经皮内镜胃造瘘和小肠造瘘术的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)和经皮内镜小肠造瘘术(PEJ)的临床应用价值。方法 1996—06／2002—08 PEG和PEJ共治疗24例病人，其中13例行PEG胃肠营养；11例行PEG胃肠减压加PEJ小肠内营养。结果 21例共行PEG、PEG加PEJ28例次，其中PEG17例次(4例行造瘘管置换)、PEG加PEJ11例次，手术成功率100％。2／28例次出现造瘘管周围皮下感染。所有患者造瘘管置入后营养迅速恢复，停止静脉补液。24例病人随访1～48个月无严重并发症发生。结论PEG和PEJ是作为胃肠减压和肠内营养替代鼻饲的一种新的治疗方法，具有安全、有效、降低医疗费用和并发症少等优点。     

经皮胃造瘘术插入小肠营养管二例

经皮胃造瘘术插入小肠营养管，即经皮内镜小肠造瘘术（percutaneous endoscopic jejunostom，PEJ）是一项无需开腹手术及全身麻醉的胃及小肠造瘘新技术，国内开展较少，以下介绍我院近期做的2例PEJ。     

经皮内镜胃空肠造瘘术Introducer法的现状与展望

经皮内镜下胃/空肠造瘘术(PEG/PEJ)是目前用于胃肠内营养的有效新方法之一,其操作方法Introducer法较其他方法操作更简便、并发症更少、适应症更广泛.本文就Introducer法的操作技术、优势、适应症、并发症等作一简要综述.     

胃镜下经皮胃造瘘的临床应用

1980 年非手术经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, PEG)被介绍应用于临床, 其优点是操作简便、并发症少. 近30年来, PEG临床应用的范围不断扩展,越来越受到重视. 该项技术已在欧美、日本等国家替代外科胃造瘘. 目前PEG已经成为需要长期肠内营养支持患者的首选方法. 本文介绍了PEG技术, PEG的适应证、禁忌证、并发症以及处理方法.     

内镜下经皮胃造瘘患者的护理

经皮内镜胃造瘘术(PEG)是一项无需手术的胃造瘘技术。1997～2001年，我院选用美国Cook公司生产的24型蘑菇头式胃造瘘管为12例患者实施PEG胃造瘘术，取得满意效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术体会

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)是通过内镜的协助，经腹壁穿刺放置胃造瘘管，以达到胃肠道营养或长期胃肠减压之目的。现将我院PEG的体会总结如下。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术在长期昏迷患者中的应用

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)在长期昏迷鼻饲患者中的应用价值。方法对2011年1月至2013年12月我院住院治疗的32例长期昏迷患者行PEG并密切随访,对患者造瘘前后的上消化道出血率、误吸率和吸入性肺炎的发生率进行分析比较。结果造瘘后上消化道出血率、误吸率和吸入性肺炎的发生率均明显低于造瘘前(P0.05)。结论对于长期昏迷的患者,PEG能够减少因为长期置鼻胃管所致的上消化道出血、误吸和吸入性肺炎的发生。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术和十二指肠造瘘术20例的疗效观察

目的:观察不能正常经口进食的患者,经皮内镜下胃造瘘术(PEG)和十二指肠造瘘术(PED)的疗效观察.方法:对20例无法正常经口进食,但需长期供给营养的患者分别行PEG术及PED术。在治疗前、治疗后15d、30d分别测量患者体重、血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白,由同一检测者测量同侧上臂肌围,三头肌皮褶厚度。结果:20例患者均顺利完成操作,无严重手术并发症,治疗后各营养指标较治疗前明显提高,呈显著性差异(P<0.05),术后随访,5例已拔管,2例患者术后3～4月因肿瘤转移,多脏器功能衰竭死亡,其余带管3～18个月。结论:PEG术及PED术能有效改善患者的营养状况,且内镜操作方法简便,快速(15～30min)安全,值得临床推广。     

经皮内镜胃造瘘术的临床价值

借助于内镜经皮置入胃造瘘管以进行肠内营养，可以避免传统胃造瘘术的开腹手术这项技术安全、有效、经济，称为经皮内镜胃造瘘术（pmrutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy，PEG），目前已成为胃造瘘肠内营养的首选方法。我院对2000年2月至2004年10月间施行PEG的11例患者进行随访观察，疗效满意.     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘在神经性吞咽障碍患者中的应用

目的探讨经皮内镜下胃造瘘（PEG）在神经性吞咽障碍患者中的应用价值。方法对2008年1月至2010年5月间在我院康复科住院治疗的46例神经性吞咽障碍患者进行PEG并随访,观察临床疗效及并发症。结果所有患者均成功完成PEG,平均耗时15分钟,造瘘管最长留置时间为2年,1例出现堵管,3例出现造瘘口周围皮肤感染,1例发生造瘘口周围皮肤肉芽增生,2例发生反流性食管炎,未发生出血、穿孔等严重并发症。结论经皮内镜下胃造瘘对于神经性吞咽障碍患者来说是一种高效、安全、方便,更符合生理的肠内营养方法。     

