新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血糖、血IGF-1水平变化及临床意义

研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)血糖、血中胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的变化,为临床治疗HIE提供参考依据,并探讨对IGF-1在HIE发病机制中的作用。用放免法测定了48例HIE患儿生后第一天、第七天及40例正常新生儿生后第一天空腹外周静脉血IGF-1,同时用微量血糖仪测微量血糖。结果显示,与正常新生儿相比HIE患儿血糖显著升高(t=2.613 P<0.05),IGF-1则显著减低(t=4.933 P<0.05);不同程度的HIE血糖无明显变化(第1d F=0.714 P>0.05第7 d F=1.743P>0.05),IGF-1下降明显(第1 d F=9.004 P<0.05第7 d F=5.910 P<0.05);经直线相关分析证实HIE患儿血糖和IGF-1呈负相关(r=-0.353 P<0.05)。可以确认,IGF-1与HIE程度有关,在其发病机制中可能具有重要作用。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与血胰岛素样生长因子-1,生长抑素水平的关系

目的观察胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、生长抑素(SS)在窒息新生儿脐血中的变化及缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)各期血液中的变化,探讨IGF-1、SS在HIE发病机制中的作用.方法用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定新生儿脐血窒息组、正常对照组、HIE极期、恢复期血浆SS水平;用免疫放射分析(IRMA)测定上述标本血清IGF-1水平.结果新生儿窒息时脐血IGF-1、SS均比正常脐血对照组显著下降(t=8.01P＜0.01T=583.0P＜0.01);HIE极期、恢复期与正常对照组IGF-1水平有显著差异(F=78.7P＜0.01),HIE极期IGF-1、SS下降,恢复期IGF-1、SS升高.结论窒息新生儿脐血中IGF-1、SS均下降,提示两者均可能参与新生儿窒息的病理生理过程;HIE极期IGF-1、SS下降,恢复期IGF-1、SS升高,提示IGF-1、SS在HIE的发病机制中可能具有重要作用.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血浆褪黑素水平变化的临床研究

目的 研究新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)血浆褪黑素(MT)水平的变化,探讨MT在HIE发生发展过程中的作用.方法 选择足月HIE患儿40例,其中轻度20例,中重度20例.轻度组于生后48 h内和第7天,中重度组于生后48 h内、第7天及(14±4)d采股静脉血标本,采用酶联免疫分析法检测血浆MT水平.正常对照组为正常足月新生儿20例.结果 与对照组[(8.003±1.840)ng/L]比较,轻度HIE组患儿生后48 h内MT水平[(13.311±4.025)ng/L]显著升高,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01),第7天[(6.605±1.269)ng/L]差异无显著性(P＞0.05);中重度HIE组生后48 h内MT水平[(5.487±1.997)ng/L]显著下降(P＜0.01),第7天MT水平[(16.201±5.594)ng/L]显著升高(P＜0.01),(14±4)d[(6.799±1.765)ng/L]差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 MT可能对HIE有一定保护作用,在生后48 h内MT水平升高,预后较好,在生后48 h内降低,预后较差.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿脂联素、胰岛素样生长因子-1的变化

目的探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿血清胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、脂联素(APN)水平的变化。方法选择足月HIE新生儿52例(重度HIE组15例,中度HIE组20例,轻度HIE组17例),测定脐血及生后3~5 d(HIE急性期)、10~14 d(HIE恢复期)的血清IGF-1、APN水平;另选同期出生的20例足月健康新生儿作为对照组。结果轻、中、重度HIE组及对照组四组间脐血及生后3~5 d时APN、IGF-1水平的差异有统计学意义(P均0.01),均随HIE程度加重而下降,两两比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);HIE恢复期新生儿APN、IGF-1水平显著增加,但APN水平中度HIE组和重度HIE组仍低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);重度HIE组IGF-1仍低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);HIE患儿脐血、急性期血清IGF-1、APN水平呈显著正相关(r=0.53、0.61,P均0.01)。结论 HIE患儿血清IGF-1、APN水平降低与HIE的病理生理过程密切相关,可作为病情程度的判断指标之一,对临床诊断及预后的判断具有指导意义。     

