Respiratory viruses detected in hospitalised paediatric patients with respiratory infections

Over 200 strains of respiratory viruses cause a variety of human infections ranging from common cold to life-threatening pneumonia. Respiratory viruses implicated in this study are respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), adenovirus, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses. The objective of this study is to determine the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in paediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infection. The methods used were direct antigen detection method, shell vial culture method and conventional tube culture method. The samples included in this study are paediatric patients seen in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital, Kuala Lumpur with suspected acute viral respiratory infection, presenting with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and processed almost immediately. A total of 222 specimens were received during February 1999 to January 2000 showing a dual peak pattern in the months of April and December. The mean age of the patients was 13 months. Pneumonia (77.9%) was the most common clinical diagnosis in children with lower respiratory tract infection. This was followed by bronchiolitis (19.4%) and croup (27%). Viral aetiologies were confirmed in 23.4% of the patients. The most common respiratory virus isolated or detected was RSV, followed by parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses and adenovirus.     

银黄清肺胶囊含药血清体外抗呼吸道合胞病毒实验研究

目的 研究银黄清肺胶囊含药血清体外抑制呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的作用.方法 采用观察CPE及MTT法,观察在银黄清肺胶囊含药血清干预下,感染RSV Hep-2细胞的CPE及光密度值,从而比较不同给药方式(预防给药、治疗给药、直接杀灭)及不同药物剂量下银黄清肺胶囊对RSV的抑制作用. 结果 在三种给药方式中,与相应浓度空白血清比较,各浓度银黄清肺胶囊与利巴韦林片含药血清OD值均明显增高(P<0.05);其中稀释度为3.13%的利巴韦林片含药血清和稀释度为6.25%的银黄清肺胶囊含药血清相比本组其他浓度含药血清OD值均明显增高(P<0.05).结论 银黄清肺胶囊含药血清对RSV有直接灭活作用,对RSV侵入Hep-2细胞有阻断作用,对RSV在Hep-2细胞内增殖有抑制作用. 其中稀释度为3.13%的利巴韦林含药血清和稀释度为6.25%的银黄清肺胶囊含药血清相比本组其他浓度含药血清体外抗RSV活性强.     

急性呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽部病毒检测分析

目的： 调查盐城地区急性呼吸道感染（ARI）住院患儿的病毒病原学情况,为本地区儿童ARI防治提供依据。方法: 收集2011年6月至2012年7月ARI患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本1 582份,采用直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、流感病毒A（IVA）、流感病毒B（IVB）、副流感病毒1-3（PIV 1-3）以及腺病毒7种病毒。结果: 1 582例标本中有426例检出病毒（26.9%）,其中RSV检出率最高,为289例（18.3%）,其次是腺病毒,为46例（2.9%);病毒的总检出率在年龄及季节分布上有统计学差异,以6个月～1岁年龄组检出率最高,冬春季发病率较高。结论: RSV及腺病毒是盐城地区ARI住院患儿病毒感染的主要病原体,其检出率与年龄及季节分布有明显相关性。     

直接免疫荧光法用于多种呼吸道病毒抗原的快速检测分析

目的研究分析直接免疫荧光法用于多种呼吸道病毒抗原的快速检测。方法该院接诊呼吸道感染患者230例,将其分为成人组（105例）和儿童组（125例）,均通过直接免疫荧光法对7种病毒抗原进行检测,其中包括流感病毒A、流感病毒B、副流感病毒1、副流感病毒2、副流感病毒3、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒。结果 230例呼吸道感染的病毒检出呈阳性85例,检出率为37.0%,其中最高为呼吸道合胞病毒50例（21.7%）,其次为流感病毒A（16例,6.9%）、流感病毒B（14例、6.0%）。呼吸道病毒的阳性检出率随着年龄增长而下降,其中儿童组检出阳性55例,阳性率为44.0%,明显高于成人组（30例,28.6%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,且两者的最高检出率均为呼吸道合胞病毒,分别为27.2%和15.2%。结论呼吸道感染与流感病毒A、流感病毒B、副流感病毒1、副流感病毒2、副流感病毒3、合胞病毒、腺病毒等7种病毒密切相关,直接免疫荧光法可对其进行快速检测,并且灵敏度及特异性均较高,易于标准化,能满足实验室对病毒检测要求,应在临床中推广应用。     

Overview of bronchiolitis

Respiratory syncytial virus RSV, a nonsegmented, single stranded ribonucleic acid virus, infects one-half of all infants within the first year of life. Respiratory syncytial virus possesses pathogenetic qualities that may be attributed to the interplay of viral and host-specific factors including virus strains of different virulence, size of the inoculum, family history of asthma or airway hyper-reactivity and immunologic anomalies of the host. Inflammatory cell recruitment and activation occur in response to RSV infection of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells initiate the inflammatory response to RSV by elaborating a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines that trigger further inflammatory responses. Treatment of RSV in infants with bronchiolitis is complicated due to the multifactorial nature of this infection. Treatment of RSV bronchiolitis rests primarily on supportive care with oxygen and fluid management. Other therapies commonly used include bronchodilators, corticosteroids and ribavirin, where considered appropriate. Although oxygen administration and judicious fluid replacement are the only interventions proved to be of reliable benefit to infants with bronchiolitis, newer studies support a role for adjunctive therapies aimed at relieving airway obstruction, especially when administered very early in the course of the illness or given to infants with more severe disease.     