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy,Duodenostomy and Jejunostomy for Alimentation in Gastrectomized Patients

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) which can be accomplished with local anesthesia and without the necessity for laparotomy is now gaining popularity as a clinical treatment for patients who have difficulties in swallowing and require long term nutritional support but have an intact gut. A total of 40 patients underwent percutaneous endoscopic placement of a feeding tube in our clinic. They included 37 patients who had had PEG, 1 Percutaneous Endoscopic Duodenostomy (PED) and 2 Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy (PEJ). Of these patients, 3 had previously had a partial gastrectomy and 1 had had an esophagectomy with esophago-jejunostomy. Three patients who had undergone a previous partial gastrectomy received different procedures; 1 PEG, 1 PED and 1 PEJ, which were considered to be most appropriate for each patient. One patient with a previous esophagectomy had a PEJ. PEG, PED and PEJ for the patients who had previously undergone a gastrectomy were successfully done with great care. Our experience suggests that PEG, PED or PEJ are rapid, safe and useful procedures for patients who are a poor anesthetic or poor operative risk and can be used even for patients who have undergone previous surgery.     

Advances in Enteral Nutrition Techniques

The increasing use of enteral nutrition in hospitals has led to an expanded role for the gastroenterologist and surgeon in providing enteral access. New concepts in immunonutrition and gut support in critically ill patients have popularized early postoperative feeding. There is an ongoing need to update physicians on the diverse enteral access techniques now available. In addition to standard percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) techniques, this review focuses on reflux prevention through double-lumen feeding-suction tubes, and describes the use of steerable catheters for rapid insertion of nasojejunal and PEJ tubes without endoscopy. Low-profile "button"-type devices, one-step button placement, replacement gastrostomy devices, and special enteral techniques for patients with cancer are also reviewed.     

A 94-year-old woman with nontuberculous mycobacterium who developed small intestinal intussusception associated with a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube

We report a 94-year-old woman, who underwent percutaneous endoscopic Jejunostomy (PEJ) tube feeding for enteral nutrition, developed the intussusception of the small intestine. She suffered from nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), and her lung inflammation deteriorated due to aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Because of old age, dysphagia, esophageal hiatus hernia, gastro-esophageal reflux and her bedridden condition due to severe osteoporosis, oral nutritional supplementation is nearly impossible. To reduce the aspiration risk, we chose PEJ instead of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as the route of tube feeding. Six months after the placement of a PEJ tube, aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed and she was readmitted to our hospital. During hospitalization, she had sudden diarrhea, vomiting, and lower abdominal pain. Abdominal CT scan and radiographs using contrast medium showed small intestinal intussusception related to the PEJ tube. We observed the clinical course without performing surgery, pulling it back towards the stomach and placing an ileus tube, because the small intestine was not completely obstructed. Two months later, although she suffered from aspiration pneumonia once more, she remained in a stable condition without further intervention so that she could move to aother hospital. Recently PEJ has been expected to prevent aspiration pneumonia, but we believe that it can be a risk factor for intussusception. Although the PEJ can be a good parenteral nutrition route for frail elderly with dysphagia, we need to consider possible complications including intussusception.     

Poor results with percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy

A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was placed in 20 malnourished patients to serve as a conduit for passage of a percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) catheter for delivery of alimentation directly into the small bowel. Serious complications occurred in 95% of the patients and 50% of the subjects died. Aspiration was the most common adverse event and accounted for all deaths. Ten of 15 subjects (67%) treated with a PEJ to prevent aspiration continued to aspirate after the catheter was placed. PEJ tube failures were documented in 14 subjects (70%) and occurred because of occlusion, leakage, malposition, extrusion, cracking, kinking, or rupture of the catheter. These problems rendered the PEJ nonfunctional 18% of the time. Large manpower and resource investments were required to manage the PEJ and its complications. Our results suggest that enteral feeding through a PEJ does not prevent aspiration. Serious PEJ-related morbidity (95%), mortality (50%), and catheter failures (70%) occur. Refinements in methodology and catheter design will be required before additional use of this technique can be recommended.     

