抗人纤维蛋白噬菌体单链抗体库的构建和鉴定

目的应用噬菌体展示技术构建抗人纤维蛋白单链抗体(scFv)文库,筛选高亲和力抗人纤维蛋白scFv并进行鉴定。方法利用人纤维蛋白免疫小鼠,分别扩增小鼠VH和VL基因,经重叠延伸聚合酶链反应(PCR)将VH和VL基因拼接成scFv基因,SfiⅠ/NotⅠ双酶切克隆入pCANTAB 5E噬菌粒载体,转化E.coli TG1构建成库,采用人纤维蛋白原对抗体库进行负筛选,人纤维蛋白进行正筛选,酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)检测阳性克隆的抗原特异性并进行测序分析。结果构建了库容为8.7×106的抗人纤维蛋白scFv库,ELISA测定显示scFv具有较高的抗原特异性;抗人纤维蛋白scFv基因序列长732 bp,编码244个氨基酸,VH和VL基因均有明确的3个互补决定区和4个骨架区。结论成功构建了抗人纤维蛋白scFv文库,并筛选到高亲和力的抗人纤维蛋白scFv,为新型血栓显像剂的开发奠定了实验基础。     

抗肝癌细胞噬菌体单链抗体库的构建及筛选

构建抗人肝癌细胞单链抗体库 ,从中筛选与肝癌细胞特异结合的高亲和力单链抗体。从HepG2细胞免疫的BALB/c小鼠脾脏提取总RNA ,RT PCR扩增小鼠抗体重、轻链可变区基因 ,用 (Gly4Ser) 3 连接肽基因 ,经重叠延伸反应 ,在体外将VH 和VL 连接成单链抗体 (scFv)基因 ,并克隆入噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中 ,构建噬菌体单链抗体库。以HepG2细胞为抗原对抗体库进行淘选 ,ELISA法鉴定各单克隆与肝癌细胞的结合活性 ,并对阳性克隆进行表达。成功构建了库容为 1 1× 10 6抗肝癌细胞的噬菌体单链抗体库 ,经筛选得到了与HepG2细胞具有较强结合能力的单链抗体 ,实现了scFv在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达。序列测定结果表明 ,VH 和VL 基因符合小鼠抗体可变区特征 ,scFv基因拼接正确     

抗人肺癌单链抗体噬菌体库的构建及特异性单链抗体的鉴定

目的 构建人源噬菌体抗体库,并从中筛选出抗肺癌人源单链抗体。方法 提取肺癌患者癌旁淋巴结组织,通过RT-PCR扩增出重链可变区基因（VH）和轻链可变区基因（VL）,再经剪切-重叠-延伸PCR(SOE-PCR)将VH 和VL连接得到单链抗体（ScFv）。将双酶切后的ScFv基因片段克隆入噬菌体表达载体pCANTAB5E,得到初级噬菌体抗体库。以肺腺癌细胞株A549为抗原对抗体库进行4轮筛选富集,鉴定抗体库性能。将得到的阳性克隆用IPTG诱导表达并进行检测。结果 成功构建噬菌体单链抗体库。经筛选富集,噬菌体收获率得到增加,第4轮是第1轮的115倍。随机选取10个克隆,通过ELISA法检测到其中7个与A549细胞呈阳性反应,阳性率为70%。SDS-PAGE及ELISA检测证实得到人源抗肺癌单链抗体。结论 成功构建人源单链抗体噬菌体库,从中获得具有较高特异性的抗人肺癌单链抗体。     

抗阿尔茨海默病Aβ人源单链抗体基因的筛选和表达

目的 从人源噬菌体单链抗体库中筛选与阿尔茨海默病发病中起关键作用的β淀粉样多肽(Aβ)1-42特异性结合的单链可变区抗体(scFv)基因,利用原核生物大肠杆菌进行可溶性表达,以获得抗AB1-42人源抗体.方法 利用噬菌体展示技术对人源噬菌体单链抗体库进行多轮富集,以Aβ1-42为抗原经酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)检测,筛选与Aβ1-42特异性结合的阳性噬菌体克隆,再用阳性噬菌体感染E.coli HB2151进行可溶性表达,经SDS-PAGE、Western blot及ELISA法检测scFv单抗的可溶性表达水平及抗原结合活性.并对阳性scFv抗体基因进行基因测序鉴定.结果 获得了7个特异性的抗Aβ1-42 scFv阳性噬菌体克隆,其中4个克隆ELISA检测吸光度值(A值)高于阴性对照5倍以上;其中1株(A 10)获得可溶性单链抗体的成功表达,表达产物主要位于菌体中,ELISA效价显示在全菌蛋白中A值高于对照5倍以上.其相对分子质量约为33 000.DNA测序表明所获抗体的可变区基因属于scFv抗体基因,推导得到的氨基酸序列具有典型的抗体可变区结构.结论 用人源噬菌体单链抗体库筛选出抗Aβ1-42的人源抗体单链可变区基因,并成功表达了具有抗原结合活性的可溶性单链抗体,为进一步研究阿尔茨海默病的发病机制和治疗奠定了基础.     

