS阳性神经元的分布密度较1d时下降50％。28d以后至成年鼠（90d），此密度维持在一定水平．提示下丘脑室旁核中NOS神经元的生后发育主要在生后1d至21d之间，并提示胚胎时期该核中已有NOS神经元存在。     

The thalamic paraventricular nucleus relays information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the amygdala: a combined anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the rat at the light and electron microscopic levels

The relationship between efferents of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and neurons of the thalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVT) projecting to the amygdala was investigated in the rat using tract tracing in light and electron microscopy. Biotinylated dextran amine was used to label anterogradely SCN efferents. These fibers were found to reach the thalamic midline, terminating in PVT, through three pathways: anterodorsally through the preoptic region, dorsally through the periventricular hypothalamus, and through the contralateral medial hypothalamic and preoptic areas after crossing the midline in the optic chiasm. Preterminal and terminal-like elements labeled from the SCN were distributed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of PVT, with an anteroposterior gradient of density. Labeled terminal elements were densest in the dorsal portion of PVT beneath the ependymal lining and some of them entered the ependyma. Anterograde tracing of SCN fibers was combined with injections of retrograde tracers in the amygdala. Numerous retrogradely labeled cell bodies were seen throughout PVT, with a prevalence in its anterodorsal portion. Overlap was detected between puncta labeled from the SCN and retrogradely labeled neurons, especially in the anterodorsal sector of PVT, where numerous puncta were in close apposition to thalamo-amygdaloid cells. Electron microscopy revealed that boutons labeled from the SCN established synaptic contacts with dendritic profiles of PVT neurons labeled from the amygdala. The findings demonstrate that information processed in the biological clock is conveyed to the amygdala through PVT, indicating that this nucleus plays a role in the transfer of circadian timing information to the limbic system.