降钙素原、BNP、心肌肌钙蛋白I及D-二聚体评估慢性心力衰竭患者预后的价值

【目的】探讨降钙素原(PCT)、B型利钠肽(BNP)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)及D-二聚体(D-D)评估慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者预后的价值。【方法】本院就诊的70例CHF患者作为CHF组,根据美国纽约心脏病协会颁布的心功能分级标准(NYHA)分级法分为心功能Ⅱ级组、心功能Ⅲ级组、心功能Ⅳ级组,分别为33例、26例、11例。同时选取同一时期本院70例体检正常者分为对照组。采集所有研究对象入院时及1个月后的血液标本,对所有研究对象血清PCT、BNP、cTnI及D-D进行检测,并进行统计分析。【结果】CHF组血清PCT、BNP、cTnI及D-D水平均较对照组高,其差异具有显著性(P均<0.05)。CHF组中心功能Ⅱ级组、心功能Ⅲ级组、心功能Ⅳ级组血清PCT、BNP、cTnI及D-D水平随着心衰程度加重而逐渐升高,三组间两两比较差异均具有显著性(P均<0.05)。CHF患者经治疗1月后,血清PCT、BNP、cTnI、D-D水平明显较治疗前降低,其差异具有显著性(P<0.01);CHF患者经治疗1月后左室射血分数(LVEF)较治疗前升高,且差异具有显著性(P<0.01);CHF患者经治疗1月后NYHA心功能级别较治疗前明显降低,且差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。血清PCT、BNP、cTnI、D-D水平与NYHA心功能级别均呈正相关(P均<0.05),与LVEF均呈负相关(P均<0.05)。【结论】血清中PCT、BNP、CTnI、D-D水平均可对CHF患者病情变化进行反映,对于CHF患者疗效监测具有重要预测价值。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清APN与NT—proBNP相关性研究

【目的】研究慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清脂联素（APN）与N末端B型脑钠钛前体（NT—proBNP）水平的变化及相关性,探讨其与心功能不全严重程度的关系。【方法】选取CHF患者63例,根据1994年纽约心脏病协会心功能分级标准（NYHA）分为Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级28例,Ⅳ级18例,另选取同期健康体检者37例作为对照组。分别检测其身高、体重、血脂、APN、NT—proBNP,计算体重指数,并对数据进行统计学分析。【结果ICHF患者血清APN和NT—proBNP水平明显高于健康对照组,且随着NYHA分级的增加而明显升高,心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级组间比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）;CHF患者治疗前与治疗后血清APN、NT—proBNP水平比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）;对数转换的血清APN水平与血清NT—proBNP呈明显正相关（r=0．7u,P〈0．01）。【结论】联合监测血清APN和NT—proBNP水平对于判断CHF患者的病情及预后具有重要的临床应用价值。     

血清miRNA-21、miRNA-126异常表达对慢性心力衰竭患者的临床意义

目的探讨循环血清miRNA-21、miRNA-126检测对慢性心力衰竭患者的临床意义。方法选取该院收治的慢性心力衰竭患者128例(CHF组)为研究对象(NYHA心功能Ⅱ级40例,NYHA心功能Ⅲ级46例,NYHA心功能Ⅳ级42例),另选择同期100例体检中心健康患者为对照组,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测血清miRNA-21和miRNA-126水平,同时测定CHF患者B型脑钠肽(BNP)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)和左室射血分数(LVEF),并进行统计学分析。结果 CHF组患者血清miRNA-21和miRNA-126水平显著高于健康对照组(P0.05);心功能Ⅳ级患者miRNA-21水平显著高于心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级患者(P0.05),心功能Ⅲ级患者miRNA-21显著高于心功能Ⅱ级患者(P0.05);心功能Ⅳ级患者miRNA-126水平显著高于心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级患者(P0.05),但是心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级患者间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);CHF患者血清miRNA-21水平与BNP(r=0.792,P=0.001)、LVEDD(r=0.618,P=0.003)呈正相关,与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.521,P=0.010),血清miRNA-126水平与BNP呈正相关(r=0.753,P=0.001),与LVEDD(r=0.207,P=0.096)、LVEF(r=-0.159,P=0.176)无明显相关性;血清miRNA-21(RR:2.158,95%CI:1.681~3.539,P=0.005)和miRNA-126(RR:1.852,95%CI:1.105~2.996,P=0.012)均是CHF的独立危险因素。结论慢性心力衰竭患者血清miRNA-21、miRNA-126水平异常升高,二者可能参与了慢性心力衰竭的发生与进展,是其独立危险因素。     

