广泛性焦虑个体的短期团体认知行为干预

目的:探讨短期团体认知行为疗法对广泛性焦虑个体干预的效果.方法:在大学生中招募宾州忧虑问卷得分在50分以上的被试共计64名,随机分配到实验组和对照组.实验组进行一天一次为期七次的认知行为小组于预,心理干预重点改善个体对虚假担忧情境的识别能力,并提高被试对不确定性的忍受力,同时降低其元担忧.结果:①在干预后,实验组的广泛性焦虑症状、对不确定性的忍受力和元担忧频率显著低于对照组.②在干预六个月后,实验组在广泛性焦虑症状上显著低于对照组.③实验组干预后的广泛性焦虑症状、对不确定性的忍受力和元担忧频率显著低于干预前和干预六个月后；干预6个月后的广泛性焦虑症状显著低于干预前.④对照组在干预前、干预后、干预6个月后三个测查点之间不存在显著差异.结论:以提高个体对虚假担忧情境的识别能力,对不确定性的忍受力及降低元担忧相结合的短期团体认知行为疗法取得了较好的干预效果.     

不确定性忍受力和元担忧在神经质人格与社交焦虑间起的作用

目的:了解大学生的社交焦虑与神经质人格的关系及不确定性忍受力和元担忧在其中所起的作用。方法:选取642名大学生,采用交往焦虑量表(IAS)和自我意识量表(SCS)的社交焦虑分量表测量社交焦虑、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测量神经质人格,不确定性忍受力量表(IUS)测量不确定性忍受力,元担忧问卷(MWQ)测量元担忧,通过通径分析考察各变量之间的关系。结果:不同生源地的学生IAS得分差异有统计学意义,来自省会城市(45.9±8.4)、地级市(44.3±8.3)、县级市(43.6±8.2)、乡镇(43.4±7.8)、农村大学生(40.3±7.2)的IAS得分依次降低(P0.001)。通径分析表明,不确定性忍受力、元担忧能直接预测交往焦虑(β=0.37、0.11)和社交焦虑(β=0.27、0.17),神经质人格通过元担忧、不确定性忍受力对交往焦虑和社交焦虑有间接效应。结论:大学生元担忧和无法忍受不确定性的水平越高,越容易引发交往焦虑和社交焦虑,而神经质人格正是通过元担忧和不确定性忍受力对社交焦虑和交往焦虑起着间接的作用,随着神经质程度的加重,交往焦虑和社交焦虑的程度会减轻。     

焦虑性养育对大学生不确定性容忍度的影响：早期依恋经历的中介作用

目的:探讨焦虑性养育对大学生不确定性容忍度的影响及早期依恋经历的中介作用。方法:使用父母教养方式问卷、成人对父母的依恋经历调查问卷、无法忍受不确定性量表对484名大学生进行测量。结果:①焦虑性养育与不确定性容忍度呈显著负相关,与早期依恋经历呈显著负相关;早期依恋经历与不确定性容忍度呈显著正相关。②早期依恋经历在焦虑性养育与不确定性容忍度之间起部分中介作用。结论:焦虑性养育不仅直接影响大学生不确定性容忍度,还通过早期依恋经历间接影响大学生不确定性容忍度。     

大学生演讲焦虑的特点及其影响因素

目的:调查大学生的演讲焦虑状况,分析大学生演讲焦虑的状况及其影响因素。方法:本研究采用问卷法对905名大学生的演讲焦虑状况进行了调查,分析了大学生演讲焦虑在性别、年级、家庭经济状况、生源地等的分布差异,并从内外向、神经质及不确定性忍受力的角度分析演讲焦虑的印象因素。结果:大学生演讲焦虑平均得分为12.31。演讲焦虑在性别(t=-3.715,P0.01)、年级(F=2.696,P0.05)、家庭经济状况(F=7.157,P0.01)、生源地(F=5.486,P0.001)的分布上有显著差异。内外向与演讲焦虑负相关显著,神经质与演讲焦虑正相关显著。不确定性忍受力与演讲焦虑正相关显著。人格中的内外向对演讲焦虑起着最为重要的直接作用,其次是神经质、不确定性忍受力;同时内外向与神经质分别可以通过不确定性忍受力对演讲焦虑起一定的间接作用。结论:内外向、神经质、对不确定性忍受力能够对演讲焦虑起到显著的预测作用。     