新生儿尿8-异前列腺素F2α水平及其在缺氧缺血性脑病病情评估中的意义

目的测定正常新生儿尿8异前列腺素F2α(8isoPGF2α)水平,分析其在缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿病情评估中的意义。方法生后1、3、7d天收集正常新生儿(126例)和HIE患儿(151例)尿液,应用EIA法检测8isoPGF2α含量。结果(1)正常新生儿生后1周内尿8isoPGF2α水平为(28.3±9.5)ng/mmol·Cr。(2)病程第1天,轻、中、重度HIE患儿尿8isoPGF2α水平分别为(65.3±13.2)、(154.6±31.6)和(241.7±41.0)ng/mmol·Cr,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),且均高于正常新生儿水平(P<0.01);病程第3天,轻度HIE患儿下降至正常新生儿水平(P>0.05),而中、重度HIE患儿仍高于正常新生儿水平(P<0.01);病程第7天,HIE患儿及正常新生儿之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。(3)以尿8isoPGF2α45.5、91.7和217.5ng/mmol·Cr作为区分正常与轻度HIE、轻度与中度HIE、中度与重度HIE的界限,其敏感性和特异性分别为95.2%和99.2%、100%和95.2%、65.8%和100%。结论生后1周内正常新生儿尿8isoPGF2α水平相对稳定;HIE患儿尿8isoPGF2α峰值于病程第1天出现,升高程度与病情严重性相关,是一项评估患儿病情可靠的生化指标。     

缺氧缺血性脑病患儿血清白细胞介素18和神经元特异性烯醇化酶含量测定及临床意义

目的 探讨缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿血清中白细胞介素(IL)-18和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的变化、相关性及临床意义.方法 HIE组足月HIE患儿33例,轻度9例,中度15例,重度9例,对照组正常足月新生儿20名.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测观察组1 d和7 d.对照组1 d血清中的IL-18和NSE的水平.结果 中重度HIE组患儿血清IL-18和NSE明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01);HIE各组间血清IL-18和NSE均进行两两比较,中度组与轻度组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),重度组与其他两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);HIE各组生后第1天与生后第7天血清IL-18和NSE分别进行比较,中、重度组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);HIE组生后第1天,HIE程度越重,血清中IL-18的含量越高.生后第1天,HIE组血清IL-18和NSE呈正相关(r=0.832,P=0.000),IL-18和NSE与NBNA评分均呈负相关(r=-0.557,P=0.001;r=-0.496,P=0.003).结论 中重度HIE患儿血清IL-18和NSE的浓度明显高于对照组,与其临床分度基本一致.监测HIE患儿血清中IL-18和NSE的水平,对疾病的早期诊断、病情程度的判断、治疗效果的评价具有一定的临床价值.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血清巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α水平变化的意义

目的 探讨巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)在缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)新生儿发病机制中的作用.方法 HIE新生儿34例.分为轻度(18例)和中重度组(16例).分别于生后24、72 h及7 d取其静脉血2 mL,应用双抗体酶联免疫吸附试验(ABC-ELISA)测定其血清MIP-1α水平.对照组20例,生后24 h取血,同样方法测定其血清MIP-1α水平.采用SPSS 11.0软件进行处理.结果 出生24 h轻度HIE组血清MIP-1α水平[12.47±2.51) ng/L]明显高于对照组[8.63±2.63) ng/L] (t=2.19 P＜0.05);中重度24、72 h组血清MIP-1α水平明显高于轻度组(t=-3.52,-2.89 P＜0.01,0.05);生后72 h与对照组比较无显著差异(Pa>0.05).结论 MIP-1α作为趋化因子参与HIE的发病机制,检测血清MIP-1α有助于HIE的病情判断和预后评估.     

胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病时血液中水平变化及意义

为观察胰岛素样生长因子 -Ⅰ( IGF-Ⅰ)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病( HIE)急性期和恢复期血液中水平的变化,并探讨其在 HIE发病机制中的作用,用放射免疫分析法( RIA)测定 25例正常对照组、 25例 HIE患儿急性期、恢复期血清 IGF-Ⅰ水平.结果显示 HIE急性期、恢复期与正常对照组血清 IGF-Ⅰ水平相比差异有显著性( F=41.77, P<0.001), HIE急性期 IGF-Ⅰ水平下降,恢复期上升;急性期 HIE轻、中、重度组间 IGF-Ⅰ水平比较差异有显著性( H=9.16,P<0.05),病情越重, IGF-Ⅰ水平越低.提示 IGF-Ⅰ在 HIE的发病机制中具有重要作用,并可作为判断 HIE病情的一项监测指标.     

新生儿HIE血清IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α动态变化及临床意义探讨

为探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)外周血IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α变化的临床意义,采用放射免疫法,对生后1天(24小时内)、3天及7天检测了40例HIE患儿及40例正常新生儿外因血IL-6、IL-8与TNF-α水平.结果显示,与正常新生儿比较,HIE患儿生后1天血清IL-6水平分别为(52.6±24.5)对(80.2±29.4)ng/L(P＜0.01),IL-8分别为(0.47±0.13)对(0.68±0.16)μg/L(P＜0.01),TNF-α分别为(1.18±0.31)对(0.91±0.30)μg/L(P＜0.01),而且病情越重改变越明显;至生后1周IL-6、TNF-α恢复至正常,与对照组水平相比P＞0.05,而IL-8则仍显著低于正常新生儿(P＜0.01).因此,认为围产期窒息与HIE患儿外周血IL-6与IL-8水平减低,TNF-α水平升高;它们可能参与了新生儿缺氧缺血性脑损伤的某些发病过程.     

尿8-异前列腺素F_(2α)测定在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病病情评估中的价值(英文)

目的：测定新生儿尿8-异前列腺素F2α(8-iso-PGF2α)水平，分析其在缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）患儿病情评估中的价值。方法：分别于生后1 d、3 d和7d收集正常（n = 126）和HIE（n = 151）新生儿尿液，应用ELISA法检测其8-iso-PGF-2α含量。结果：①正常新生儿生后1、3和7d的尿8-iso-PGF2α水平分别为29.9±7.9、27.7±9.8和27.5±10.5 ng/mmol·Cr，差异无统计学意义；②病程第1 d，轻、中和重度HIE患儿尿8-iso-PGF2α水平分别为65.3±13.2、154.6±31.6和241.7±41.0 ng/mmol·Cr，差异具有显著性意义，且均高于正常新生儿水平(P＜0.001)；③病程第3 d，中度和重度HIE患儿8-iso-PGF2α水平（34.2±10.3ng/mmol·Cr 、50.8±12.8 ng/mmol·Cr）仍高于正常新生儿(P＜0.001），而轻度HIE患儿尿8-iso-PGF2α水平下降至正常新生儿水平；④病程第7 d，轻、中和重度HIE及正常新生儿之间的8-iso-PGF-2α水平无明显差异；⑤以8-iso-PGF2α水平45.5、89.9 和217.5 ng/mmol·Cr作为区分正常与轻度HIE、轻度与中度HIE、中度与重度的界限，其敏感性和特异性分别为95.2%和99.2%，100%和95.2%，65.8%和 100%。结论：生后7d内正常新生儿尿8-iso-PGF2α水平相对稳定；HIE患儿尿中8-iso-PGF2α峰值于病程第1 d出现，其升高程度与病情严重程度相关，是一项评估患儿病情可靠而简便的生化指标。［中国当代儿科杂志，2005, 7(2):103-106］     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.