血清NT-proBNP、Galectin-3水平检测在慢性心力衰竭患者心功能分级中的应用

目的探究血清半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)、N端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平检测在慢性心力衰竭患者心功能分级中的应用价值。方法选取2014年5月-2018年4月我院150例慢性心力衰竭患者作为观察组,美国纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)心功能分级:Ⅰ级27例,Ⅱ级38例,Ⅲ级52例,Ⅳ级33例;另选取我院同期体检健康者50例作为对照组。两组均抽取4 ml空腹肘静脉血,离心留取血清,以酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清Galectin-3水平,电化学发光免疫法测定血清NT-proBNP水平。对比两组血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平及观察组不同心功能分级患者血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平,并分析血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平与慢性心力衰竭患者心功能分级相关性。结果观察组血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平均较对照组高(P0.05)。对于观察组心功能不同分级的血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平,NYHA分级Ⅳ级患者较Ⅲ级高(P0.05),Ⅲ级患者较Ⅱ级高(P0.05),Ⅱ级患者较Ⅰ级高(P0.05)。血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平与慢性心力衰竭患者心功能分级呈正相关关系(P0.05)。结论随心功能分级增加,血清Galectin-3、NT-proBNP水平随之升高,该结果为慢性心力衰竭的诊断和治疗提供有力依据,具有较高应用价值。     

充血性心力衰竭患者体内血清选择素家族水平的变化

目的:检测充血性心力衰竭(congestive heart failure,CHF)患者血清中P-选择素(platelet-selectin,P-selectin)、E-选择素(endothelium-selectin,E-selectin)、L-选择素(leukocyte-selectin,L-selectin)水平的变化,探讨选择素家族水平与CHF的关系.方法:随机选择97例CHF患者与正常对照组30例,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定其血清中P-selectin、E-selectin和L-selectin水平.结果:CHF患者血清P-selectin、E-selectin 和L-selectin水平均高于正常对照组(P＜0.05);不同病因CHF患者间血清P-selectin、E-selectin和L-selectin 水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);P-selectin、E-selectin和L-selectin水平在心功能Ⅳ级明显高于心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级CHF患者(P＜0.05),而心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:CHF患者血清选择素家族水平较正常人升高;心功能Ⅳ级的CHF患者血清选择素家族水平较心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级患者升高;在不同原发病因的CHF患者中选择素家族水平无差异.     

血浆脑钠肽和血清肌钙蛋白 I 在老年慢性心力衰竭中的临床研究

目的 探讨血浆脑钠肽（BNP）及血清肌钙蛋白I（cTNI）含量改变在老年患者发生充血性心力衰竭时的临床意义。 方法 选择2010年7月－2012年8月住院的各种老年心脏病患者117例,根据纽约心功能分级分为4组（心功能Ⅰ级组、Ⅱ级组、Ⅲ级组、Ⅳ级组）,分别检测血浆BNP、血清cTNI及心肌酶[肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）、肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）]进行组间比较,同时与健康老年组进行对比。 结果 ① 老年慢性充血性心力衰竭各组（心功能Ⅱ～Ⅳ级）血浆BNP水平均高于健康对照组及心功能正常组（心功能Ⅰ级组）;且心功能Ⅳ级组BNP水平＞心功能Ⅲ级组＞心功能Ⅱ级组。各组之间比较差异有统计学意义,但心功能Ⅰ级组与健康对照组血浆BNP水平无明显差异。② 各组之间CK及CK-MB水平差异均无统计学意义。③ 充血性心力衰竭各组（心功能Ⅱ～Ⅳ级组血清cTNI水平均高于健康对照组及心功能正常组（心功能Ⅰ级组）;且心功能Ⅳ级组cTNI水平＞心功能Ⅲ级组＞心功能Ⅱ级组。各组之间比较差异有统计学意义,而心功能Ⅰ级组及健康对照组血清cTNI水平差异无统计学意义。 结论 血浆BNP水平及血清cTNI水平在老年患者发生心力衰竭时随心力衰竭程度加重而逐渐升高,两者均对慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床诊断具有重要参考意义。     

慢性心力衰竭血清胆红素异常的临床意义

目的 探讨慢性心力衰竭患者血清胆红素异常的临床意义.方法 慢性心衰患者60例,按照心功能分级分为2组:心功能Ⅱ级组30例;心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组30例,心功能正常者作为对照组30例.所有病例入院第2天检测血清胆红素(包括总胆红素和直接胆红素),心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级患者治疗1周后复查血清胆红素.结果 与正常对照组及心功能Ⅱ级患者比较,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级患者,血清总胆红素、直接胆红素水平明显升高;经纠正心衰治疗后,血清胆红素明显降低(P<0.01).心功能Ⅱ级患者血清胆红素水平与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义.结论 观察血清胆红素变化有助于判断慢性心力衰竭严重程度,评估治疗效果.     