中学独生子女学生心理健康状况和人格特征的相关性

目的:了解中学生当中独生子女的人格特点对心理健康状况的影响。方法:选取我市部分学校独生子女学生145人为被试,实施症状自评量表(SCL-90)以及艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)。结果:①独生子女学生SCL-90总分及躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子得分高于全国常模(t=8.576,3.732,11.622,5.313,5.689,8.627,4.095,9.062,7.375,8.034;P0.01),并且存在显著差异,具有统计学意义。②人格特征中的神经质因子与SCL-90中的敌对因子和偏执因子呈显著正相关(P0.05),具有统计学意义。结论:独生子女学生的心理健康水平显著差于全国一般人群;人格特征中的神经质因素会对独生子女学生在敌对和偏执方面产生影响。     

母亲依恋状况、教养方式与幼儿焦虑的关系

目的:考察母亲的依恋状况、教养方式与幼儿焦虑的关系。方法:以学前儿童焦虑量表、亲密关系经历量表和父母教养行为问卷为研究工具,对182名幼儿及其母亲进行测查。结果:①母亲的依恋焦虑、依恋回避与专制教养方式呈显著正相关,专制教养方式与幼儿分离焦虑、社交恐惧、广泛性焦虑和焦虑总分呈显著正相关;②母亲的依恋焦虑与幼儿焦虑总分呈显著正相关,依恋回避与幼儿焦虑总分相关不显著,但与幼儿的躯体伤害恐惧、广泛性焦虑呈显著正相关;③专制教养方式在母亲依恋焦虑和幼儿焦虑总分之间起部分中介作用,在母亲依恋回避和幼儿广泛性焦虑之间起完全中介作用。结论:母亲的依恋状况、教养方式显著影响幼儿焦虑,并且专制教养方式在母亲依恋状况与幼儿焦虑之间起到中介作用。     

家庭复原力在缓解乳腺肿瘤患者焦虑和抑郁中的作用

目的:探究乳腺肿瘤患者家庭复原力、压力知觉与其焦虑、抑郁的关系.方法:使用家庭复原力问卷、压力知觉量表、贝克抑郁量表和焦虑自评量表对408名乳腺肿瘤患者进行调查.结果:①408名乳腺癌患者中有焦虑问题的198人,占调查人数的48.3％;有抑郁问题的155人,占调查人数的38％;②家庭复原力各维度分及总分与焦虑呈现显著负...     

白熊抑制问卷中文版信、效度研究

目的:检验白熊抑制问卷中文版在中国大学生中的信度和效度。方法:用中文版白熊抑制问卷先后测量了396名大学生,并在4周后对其中68人进行了重测。被试同时完成了贝克抑郁量表、状态-特质焦虑问卷及强迫症状问卷。结果:①验证性因素分析结果支持问卷的单因素结构;②白熊抑制问卷总分与贝克抑郁量表、强迫症状问卷总分、状态焦虑、特质焦虑总分均存在显著相关;③总量表的α系数为0.83,4周后的重测相关系数为0.82。结论:中文版白熊抑制问卷具有较好的信、效度,可以用来测量我国大学生的思维抑制倾向。     

大学生适应性与择业焦虑的关系研究

目的探讨大学生的适应性与择业焦虑的关系。方法采用随机抽样方法对194名大学生进行大学生适应性量袁、高校毕业生择业焦虑问卷调查。结果①大学生择业焦虑总体水平和各维度都处于中间水平;②女生在就业竞争压力、缺乏就业支持、对就业前景担忧雏度上的得分显著高于男生;③农村大学生的就业竞争压力得分显著高于城镇大学生;④除生活自理适应性与对就业前景担忧两个因子之间不存在相关外,适应性的其他维度与择业焦虑各因子间都存在显著负相关;⑤职业选择适应性和身心症状表现对择业焦虑各因子有显著预测作用,人际适应性对就业竞争压力有较大预测作用。结论大学生适应性对其择业焦虑有影响。     

大学生情绪智力与自我妨碍的关系:以人格特质为中介

目的:了解大学生情绪智力、人格特质与自我妨碍的关系;方法:采用自我妨碍量表、大学生情绪智力问卷、大五人格问卷对1094名大学生进行问卷调查;结果:①大学生自我妨碍与情绪智力显著负相关(P<0.001).人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间有完全中介作用,情绪智力通过神经质、外倾性、宜人性、责任心间接影响自我妨碍;②大学生自我妨碍与神经质人格显著正相关(P<0.001),与宜人性、责任心、外倾性、开放性显著负相关(P<0.001);神经质对自我妨碍的影响力最强(β=0.416).结论:人格特质在情绪智力与大学生自我妨碍的关系中有中介作用:不同的人格特质对自我妨碍的影响不同.     