鼠抗寻常性天疱疮抗原噬菌体抗体库的构建与筛选

目的 :应用重组噬菌体抗体库技术制备抗寻常性天疱疮抗原 (PVA)的单链抗体。方法 :用PVA免疫小鼠 6w后 ,抽取小鼠脾脏细胞RNA ,逆转录为cDNA。设计针对小鼠抗体重链可变区 (VH)和轻链可变区 (VL)的特异性引物 ,PCR扩增出VH 和VL 片段。用带有VH3′端、连接肽和VL5′端序列的引物修饰VL 得VL′后 ,与VH 进行重叠延伸拼接 (splicingbyoverlapex tension ,SOE) ,连接成VH—Linker—VL(ScFv) ,并大量扩增。此ScFv经限制性内切酶Sfi1和Not1酶切后 ,以噬粒pCANTAB 5E为载体 ,构建重组质粒 ,转导TG1 感受态菌 ,建成库容为 1 5× 10 6 的噬菌体抗体库 ,用PVA筛库。结果 :构建了抗PVA的特异性单链抗体库 ,筛选出一高丰度表达单链抗PVA抗体的细胞株。结论 :从小鼠噬菌体抗体库中获得特异性的、单克隆的、单链抗PVA噬菌体抗体     

抗人载脂蛋白6 单链抗体的筛选、制备及活性鉴定

目的:筛选特异性抗人载脂蛋白6单链抗体(anti-hLCN6 scFv),并进行表达纯化和活性鉴定。方法:采用RT-PCR技术,用抗体可变区简并引物,从hLCN6免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞中扩增全套V_H和V_L基因,装配成scFv基因后将其克隆到噬菌体载体pFAB5C中,构建scFv噬菌体抗体库。对抗体库进行4轮富集,筛选抗hLCN6阳性scFv。经原核表达纯化后,用Western blot和间接ELISA对其活性进行鉴定。结果:筛选到2株亲和力较高的阳性克隆,测序表明其序列一致。获得了高纯度的scFv抗体,其对抗原具有良好的亲和力和特异性。结论:成功筛选到特异性抗hLCN6 scFv,为利用该抗体进行混合斑中的精子分离奠定了基础。     

人源抗狂犬病毒单链抗体库的构建及体外亲和筛选

目的 :构建人源噬菌体展示单链抗体 (scFv)库 ,筛选抗狂犬病毒特异性、高亲和力的scFv。方法 :应用重组噬菌体抗体技术 ,从经狂犬病毒WISTARPM株疫苗免疫者的外周血淋巴细胞中 ,分离并构建scFv基因。将其克隆入噬粒载体pCANTAB 5E中 ,转化于大肠杆菌TG1,通过辅助噬菌体M13K0 7援救构建噬菌体单链抗体库。采用狂犬病毒Vero疫苗亲和富集法 ,淘选阳性重组噬菌体 ,经鉴定后对其进行序列分析。用竞争ELISA ,初步检测重组scFv的特异性抗原结合活性。结果 :成功地构建了库容量约为 7× 10 8抗狂犬病毒噬菌体scFv库 ,筛选到 1株新的抗狂犬病毒的scFv S12。结论 :噬菌体展示scFv库的成功构建及人源抗狂犬病毒特异性scFv的获得 ,为进一步研制抗狂犬病毒的高特异性、高亲和力的基因工程抗体奠定了基础     

多样性人源天然噬菌体抗体库的构建及初步应用

目的:构建多样性良好的人源天然噬菌体抗体库。方法:从正常人外周血中分离淋巴细胞,以RT-PCR和半巢式PCR扩增重链可变区VH基因和轻链可变区VL基因,以重叠延伸PCR将VH、VL组装成scFv基因,并将其克隆入噬菌粒载体pCANTAB-5E中。以pCANTAB-5E电转化大肠杆菌TG1,构建人源天然噬菌体抗体库,测序分析抗体基因的家族信息和多样性,并用多种抗原对其进行筛选。结果:获得了库容为2×108的人源天然噬菌体抗体库。分别用5种抗原对其进行筛选,均可获得特异性噬菌体抗体的富集。结论:成功地构建了一个多样性良好的人源天然噬菌体抗体库,可用于制备具有应用前景的人源抗体。     

抗木瓜凝乳蛋白酶单链抗体基因的构建、初步筛选和鉴定

目的 :构建抗木瓜凝乳蛋白酶全套单链抗体 (scFv)噬菌体表面展示文库。方法 :从木瓜凝乳蛋白酶免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞中提取总RNA ,反转录成cDNA后 ,用抗体V区简并引物扩增全套VH 和VL 基因。经重叠延伸反应 ,装配成scFv基因 ,并将其克隆到噬粒载体pFAB5C中 ,构建scFv噬菌体抗体库。对抗体库进行亲和筛选后 ,用ELISA法鉴定抗木瓜凝乳蛋白酶的scFv。结果 :经 4轮“亲和 吸附 洗脱”的富集过程 ,得到ELISA活性较高可与木瓜凝乳蛋白酶结合的克隆。结论 :成功地构建了抗木瓜凝乳蛋白酶的scFv噬菌体展示文库 ,并筛选到与木瓜凝乳蛋白酶具有结合能力的scFv基因     

从噬菌体抗体库中筛选抗角蛋白单链抗体

目的　从半合成噬菌体抗体库中筛选人源性抗角蛋白单链抗体 (scFv)并进行鉴定。方法　以人表皮角蛋白为抗原 ,通过“吸附 洗脱 扩增”过程从噬菌体抗体库中筛选特异性抗角蛋白单链抗体 ,对其抗原结合活性、识别角蛋白的相对分子质量 (Mr)和序列进行分析鉴定。结果　经过筛选 ,获得 6株能与角蛋白特异性结合的阳性克隆 ,所识别角蛋白的Mr 相同 ,均在 5 6 0 0 0～ 5 70 0 0之间 ;序列分析显示 ,所获抗体克隆的可变区基因分别属于免疫球蛋白基因家族的不同亚群。结论　利用噬菌体抗体库技术可以不经免疫制备出高特异性的人源性抗角蛋白单链抗体     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.