肠内营养在高龄多器官功能障碍综合征患者中的应用

目的 探讨不同途径营养支持治疗对高龄多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者脏器功能恢复及预后的影响.方法 将确诊为MODS高龄患者85例随机分组为2组,肠内营养组43例,通过鼻饲管或内镜下经皮胃/肠造瘘术(PEG/PEJ)给予营养支持,全胃肠外营养组(对照组)42例,经中心静脉治疗,总疗程至少2个月;比较两组患者治疗前后体质指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肝肾功能、电解质、血糖、血脂、血清白蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TRF)及前白蛋白(PA)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+,CD4+、CD4+/CD8+)等指标.结果 在摄入同等热量和氮量的条件下,两组患者血Hb、BMI、血清ALB、TRF及PA水平在营养支持治疗后第1个月(t1EN=2.672、2.440、2.209、3.331和5.025,t1TPN=2.720、2.337、2.179、3.418和2.221)、第2个月(t2EN =2.279、3.021、2.337、3.005和5.779,t2TPN=2.118、2.956、3.018、3.310和2.119)较治疗前均有明显改善(均为P＜0.05),肠内营养组PA水平较对照组变化更明显(t=2.336,P＜0.05).对照组治疗后第1、2个月都出现高脂血症(t1TPN=3.609,P＜0.05;t2TPN =3.114,P＜0.05).肠内营养组治疗第1、2个月后血IgG、IgA较治疗前均明显升高(t1 EN=2.664、2.437,P＜0.05;t2 EN=2.983、3.005,P＜0.05),血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+水平在治疗2个月后改变明显(t=2.399、3.478、2.579和3.995,P＜0.05),IgM于治疗后第2个月有明显升高(t=3.886,P＜0.05).肠内营养组中34例PEG/PEJ术前反复发生吸入性肺炎,术后2个月内仅发生5例(x2=51.12,P＜0.05);术后2个月反流性食管炎发生率减少、严重程度较术前明显减轻(x2=13.53,P＜0.05).结论 及时、充分的胃肠内营养支持治疗,可有效改善高龄MODS患者全身状况及营养;PEG/PEJ术可减少因鼻饲管引发的吸入性肺炎和反流性食管炎的发生.     

床旁无痛经皮内镜下胃造口术在80岁以上老年患者中应用的临床研究

目的 探讨床旁无痛经皮内镜下胃造口术(PEG)和(或)空肠造口术(PU)在＞80岁老年患者中应用的安全性及临床价值. 方法 观察32例行鼻胃管灌食＞6月的＞80岁老年患者在静脉麻醉下行PEG(其中26例同时行空肠置管术PEJ)的并发症,比较术前术后患者舒适度、口鼻部、肺部感染的发生情况. 结果 平均置管时间为( 14.10±3.26) min,置管成功率为100％,置管后并发造瘘口皮肤轻微感染5例,经换药后痊愈,未发生与置管有关的并发症;与术前比较,术后患者口鼻咽部舒适,口鼻部、肺部感染的发生率明显下降(P＜0.05).结论 在＞ 80岁老年患者中应用床边无痛PEG/PEJ便捷、安全、并发症少;增加患者舒适度、依存性,减少口鼻损伤、感染,肺部感染比例明显低于经鼻胃管肠内营养.     

Tube dysfunction following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) and jejunostomy (PEJ) have supplanted their surgical counterparts in many institutions. Previous reports have claimed advantages in placing PEJ tubes because of reduced gastroesophageal reflux, prevention of aspiration, and improved tube anchoring distally. We reviewed the records of 191 patients who underwent placement of PEG/J tubes. Data collected included incidence of tube dysfunction, need for tube replacement or removal, and aspiration after PEG or PEJ tube placement. Tube dysfunction, defined as peritube leakage, plugging, fracture, or migration, occurred in 36% of patients over a mean follow-up period of 275 days and was significantly more common and likely to necessitate tube replacement in PEJ patients. Tube trade-out or removal and aspiration within a 30-day period after tube placement occurred in 28% and 10% of patients, respectively. These complications were significantly more common in PEJ patients than in PEG patients. Because of the increased incidence of tube dysfunction and the failure to prevent aspiration in predisposed patients, PEJ tube placement is not routinely indicated in patients requiring tube feedings.     

Endoscopic techniques for enteral nutrition: standards and innovations

Enteral nutrition has been increasingly used in clinical practice during the past decades. Today, nasogastric, nasoenteric, and transcutaneous gastric or enteral feeding tubes are well established as a routine endoscopic intervention. After clinical introduction of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in 1980, the sutureless 'pull' PEG has become a widespread endoscopic technique for transcutaneous gastric long-term nutrition. Multiple new techniques have been introduced since then, and today even long-term jejunal nutrition can be achieved with modified techniques. The introducer PEG (first reported in 1984) has not become an established procedure, but new techniques with an endoscopic gastropexy might be a more effective approach. To increase the quality of life of the patients, skin-level devices were designed and successfully introduced in 1984. A new development has been the one-step feeding tubes which provide the patients with a permanent tube. The standard techniques for long-term enteral feeding, new developments of feeding tubes, and future concepts are discussed in this review.     

Pneumoperitoneum after Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe and widely used technique to establish an enteral feeding route. It has eliminated much of the operative morbidity associated with gastrostomy placed by laparotomy. Although pneumoperitoneum can be seen after surgery and in association with certain endoscopic procedures, it has not been seen after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. We describe a patient who developed a benign pneumoperitoneum after insertion of a percutaneous gastrostomy tube.