Predictors of change in anxiety symptoms of older persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

BACKGROUND: Data on the course of anxiety in late life are scarce. The present study sets out to investigate the course of anxiety, as measured by the HADS-A (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) in community dwelling older persons, and to evaluate predictive factors for change over 3 years in anxiety symptoms following the vulnerability/stress model. METHOD: Based on the first anxiety assessment, two cohorts were formed: subjects with and subjects without anxiety symptoms. In the non-anxious cohort (N = 1602) we studied risk factors for the development of anxiety symptoms; in the anxious cohort (N = 563) the same factors were evaluated on their predictive value for restitution of symptoms. Risk factors included vulnerability factors (demographics, health status, personality characteristics and social resources) and stressors (life events occurring in between both anxiety assessments). Logistic regression models estimated the effects of vulnerability factors, stress and their interaction on the likelihood of becoming anxious and chronicity of anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: It was indicated that the best predictors for becoming anxious were being female, high neuroticism, hearing/eyesight problems and life-events. Female sex and neuroticism also increased the likelihood of chronicity of anxiety symptoms in older adults, but life events were not related to chronicity. The main stressful event in late life associated with anxiety was death of one's partner. Vulnerability factors and stress added on to each other rather than their interaction being associated with development or chronicity of anxiety. CONCLUSION: The vulnerability/stress model offers a useful framework for organizing risk factors for development and chronicity of anxiety symptoms in older persons, but no support was attained for the hypothesis that vulnerability and stress amplify each others effects. Finally, the results indicate to whom preventive efforts should be directed: persons high in neuroticism, women, and those who experience distressing life events.     

中学生互联网过度使用倾向的影响因素分析

目的:探索中学生互联网过度使用倾向(IOT)的主要影响因素。方法:使用Beard修订的网络成瘾诊断问卷(YDQ)、长处和困难问卷(SDQ)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、儿童焦虑性情绪筛查表(SCARED)、家庭功能量表(FAD)、自尊量表(SES)、对2252名中学生进行调查。结果:①倾向组的困难总分、焦虑情绪、情绪稳定性、多动注意不能、同伴交往问题、困难影响程度、家庭总功能、行为问题得分明显等高于对照组,而自尊感、亲社会行为的得分明显低于对照组,P<0.001。②对倾向者影响因素的回归分析表明,困难总分、情绪稳定性、自尊感是主要因素,共解释29.9%。结论:对于互联网过度使用倾向的预防和干预不仅要注意解决实际困难,而且要解决情绪困扰,提高自尊感。     

A comprehensive model of stress. the roles of experienced stress and neuroticism in explaining the stress-distress relationship

BACKGROUND: In this study, a complex theoretical model regarding the stress-distress relationship was evaluated. The various components in the model included experienced stress (daily hassles), psychological distress, neuroticism, problem-focused coping, avoidant coping, satisfaction with received social support and unassertiveness. On the basis of various previous findings, experienced stress was assumed to have a direct effect on psychological distress. In addition, neuroticism was assumed to have a direct effect on psychological distress as well as an indirect effect through its association with experienced stress, problem-focused coping, avoidant coping, satisfaction with social support and unassertiveness. Further, both problem-focused and avoidant coping were assumed to affect the level of psychological distress directly as well as indirectly through their influence on experienced stress. Similarly, satisfaction with social support was assumed to have a direct beneficial effect on psychological distress in addition to an indirect effect through its association with coping and experienced stress. Finally, unassertiveness was assumed to have a direct effect on psychological distress as well as an indirect effect through its influence on experienced stress and coping. METHODS: A covariance path analysis technique (LISREL) was used. RESULTS: A considerable predictive power of the model could be demonstrated. Experienced stress and neuroticism turned out to be most predictive of psychological distress. The effects of social support, coping and unassertiveness on psychological distress were seriously attenuated by their common association with neuroticism. CONCLUSION: Above all, the present findings underscore the need to investigate all variables that are expected to play a role simultaneously so as to be able to take their interdependency into account. It is argued that although such comprehensive models may be more difficult to interpret as of yet, they are likely to more closely resemble reality.     

