颞浅动脉额支皮瓣的应用解剖学

目的：为带蒂颞浅动脉额支皮瓣转移修复眼部软组织缺损提供解剖学资料。方法：对头面部乳胶灌注的标本进行解剖，并对颞浅动脉的走行、分支、分布进行观测。结果：颞浅动脉起自颈外动脉，穿腮腺实质上行，在颧弓上方分为额、顶两终末支。额支又于外毗上方分为额顶支和额眶支。额支、额顶支、额眶支血管外径均在1mm左右，可游离血管长度符合要求。结论：以颞浅动脉额支为蒂的皮瓣可用来转位修复眶周软组织缺损。     

鼻成形术中额颞部血管的应用解剖学研究

目的：为解决临床上额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损时常出现的血运障碍，全鼻再造时的衬里缺损以及应用耳廓复合组织修复鼻翼缺损时面积受限等问题。方法：对２９例（５８例）尸体额、鼻和颞部血管进行解剖。结果：滑车上动脉由两侧向内上行走，滑车上动脉的分支、眶上动脉的浅支、颞浅动脉额支的额眶支相互吻合成网前额动脉吻合网。颞浅动脉主干及顶支发出２～３支耳支分布至耳轮。结论：额部皮瓣应设计在旁正中的滑车上动脉血管走行轴线上；可同时用两侧额部皮瓣行全鼻缺损的修复；亦可经前额动脉吻合网、颞浅动脉及其分支，设计出带蒂的大面积耳廓复合组织岛状瓣修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损     

逆行颞顶筋膜瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨逆行颞顶筋膜瓣临床应用的可行性。方法：①在12侧成人头颅标本上,对颞顶筋膜的形态和血供进行巨微解剖观测。②分别以颞浅动脉的额支或顶支或额、顶支双蒂设计逆行颞顶筋膜瓣应用于临床修复头颅深度软组织缺损。结果：①颞顶筋膜主要由颞浅动脉供血,额支与顶支是颞浅动脉的终末分支,颞浅动脉经额支、顶支与耳后动脉、枕动脉、眶上动脉、滑车上动脉及对侧颞浅动脉有丰富吻合。颞浅静脉由静脉额支和静脉顶支汇合而成,动、静脉额支及可动、静脉顶支基本伴行。②临床应用6例逆行颞顶筋膜瓣均获成功。结论：逆行颞顶筋膜瓣供血可靠,具有采取方便、供区隐蔽等优点,适用于额、顶、枕等处深度软组织缺损的修复。     

除皱术中以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支的解剖学基础

目的探讨以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支解剖学依据.方法选用防腐固定1 0例(20侧)新鲜标本5例(10侧),解剖观察颞浅动脉额支的走行分布及其与颞支的毗邻关系.结果①56.7%的颞支及其终末分支均走行在颞浅动脉额支下方的颞浅筋膜深面.②43.3%的颞支1～2终末分支可在眶上缘水平以上与颞浅动脉额支平行或交叉走行在其深面,终止于额结节下方.③颞支在颧弓上缘与颞浅动脉起始部的距离为(0.7±0.3)cm,走行过程中逐级发出分支分布于眼轮匝肌外侧部,最后呈网状分布于额结节下方的眼轮匝肌与额肌交汇处,支配眼轮匝肌、额肌、皱眉肌.结论以颞浅动脉额支、颧弓和经过额结节的矢状线所围成的三角形可简便直观地定位颞支的分布,在除皱术中具有实际的应用意义.     