金欣口服液含药血清抗呼吸道合胞病毒作用研究

目的：观察金欣口服液对呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）感染的人喉癌上皮细胞（Hep-2）细胞的抑制作用。方法：通过体外抗病毒实验采用MTT法检测病变抑制率及以上清滴度观察金欣口服液含药血清对RSV的抑制作用。结果：MTT法测定病毒抑制率均高于75％,含药血清组上清滴度与空白血清组和病毒对照组比较有显著差异,滴度低于后两组。结论：金欣口服液对呼吸道合胞病毒引起的细胞病变有明显抑制作用。     

婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原的研究

对1984年1～3月52例住院婴幼儿 ALRTI 患儿进行了病毒病原的实验研究。经病毒分离和RSV 抗原检测证实21例为病毒感染,其中RSV14例,ADV7例(3型2例,7型5例)。病毒检出率为40.4％。提示长沙地区冬春季婴幼儿 ALRTI 的主要病毒病原是RSV和3、7型ADV。RSV抗原检测在取样后4小时获得结果,具有简便、特异、敏感的优点。     

儿童社区获得性肺炎病毒病原学及临床流行病学分析

目的了解本地区儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）感染病毒病原学构成及其临床流行病学特征。方法对临床确诊为CAP住院患儿273例,采集患儿血清,用酶联免疫吸附测定法进行病毒IgM检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,腺病毒（ADV）,流感病毒（IFV）A、B型,副流感病毒（PIV）Ⅰ-Ⅲ型,人偏肺病毒（hMPV）。结果273例患儿中有92例病毒检测阳性,总阳性率33．70％,检出率高的前3种病毒依次为RSV、hMPV和PIV。呼吸道病毒阳性检出率以3个月～2岁组为最高,主集中于冬春季节。毛细支气管炎病毒阳性检出率高达61．22％,RSV为其常见感染病毒（51．09％）。结论银川地区儿童CAP病毒感染主集中于冬春季节,多见2岁以下小儿,其中RSV和hMPV两种病毒最为常见,毛细支气管炎的主病原仍然是RSV。     

小儿急性呼吸道感染3309例病毒抗原检测及分析

目的:了解长沙地区一年四季不同年龄组小儿急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学特点及流行病学情况.方法:采用直接免疫荧光法(DIF)对2015年1月1日~2015年12月30日3309例长沙市中心医院儿科住院的急性呼吸道感染患者鼻咽分泌物进行七项呼吸道病毒联合检测.结果:943例患儿检出至少一种病毒,长沙地区呼吸道感染总阳性率28.5%(943/3309),其中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)721例(21.7%)、副流感3(PIV3)75(2.3%)、腺病毒(ADA)52(1.6%)、流感病毒A(IFA)24(0.7%)、副流感1(PIV1)13(0.4%)、副流感2(PIV2)11(0.3%)、流感病毒B(IFB)7(0.2%);RSV和ADA混合感染25例,检出率0.8%,RSV和PIV3混合感染15例,检出率0.5%;呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)占总阳性病毒株的76.5%(721/943),其它病毒病原呈散在分布;新生儿期(出生-28天)、婴儿期(28d-1岁)、幼儿期(1-3岁)、学龄前期(3-6岁)、学龄期(6岁-)各组病源联检阳性率分别为37.8%、33.8%、32.3%、9.6%、6.3%,各年龄组病毒感染率比较差异均具有显著性;各年龄组病毒感染中,RSV阳性构成比分别为89.4%、80.8%、67.5%、50%、33.3%,年龄组间比较差异有显著性.长沙地区呼吸道病毒感染有明显的季节性,不同月份阳性率不同,四季当中,春、冬季阳性率较高,夏、秋季阳性较低.结论:病毒是小儿急性呼吸道感染的主要病原,长沙地区各年龄组小儿急性呼吸道感染主要为病毒病原RSV,年龄越小发病率越高,混合感染以婴儿、幼儿为主,呼吸道病毒感染显季节流行.     

呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎免疫发病机制的研究

目的　研究呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎 (简称RSV毛支 )免疫发病机制。方法　对 12例确诊为呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎急性期患儿 (毛支组 )和 10例年龄匹配的健康婴幼儿 (对照组 )外周血T细胞亚群和单核细胞 (PBMC)分泌的细胞因子IFN -γ和IL - 4进行检测。结果　毛支组CD8+T淋巴细胞和NK细胞明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 2 ,0 0 1) ,CD3+T、CD4 +T、CD4 +T/CD8+T与对照组比较无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。毛支组IFN -γ水平明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,IL - 4,IL - 4/IFN -γ较对照组明显增高 (P <0 0 1,0 0 1) ,且IFN -γ与IL - 4呈负相关 (r =- 0 81,P <0 0 5 ) ;毛支组中特应征 +患儿与特应征 -比较 ,前者IFN -γ明显降低 (P <0 0 1) ,IL - 4和IL - 4/IFN -γ明显增高 (P <0 0 1,0 0 5 )。结论　RSV毛支急性期存在Th1/Th2 平衡紊乱 ,表现Th2 优势应答 ,与遗传特应征与细胞因子分泌异常有一定关系 ,同时NK和CD8+T细胞在RSV毛支免疫发病机制中也起重要作用。     

呼吸道合胞病毒检测技术的研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)是世界范围内婴幼儿下呼吸道感染的主要病原体,可引起严重的呼吸道疾病。但感染后与其他呼吸道感染有相似的临床表现和X线胸片特征,不易鉴别。因此,需要快速准确的方法诊断RSV感染,这将有助于感染的控制,改善预后。目前实验室的检测方法主要有传统检测技术和分子生物学技术。     

一种快速诊断呼吸道合胞病毒感染的方法

应用引物设计原则，选择呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）基因组中高度保守的Ｆ基因作为扩增靶序列，独立设计合成了两对引物，建立了一个逆转录套式聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测ＲＳＶＲＮＡ的方法。结果：对引物进行敏感度实验，其检测敏感度为每ｍｌ１０ＴＣＩＤ５０ｓ（５０％ｔｉｓｓｕｅｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｄｏｓｅ）的病毒量；用副流感病毒１型、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、新城疫病毒、腮腺炎病毒和腺病毒２型作对照，均无预期扩增产物出现，证实了设计引物的特异性；用建立的逆转套式ＰＣＲ方法对５例急性下呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽部分泌物标本进行检测，发现３例阳性，２例阴性；同时用病毒培养法检测，结果完全相同。提示：该方法具有快速、敏感、特异和观察结果客观等优点。     

孟鲁司特治疗呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎的疗效观察

目的：观察孟鲁司特（顺尔宁）治疗呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎的临床疗效及预后。方法：对符合诊断标准的90例呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎儿童随机分为孟鲁司特治疗组52例和对照组38例。所有患儿均为首次发病,两组患儿均采用综合治疗,治疗组加用口服孟鲁司特4mg/次,1次/d,共用4周。观察两组患儿临床症状、恢复情况、住院天数,并对所有病例随访3个月,观察各组患儿喘息的复发率。结果：孟鲁司特治疗组较对照组症状缓解天数、住院天数明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。出院随访3个月,喘息复发次数明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎加用孟鲁司特治疗可有效改善患儿临床症状并缩短住院时间,降低呼吸道合胞病毒感染后喘息的复发率。     

Intussusception in a child with respiratory syncytial virus: a new association

Intussusception is known to be associated with childhood viral illnesses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported in association with intussusception. We report a case of a 4-month-old boy admitted with RSV bronchiolitis, who subsequently developed an intussusception during the hospital course, necessitating laparotomy and resection.     

苏州地区呼吸道感染儿童中呼吸道7种病毒的流行病学监测

目的对2001年1月至2007年12月苏州大学附属儿童医院收治的苏州地区急性呼吸道感染儿童中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）等7种病毒进行流行病学监测。方法用直接免疫荧光法对17715份鼻咽分泌物标本进行RSV等7种病毒抗原检测。结果（1）7年中儿童急性呼吸道感染以RSV为发病首位，7年平均年阳性检出率为23．42％。流行高峰季节在每年的11月份至次年3月份，5月份至9月份是低谷期；流感病毒（IV）平均年检出率为6．17％，以流感病毒A型（IVA）优势流行，但每年3月份流感病毒B型（IVB）检出率有所上升；副流感病毒（PIV 1-3型）平均年检出率为3．84％，PIV流行呈常年性，检出率由高至低依次为PIV3、PIV1、PIV2；腺病毒（ADV）平均年检出率为1.32％，以春、夏两季相对较高。（2）RSV感染以1岁以内婴幼儿（尤为男性）多见（P〈0．01）；IV与ADV感染以3岁以上儿童多见（P〈0．01）；PIV3感染以2岁以内婴幼儿多见（P〈0．01）。结论RSV流行具有明显的季节性，1岁以内婴幼儿是其主要感染源；IV与ADV以冬春、夏季检出率较高，偏向3岁以上儿童；PIV流行无明显季节性，各亚型检出率及年龄分布不同。     

