套式PCR及测序方法用于痰标本中结核分枝杆菌rpoB耐药基因突变检测

目的应用套式PCR-DNA测序方法直接检测痰标本中结核分枝杆菌相关的rpoB基因突变,以期建立一种直接检测分枝杆菌耐利福平的快速方法,并评价其临床应用价值。方法采用套式PCR-DNA测序方法直接检测112例活动性肺结核患者和20例非结核性肺部疾病患者痰标本中结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变情况。同份痰标本同时做涂片抗酸染色,罗氏培养及菌型鉴定。结果112例活动性肺结核患者痰标本套式PCR扩增87例呈阳性,产物DNA测序31例有rpoB基因突变,其中分离出耐利福平株的32例痰中29例发生了基因突变,耐药突变率90.6%(29/32),39例菌阴(涂阴培阴)痰中有2例发生突变。分离出对利福平敏感株的37例痰中未发生突变,20例非结核性肺部疾病患者痰标本套式PCR扩增均为阴性,特异性100%。结论套式PCR-DNA测序可望为直接检测临床痰标本中结核分枝杆菌耐利福平的准确、特异、快速的方法。     

荧光定量PCR技术快速检测rpoB基因突变及其临床应用

目的探讨荧光定量PCR技术检测基因突变的价值及其临床应用。方法针对结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因利福平耐药决定区（Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region，RRDR）526密码子和531密码子常见的突变形式设计探针（526CAC，526TAC，531TCG和531TTG），应用已知rpoB基因RRDR区序列的38株利福平耐药临床分离株和24株利福平敏感临床分离株以及5株非结核分枝杆菌菌株建立荧光定量PCR检测基因突变的方法。继而，应用该技术检测84份肺结核病例痰标本，与痰罗氏培养以及药敏结果进行比较，部分标本进行DNA测序证实。结果在38株利福平耐药、24株利福平敏感的临床分离株和5株非结核分枝杆菌中，其检测526密码子和531密码子突变的敏感性和特异性达100％。在84份肺结核病例的痰标本中，罗氏培养阳性62株，其中利福平耐药株48份，荧光定量PCR检测痰标本结核分枝杆菌DNA阳性为75例。荧光定量PCR检测到531密码子TTG突变65例，526密码子TAC突变7例。在48株利福平耐药株中，荧光定量PCR检测43株为531TTG突变，3株为526TAC突变，另2株利福平耐药株，经测序证实，1株514密码子TTC插入突变，1株为511密码子CCG和516密码子GGC联合突变。结论荧光定量PCR技术能快速检测rpoB基因突变，并能作为临床肺结核病人早期快速耐药诊断的辅助手段。     

荧光定量PCR技术快速检测rpoB基因突变及其临床应用

目的探讨荧光定量PCR技术检测基因突变的价值及其临床应用。方法针对结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因利福平耐药决定区（RifampicinResistartceDeterminingReglon，RRDR）526密码子和531密码子常见的突变形式设计探针（526CAC，526TAC，53ITCG和531TrG）．应用已知rpoB基因RRDR区序列的38株利福平耐药临床分离株和24株利福平敏感临床分离株以及5株非结核分枝杆菌菌株建立荧光定量PCR检测基因突变的方法。继而，应用该技术检测84份肺结核病例痰标本，与痰罗氏培养以及药敏结果进行比较．部分标本进行DNA测序证实。结果在38株利福平耐药、24株利福平敏感的临床分离株和5株非结核分枝杆菌中．其检测526密码子和531密码子突变的敏感性和特异性达100％。在84份哺结核病例的痰标本中，罗氏培养阳性62株．其中利福平耐药株48份．荧光定量PCR检测痰标本结核分枝杆菌DNA阳性为75例。荧光定量PCR检测到53l密码子突变65例，526密码子TAC突变7例。在48株利福平耐药株中，荧光定量PCR检测43株为531TTG突变．3株为526TAC突变，另2株利福平耐药株，经测序证实，1株514密码子．TTC插入突变，1株为511密码子CCG和516密码子GGC联合突变。结论荧光定量PCR技术能快速检测rpoB基因突变，并能作为I晦床肺结核病人早期快速耐药诊断的辅助手段。     

基因释放剂对痰中耐利福平结核分支杆菌rpoB基因突变检出率的影响

结核分支杆菌DNA依赖性RNA聚合酶β亚单位编码基因(rpoB)是单拷贝基因,提高其检测灵敏度对直接检出痰中耐利福平结核分支杆菌具有重要意义。我们在聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性分析中(PCR-SSCP)采用基因释放剂和套式PCR,提高痰标本中结核杆菌rpoB基因突变检出率,以快速确定是否为耐药菌感染。     

PCR－SSCP技术快速检测结核分枝杆菌 rpoB基因突变的研究

目的 应用PCR-SSCP技术直接快速检测痰标本中结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变,评价此方法用于结核分枝杆菌利福平 (RFP)耐药性的意义。方法 以结核分枝杆菌H37Rv为对照、50例耐RFP(单耐和多耐)结核分枝杆菌临床分离株、12例RFP敏感菌株、35例耐RFP肺结核患者痰标本,采用PCR-SSCP检测痰标本和菌株中结核杆菌rpoB基因突变。结果 50例耐RFP菌株中有45例PCR-SSCP条带与结核分枝杆菌H37Rv条带有明显差别,与药敏试验结果做对比,PCR-SSCP检测敏感性为90%,特异性为100%;12例敏感菌株与H37Rv条带一致,35份肺结核病人痰标本,21份痰PCR扩增阳性,15份SSCP图谱与H37Rv图谱有差别,而且PCR-SSCP28份图谱与H37Rv有差别,阳性率为80%。结论 PCR-SSCP检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变快速、简便、易行,有望用于结核分枝杆菌RFP耐药性的快速测定,并将成为直接检测临床标本中结核分枝杆菌耐RFP快速方法。     