带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣局部转位术的应用解剖

目的:为一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损提供一种足内侧复合组织瓣。方法:利用40侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,解剖观察足内侧区动脉来源、口径、走行、分支及分布情况;3侧新鲜足标本观测复合瓣的大小及摹拟转位手术。结果:内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉及足底内饲动脉深、浅支在走行中分别发出若干皮支、肌支和骨膜支供血足底内侧区诸结构,且相互问形成广泛、恒定的吻合,连同其相伴的静脉和神经共同形成带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣。结论:带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣可转位一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损,该瓣血管多元化,转位灵活,不牺牲主要血管,手术简便安全,可一期同时修复多种组织缺损。     

带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣局部转位术的应用解剖

目的为一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损提供一种足内侧复合组织瓣.方法利用40侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,解剖观察足内侧区动脉来源、口径、走行、分支及分布情况;3侧新鲜足标本观测复合瓣的大小及摹拟转位手术.结果内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉及足底内侧动脉深、浅支在走行中分别发出若干皮支、肌支和骨膜支供血足底内侧区诸结构,且相互间形成广泛、恒定的吻合,连同其相伴的静脉和神经共同形成带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣.结论带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣可转位一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损,该瓣血管多元化,转位灵活,不牺牲主要血管,手术简便安全,可一期同时修复多种组织缺损.     

带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣局部转位术的应用解剖

目的:为一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损提供一种足内侧复合组织瓣.方法:利用40侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,解剖观察足内侧区动脉来源、口径、走行、分支及分布情况;3侧新鲜足标本观测复合瓣的大小及摹拟转位手术.结果:内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉及足底内侧动脉深、浅支在走行中分别发出若干皮支、肌支和骨膜支供血足底内侧区诸结构,且相互间形成广泛、恒定的吻合,连同其相伴的静脉和神经共同形成带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣.结论:带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣可转位一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损,该瓣血管多元化,转位灵活,不牺牲主要血管,手术简便安全,可一期同时修复多种组织缺损.     

以颈横动脉浅支为蒂肩胛冈骨瓣枕颈融合术的应用解剖

目的：为枕颈融合术提供带血管蒂骨瓣转位术的应用解剖学基础。方法：在３０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上，解剖观测颈横动脉浅支的走行、分支及分布；另在１侧标本上摹拟手术设计。结果：颈横动脉浅支主要分支有肩胛冈支和斜方肌支。肩胛冈支外径１．６±０．３ｍｍ，长度４．９±０．６ｃｍ；斜方肌支可分为升支和降支，其中升支水平横向正中线，在第７颈椎棘突附近与颈深动脉后支及邻近皮支相吻合，斜方肌支—升支长达６．７ｃｍ，起始外径１．５±０．３ｍｍ。结论：在颈横动脉肩胛冈支和斜方肌支分支前结扎动脉干，可以斜方肌支—肩胛冈支为蒂设计肩胛冈骨瓣转位行枕颈融合的术式。     

颞浅动脉顶支缺如1例

颞浅动脉系颈外动脉的终支之一，自下颌骨髁状突颈的内后方开始，于腮腺深面，经外耳道软骨前上方，与颞浅静脉和耳颞神经伴行．由腮腺上缘浅出，穿过颞骨颧突根部表面，至其上方约3cm处分为额顶两终支。颞浅动脉顶支缺如较少见。在观察颞浅动脉时发现1例，报道如下：     

逆流颞顶筋膜瓣移转术

目的：报道逆流颞顶筋膜瓣移转术及临床应用效果。方法：根据颞浅动脉颞顶分支与耳后、枕动脉支，前额支与眶上、滑车上动脉支有丰富吻合或与对侧主要血管支直接交通，构筑跨血供区供血的解剖基础，设计以颞浅动脉轴型血管及其吻合支为蒂的逆流颞顶筋膜瓣，向顶枕侧或前额顶部移转覆盖骨外露缺损区加皮片移植或充填。自1996年11月开始，临床应用4例，最大筋膜瓣13cm×7cm。结果：术后筋膜瓣及植皮区完全存活，外形较为满意。癌肿病例术后三周接受放射治疗。结论：逆流供血的颞部筋膜瓣血运行可靠，是提供颞顶枕部深度组织缺损即期、简便、有效的修复方法法。     