热毒宁抗呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV,Long株)作用体外实验研究

目的:研究中草药热毒宁注射液对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV,Long株)的抑制作用.方法:以病毒唑为阳性对照药,采用细胞培养技术,观察不同药物浓度及不同给药方式下RSV攻击后各组Hep-2细胞的病变效应(CPE),在此基础上采用MTT比色法,测定各组细胞的病毒抑制率.以CPE法计算药物的半数中毒浓度TC50,分别以CPE法及MTT法计算药物的半数有效浓度EC50及治疗指数TI,比较不同药物浓度及不同给药方式下热毒宁对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的抑制作用效果.结果:热毒宁注射液半数中毒浓度TC50为3.972g/L.预防给药方式、细胞外直接灭活及治疗给药方式均有抗RSV作用,其抗RSV的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为0.428、1.160、1.189 g/L,治疗指数TI分别为9.28、3.42和 3.34,热毒宁对RSV的抑制作用存在着明显的量效反应关系.结论:热毒宁对RSV有直接灭活作用,对RSV侵入Hep-2细胞有阻断作用,对RSV在Hep-2细胞内增殖有抑制作用,相同浓度下,以预防作用更显著.     

孟鲁司特治疗毛细支气管炎急性期的疗效观察

目的探讨孟鲁司特治疗呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）毛细支气管炎急性期的临床疗效。方法将49例非重度RSV毛细支气管炎患儿随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,Ⅰ组为对照组,采用毛支常规治疗;Ⅱ组在常规治疗的基础上加用白三烯拮抗剂孟鲁司特4 mg/d.观察患儿咳嗽、气促、肺部哮鸣音消失天数。结果加用孟鲁司特治疗组患儿咳嗽、气促、肺部哮鸣音消失天数都比常规治疗组短,且有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论 RSV毛细支气管炎加用孟鲁司特可有效改善临床症状并缩短住院时间。     

Saudi experts’ recommendation for RSV prophylaxis in the era of COVID-19: Consensus from the Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in pediatrics worldwide. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the prevalence of RSV is 23.5% in pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) poses critical public health and socioeconomic challenges in KSA. The Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association (SPPA), a subsidiary of the Saudi Thoracic Society (STS), developed a task force to determine the potential challenges and barriers to the RSV immunoprophylaxis program during the era of COVID-19 and to compose a practical, nationwide, and multidisciplinary approach to address these challenges. Some of the recommendations to manage these challenges include increasing the number of RSV immunoprophylaxis clinics, drive-thru visits, home-care services, and swift referrals to the RSV immunoprophylaxis program specialists. Additional training is required for healthcare personnel to add RSV immunoprophylaxis to the regular immunization schedule.     

ETIOLOGIC DIFFERENTIATION IN LOWER RESPJRATORY TRACT VIRUS INFECTIONS BY INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

Of t,he 00 young children diagnosed clinically as having virus pueumonia, 24 (48%) had t.ype 3 0r 7 adenovirus antigen detected in exfoliated nasopharyngeal cells and Z of them also had the same viral antigen in the lung tissue which yielde{l type 7 adenovirus. Respiratory syncytial virus antigen was detected in 5 (10%). Type I, II or Ill parainfluenr.a virus ant.igen was detect- ed in 3 (67d and the same vira.l antigen was also detected in one of them in the hmg tissue vvhich yielded type I parainfluenza virus. OI the 7 infants diagnosed clinically as brouchiolitis, 3 had type 3 0r 7 adenovirus antigen detected in exfoliatcd nasopharyngeal cells and Z had respiratory syncytial virus antigen.' Type I, II or Ill parainfluertza virus antiger] jw:s detected in exfaliated nasopharyngeal cells in l child diagnosed clinically as having pleurisy. In 11 children with diseases over than respiratory tract infections, the results of detection of these 3 kiuds of viral antigens were all negative. Of the 30 cases ot virus pneumonia. a 4-fold or greater rise iri hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer to types 7 and 3 adennviruses was demonstrated in 39.5% antt 17.9%, tatallini: 53.8'lo; a 4-t'old or more increase in ucutralizing antihody titer to respiratory syncytial virus and a 4-fold or more increase in hemadsarption- inhibiting antibody titer to type I paraiufluenza virus were shcnvn in lO.3% eaeh. O~ the 5 cases ot bronchiolitis, 4-fold or greater rtses were shown in antibody titers, 1 case to type 7 adeno- virus, 1 to type 3 adenovirus and 2 to respiratory syncytial virus. No elevation of antibody titers to these 3 kinds of viruscs was obscrved in the 10 children with discascs otlier than respiratory tract inLections. There was gootlcorrespondence betweenthe detection of viralantigens by indirect im-munofluorescence andantibody titer assay inpaiFcd sera.