参麦注射液治疗充血性心力衰竭前后不对称二甲基精氨酸比较的研究

【目的】探讨参麦注射液对充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血浆以及尿液不对称二甲基精氨酸(asymmetricdimethylargine,ADMA)的影响。【方法】将CHF患者160例随机分为A组(78例)和B组(82例),A组在常规治疗基础上加用参麦注射液,B组采用常规治疗,疗程2周。另设32例健康成人对照组。治疗前后用高效液相色谱方法(HPLC)测定血浆和尿液的ADMA。【结果】CHF患者的ADMA浓度较对照组明显升高(P<0.01);心功能NYHAⅣ级患者ADMA浓度较Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级者都有明显升高(P<0.01);A、B两组治疗后ADMA浓度较治疗前有明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),但A组较B组下降更明显(P<0.05)。【结论】参麦注射液可通过改善内皮功能降低血浆和尿液ADMA浓度水平,最终改善充血性心力衰竭患者的心功能状态。     

充血性心力衰竭患者肿瘤坏死因子-α和可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体Ⅱ变化及其意义

目的　探讨充血性心力衰竭 (CHF)时肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)和可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体Ⅱ(sTNFRⅡ )的变化及其与CHF的关系。方法　CHF患者 4 5例和年龄匹配的正常对照组 17例 ,根据NY HA分级 ,将CHF患者分成Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级 3组 ;根据体重分成恶病质组及非恶病质组。用酶联免疫法测定sTNFRⅡ ,用放射免疫法测定TNF α。结果　CHF患者血清TNF α和sTNFRⅡ较对照组明显升高 ,TNF α在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级时显著升高 ,sTNFRⅡ在心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级时均显著升高。不同病因的CHF之间TNF α和sTNFRⅡ无显著差异 ,恶病质组及非恶病质组之间无明显变化。血清TNF α与sTNFRⅡ呈正相关 (r =0 .5 14 1,P <0 .0 1)。结论　血清TNF α和sTNFRⅡ水平与CHF的严重程度密切相关 ,可作为判断CHF严重程度及预后的指标。     

心力衰竭患者血清尿酸水平变化及与高血压发生的关系

目的探讨心力衰竭患者血清尿酸水平的变化规律及其与高血压的关系。方法2002-07／2004-02龙海市第一医院内一科住院冠心病或高血压性心脏病心力衰竭患者150例(心力衰竭组)。选择同期住院的心功能代偿的非高血压心血管病患者116例为对照组。比较心力衰竭组与对照组血清尿酸水平。分别比较心功能Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ级的尿酸水平，对入院时未用过利尿剂和正在使用利尿剂的血尿酸水平及96例心力衰竭患者控制前后的血尿酸水平进行比较。比较冠心病心力衰竭组与高血压性心脏病心力衰竭组的尿酸水平。结果心力衰竭组与对照组患者的血清尿酸水平分别为(387．74&;#177;127．77)mmol／L和(242．3&;#177;62．93)mmol／L，差异有显著性意义(t=11．251．P&;lt;0．01)；心功能Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级患者，Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级患者，Ⅱ级与Ⅳ级患者血尿酸水平两两比较，差异有显著性意义(t=6．685，4．906，10．553，P&;lt;0．01)，随着心力衰竭加剧，血清尿酸水平逐级升高。心力衰竭控制前后血清尿酸水平比较，差异有显著性意义(t=4．825，P&;lt;0．05)。冠心病心力衰竭患者血清尿酸水平与高血压性心脏病心力衰竭患者比较，差异有显著性意义(t=2．234，P&;lt;0．05)。结论心力衰竭越重，血清尿酸水平升高的程度越大，监测血清尿酸水平有助于反映心力衰竭患者病情的严重程度及其预后；慢性心力衰竭患者中高血压性心脏病者血清尿酸水平高于血压正常的冠心病者，提示血清尿酸水平升高与高血压之间存在密切的联系。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.