桡动脉掌浅支蒂腕横纹皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为临床设计切取腕横纹皮瓣提供解剖学基础。 方法　选取6只新鲜手标本进行红色乳胶灌注,解剖观察桡动脉掌浅支的走行及皮支分布规律和特点。 结果　桡动脉掌浅支于桡骨茎突掌尺侧自桡动脉发出,起始处直径（1.26±0.36）mm,向鱼际肌走行。桡动脉掌浅支于舟骨结节近侧中间腕横纹处发出皮支,皮支发出处直径（0.23±0.06）mm,供养腕横纹皮肤。 结论　以桡动脉掌浅支腕横纹皮支供血,以腕横纹皮肤为供区切取游离皮瓣或带蒂转移可以修复手部皮肤软组织缺损,该术式具有血供可靠、不牺牲主干血管,切取安全等优点。     

Anatomy of the superficial temporal artery and its branches: its importance for surgery

The temporoparietal, parieto-occipital flaps or the forehead flaps that are used in reconstructive surgery are prepared on the superficial temporal artery (STA) and its branches. For a successful surgery and a suitable flap design, adequate anatomical knowledge is needed. In our study, the red colored latex solution was injected into the external carotid artery; the STA and its branches were dissected in 27 specimens. The mean diameter of the STA at the zygomatic arch was determined as 2.73±0.51 mm. The diameters of the frontal branch were bigger than those of the parietal branch in 15 samples out of 27. The diameters of both the frontal and parietal branches were equal in four samples. The diameter of the parietal branch was bigger than that of the frontal branch in eight samples. In 20 samples out of 27 (74.07%), the bifurcation point of the STA was above the arch. In six samples (22.22%), the STA bifurcated directly over the arch. In only one sample (3.70%), bifurcation was not observed and the STA continued only as a frontal branch (absence of the parietal branch). The absence of the frontal branch was not encountered. In one sample (3.70%), double parietal branches were observed. In six samples out of 27 (22.22%), zygomatico-orbital artery was not encountered. In 21 samples (77.77%), zygomatico-orbital arteries ran towards the face, parallel to zygomatic arch and distributed in the orbicularis oculi muscle. The transverse facial artery existed in all samples. The auricular branches running to the helix and tragus were observed in all samples. The STA was 16.68±0.35 mm at the front of the tragus. Some landmarks were chosen on the head and then the STA was observed where it crossed all of these landmarks. This paper confirms the well-known variability of the superficial temporal arterial branches and their relation to the pericranial region. Knowledge concerning the arterial features of the lateral forehead region is important for the aesthetic surgeon. STA and its branches have been found to be suitable for use in microvascular anastomoses. A better understanding of the midline forehead vascularity should allow modification of reconstructive techniques and reduce postoperative complications.     

肩胛下血管蒂复合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以肩胛下血管为蒂复合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：４０侧成人上肢标本解剖观察肩胛下动脉的分支类型及分布。结果：肩胛下动脉分支有３种类型：①肩胛下动脉直接分出旋肩胛动脉和胸背动脉,占５２．５％;②肩胛下动脉发出旋肩胛、胸背、旋肱后或胸外动脉,占４０％;③旋肩胛动脉与胸背动脉分别起于腋动脉,占７．５％。旋肩胛动脉恒定发浅、深支,浅支分布于肩胛冈下部筋膜皮肤,深支分布于肩胛骨外侧缘。胸背动脉恒定发肩胛骨支、前锯肌支,分布于肩胛骨外侧缘中下部、前锯肌及第５～７肋。胸背动脉于肩胛骨下角上方１．９ｃｍ处分为内、外侧支。结论：９２．５％可以肩胛下血管为蒂形成：①肩胛（骨）皮瓣与背阔肌皮瓣;②肩胛（骨）皮瓣与侧胸皮瓣;③肩胛（骨）皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。７．５％则可以胸背动脉为蒂形成背阔肌皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。     