PCR-SSCP技术快速检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的研究

目的 应用PCR-SSCP技术直接快速检测痰标本中结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变,评价此方法用于结核分枝杆菌利福平 (RFP)耐药性的意义。方法 以结核分枝杆菌H37Rv为对照、50例耐RFP(单耐和多耐)结核分枝杆菌临床分离株、12例RFP敏感菌株、35例耐RFP肺结核患者痰标本,采用PCR-SSCP检测痰标本和菌株中结核杆菌rpoB基因突变。结果 50例耐RFP菌株中有45例PCR-SSCP条带与结核分枝杆菌H37Rv条带有明显差别,与药敏试验结果做对比,PCR-SSCP检测敏感性为90%,特异性为100%;12例敏感菌株与H37Rv条带一致,35份肺结核病人痰标本,21份痰PCR扩增阳性,15份SSCP图谱与H37Rv图谱有差别,而且PCR-SSCP28份图谱与H37Rv有差别,阳性率为80%。结论 PCR-SSCP检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变快速、简便、易行,有望用于结核分枝杆菌RFP耐药性的快速测定,并将成为直接检测临床标本中结核分枝杆菌耐RFP快速方法。     

荧光定量PCR技术快速检测rpoB基因突变及其临床应用

目的探讨荧光定量PCR技术检测基因突变的价值及其临床应用。方法针对结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因利福平耐药决定区(Rifampicin Resistance Determining Region,RRDR)526密码子和531密码子常见的突变形式设计探针(526CAC,526TAC,531TCG和531TTG),应用已知rpoB基因RRDR区序列的38株利福平耐药临床分离株和24株利福平敏感临床分离株以及5株非结核分枝杆菌菌株建立荧光定量PCR检测基因突变的方法。继而,应用该技术检测84份肺结核病例痰标本,与痰罗氏培养以及药敏结果进行比较,部分标本进行DNA测序证实。结果在38株利福平耐药、24株利福平敏感的临床分离株和5株非结核分枝杆菌中,其检测526密码子和531密码子突变的敏感性和特异性达100%。在84份肺结核病例的痰标本中,罗氏培养阳性62株,其中利福平耐药株48份,荧光定量PCR检测痰标本结核分枝杆菌DNA阳性为75例。荧光定量PCR检测到531密码子TTG突变65例,526密码子TAC突变7例。在48株利福平耐药株中,荧光定量PCR检测43株为531TTG突变,3株为526TAC突变,另2株利福平耐药株,经测序证实,1株514密码子TTC插入突变,1株为511密码子CCG和516密码子GGC联合突变。结论荧光定量PCR技术能快速检测rpoB基因突变,并能作为临床肺结核病人早期快速耐药诊断的辅助手段。     

应用PCR-SSCP技术检测痰中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变的研究

目的 应用PCR-SSCP技术检测痰样本中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变,探索其临床应用价值.方法 以结核分枝杆菌标准株H37Rv为对照,应用套式PCR扩增目的基因,并使用SSCP技术直接检测100例耐药患者和10例敏感患者痰样本中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变并进行基因测序,将SSCP结果及测序结果与细菌培养药敏结果进行比较分析.结果 PCR-SSCP直接检测痰样本中的结核分枝杆菌katG基因突变的敏感性和特异性分别是55.9%和70.0%,rpoB为76.0%和90.0%,embB为46.4%和60.0%.结论 PCR-SSCP操作快速、简单,敏感性和特异性较高,可用来直接检测临床痰样本中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变.     

应用PCR-SSCP技术检测痰中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变的研究

目的应用PCR-SSCP技术检测痰样本中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变,探索其临床应用价值。方法以结核分枝杆菌标准株H₃₇R_V为对照,应用套式PCR扩增目的基因,并使用SSCP技术直接检测100例耐药患者和10例敏感患者痰样本中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变并进行基因测序,将SSCP结果及测序结果与细菌培养药敏结果进行比较分析。结果PCR-SSCP直接检测痰样本中的结核分枝杆菌katG基因突变的敏感性和特异性分别是55.9%和70.0%,rpoB为76.0%和90.0%,embB为46.4%和60.0%。结论PCR-SSCP操作快速、简单,敏感性和特异性较高,可用来直接检测临床痰样本中结核分枝杆菌katG、rpoB、embB基因突变。     

PCR—SSCP技术快速检测结核分枝杆菌rpoB基因突变的研究

目的 应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ技术直接快速检测痰标本中结核分枝杆菌ｒｐｏＢ基因突变,评价此方法用于结核分枝杆菌利福平（ＲＦＰ）耐药性的意义。方法 以结核分枝杆菌Ｈ３７Ｒｖ为对照、５０例耐ＲＦＰ（单耐和多耐）结核分枝杆菌临床分离株、１２例ＲＦＰ敏感菌株、３５例耐ＲＦＰ肺结核患者痰标本,采用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ检测痰标本和菌株中结核杆菌ｒｐｏＢ基因突变。结果 ５０例耐ＲＦＰ菌株中有４５例ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ条带与     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。