射击射箭运动员竞赛状态焦虑状况及影响因素分析

目的了解射击射箭运动员赛前竞赛状态焦虑状况及其影响因素。方法以全国射击比赛作为应激源,采用竞赛状态焦虑量表(CSA I-2)、特质焦虑问卷(TA I)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、运动员临场应激应付方式量表(CS I-A)对30名射击射箭运动员进行调查。结果竞赛状态焦虑水平存在项目差异(F=5.431,P=0.005),射箭队员的竞赛状态焦虑水平较其他项目的队员高(P0.01);不同神经质运动员的认知、躯体状态焦虑水平存在显著性差异(F=7.832,P=0.002;F=3.527,P=0.044),高神经质运动员赛前认知、躯体状态焦虑水平高于非高神经质运动员(P0.05);不同特质焦虑运动员认知、躯体状态焦虑水平存在显著性差异(F=4.830,P=0.016;F=4.459,P=0.021),高特质焦虑运动员赛前认知、躯体状态焦虑水平高于低特质焦虑运动员(P0.05);采用不同应对方式的运动员在认知、躯体状态焦虑和状态自信心上均存在显著性差异(F=3.561,P=0.028;F=4.332,P=0.013;F=3.775,P=0.023),采用进攻-情感应对策略的运动员认知和躯体状态焦虑水平高于采用进攻-任务应对策略的运动员(P0.01),采用回避-任务应对策略的运动员状态自信心得分高于采用进攻-情感应对策略的运动员(P0.05)。结论运动项目、特质焦虑和神经质水平及应对方式选择上的差异均可对竞赛状态焦虑产生一定影响,高特质焦虑、高神经质和射箭项目的运动员应成为赛前焦虑管理的重点人群。     

The mental health of hospital workers dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on health care workers in Taiwan. The possible predisposing and perpetuating factors in developing mental symptoms were investigated. METHODS: Participantsconsisted of 135 health care workers who had had contact with or took care of patients who were probable or suspected SARS cases, during the SARS outbreak, at a teaching hospital in southern Taiwan. All participants completed questionnaires, including the Chinese Health Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Parental Bonding Instrument. RESULTS: Twenty-two participants (17.3%) developed significant mental symptoms, and 105 participants (82.7%) showed no obvious symptoms. The structural equation model showed that maternal care (beta = -0.18, p = 0.011) and neuroticism (beta = 0.54, p < 10(-6)) directly influenced the ability of health care workers to deal with the impact of SARS. Maternal overprotection (beta = 0.30, p < 10(-4)) had an indirect influence on the ability to cope with the impact of SARS. CONCLUSION: Both neuroticism and maternal attachment influenced the mental health of health care workers during the SARS epidemic. The results can be a helpful reference for intervention and prevention programs for health care workers facing disasters in the future.     

初中生元担忧与考试焦虑的关系:学业自我效能感的中介作用

目的探讨元担忧、学业自我效能感及考试焦虑的关系,为预防和缓解初中生考试焦虑提供实证依据。方法采用元担忧量表、学业自我效能感问卷、考试焦虑量表对297名初中生进行问卷调查。结果①元担忧与考试焦虑显著正相关(r=0.52,P0.01),考试焦虑与学业自我效能感显著负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01),元担忧与学业自我效能感显著负相关(r=-0.18,P0.05);②在元担忧对考试焦虑的预测中,学业自我效能感发挥了部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的8.78%。结论元担忧对考试焦虑有重要影响,并且会降低学业自我效能感,从而导致考试焦虑。     

Childhood trauma and neuroticism as an adult: possible implication for the development of the common psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour

BACKGROUND: Neuroticism is an important personality dimension associated with depressive and anxiety disorders. Both genetic and social factors are thought to contribute to neuroticism. This study aims to examine whether early childhood adversity may be a determinant of neuroticism. METHOD: Five hundred and thirty-two abstinent substance dependent patients completed both the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between total childhood trauma scores on the CTQ and neuroticism scores on the EPQ. There were also significant relationships between neuroticism and CTQ subscores for emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood trauma may be a determinant of neuroticism. This may be one way in which childhood trauma plays a role in the development of psychiatric disorders. General population studies are needed.     

Mental health in the oil industry: a comparative study of onshore and offshore employees.

Few empirical studies have examined the mental health of workers on North Sea oil and gas installations, and it is unclear from the available literature whether offshore employees show impaired mental health relative to their onshore counterparts. The present study was intended to clarify this issue by direct comparison of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) scores of onshore and offshore personnel engaged in similar work. As compared with published data, only the onshore group showed low GHQ-12 scores, although both groups were low in neuroticism. Analysis of GHQ subscale scores demonstrated that anxiety was significantly higher among offshore workers than among those working onshore, but there were no significant differences in somatic symptoms or social dysfunction. Regression analyses showed that this result was not affected by control for age, job level, and neuroticism, although there was a significant interaction between job level and neuroticism in predicting anxiety. The nature of the offshore environment, and the factors which may play a causal role in elevated anxiety among offshore workers, are discussed.