静脉蒂股骨外侧髁骨膜瓣修复膝关节软骨缺损的应用解剖

目的　为修复膝关节软骨缺损提供一个新的骨膜瓣供区。方法　在 5 0侧成人下肢标本上 ,解剖观察了膝上外侧血管的起始、行径、分支、分布及与周围血管的吻合 ;对另 3例进行了摹拟手术及静脉逆行灌注。结果　膝上外侧血管在股骨外侧髁上方 (2 5± 0 5 )cm处起自于血管 ,分出升支、横支、降支及浅支。横支、降支分布于股骨外侧髁。横支与膝降血管吻合 ,吻合率为 10 0 % (5 0侧 ) ;浅支与髌周血管环吻合 ,吻合率为 10 0 % (5 0侧 ) ;升支与旋股外侧血管降支吻合 ,吻合率为 92 %(4 6侧 )。上述血管束及分支均包含一条动脉、二条静脉。结论　在股骨外侧髁可以切取以膝上外侧血管横支、浅支或升支静脉为蒂的骨膜瓣 ,转移修复膝关节软骨缺损     

腕部掌侧带血供皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的应用解剖研究

目的　介绍腕部掌侧皮肤带血供游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的应用解剖学基础。 方法　解剖观测20例成人尸体上肢标本,2例标本做带骨骼动脉铸型,18例标本做肱动脉乳胶灌注。在手术显微镜下进行解剖,观测腕部掌侧皮肤的营养动脉、回流静脉、神经支配来源、其内的掌长肌腱。 结果　腕部掌侧皮肤主要由桡动脉掌浅支分支营养,静脉回流有深浅两种途径,神经支配以正中神经掌皮支为主,桡神经浅支为辅,游离移植可切取面积为2cm×4cm~2 cm×5cm[2cm×（4.42±0.58）cm]。桡动脉掌浅支起始处直径为 （1.25±0.24）mm, 与指动脉直径相仿。 结论　传统的腕部掌侧供皮区皮肤可以形成以桡动脉掌浅支为蒂的复合组织皮瓣游离移植修复手指的皮肤缺损。     

Superficial temporal artery as an external landmark for deeper-lying brain structures

Additional localizing superficial landmarks for intracranial structures can be of use to the neurosurgeon. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of the superficial temporal artery (STA) as an external landmark for deeper brain structures. Thirteen adult cadavers (26 sides) underwent latex injection of their STA bilaterally. Dissections were next carried out to identify this vessel. Once the STA and its frontal and parietal branches were skeletonized, craniectomies were performed and the underlying dura mater excised. Measurements were made between the frontal and parietal branches of the STA and deeper brain structures. The STA was found to branch on average 3 cm superior to the tragus. The bifurcation of the STA was found to commonly bifurcate at the level of the floor of the middle cranial fossa or superior temporal gyrus. The Sylvian fissure was found at a mean of 2 cm superior to the STA bifurcation. The angle between the frontal branch of the STA and the zygomatic arch had a mean of 37 degrees. The angle between the frontal and parietal branches of the STA had a mean of 87 degrees. At the level of the glabella, the frontal branch of the STA was on average 3 cm posterior to the frontal pole. The temporal tip was located a mean of 3.2 cm anterior to the frontal branch of the STA. The plane of the foramen of Monro was found to lie at a mean distance of 2.3 cm posterior to the frontal branch of the STA. The parietal branch of the STA was noted to travel more or less parallel with the central sulcus in all specimens and to travel an average of 2 cm posterior to this sulcus. At the level of the lateral attachment of the tentorium cerebelli, the parietal branch of the STA was found to travel a mean of 4.8 cm anterior to the entrance of the vein of Labbé into the transverse sinus. The parietal branch of the STA was also found to travel a mean of 4.2 cm anterior to the angular gyrus and 3.9 cm anterior to the supramarginal gyrus. Palpation or Doppler identification of the STA and its branches with subsequent mapping on the lateral cranium may prove useful as an additional superficial landmark for the neurosurgeon.     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。