线阵式超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检对粘膜下病变的诊断价值

目的 通过内镜超声检查(EUS)结合细针穿刺活检来确定粘膜下病变的起源和性质,并评价这种方法对粘膜下病变诊断的意义。方法 经胃镜发现28例食管胃实质性粘膜下病变的患,对他们进行超声内镜检查,以明确其来源的层次、病变的位置,观察有无淋巴结转移。排除腔外正常组织压迫,在超声内镜导引下对病变行细胞针穿刺活检。结果 28例患中,2例经EUS证实为腔外正常组织压迫,余26例患均行EUS导此下的细针穿刺活组织检查。3例患穿刺取材失败。23例患经细胞学分析显示4例恶性肿瘤(淋巴瘤2例,平滑肌肉瘤2例)及19例良性病变(平滑肌瘤18例,脂肪瘤1例)。全部病例20例经手术、1例经内镜电切及7例经临床随访验证。结论 EUS结合细针穿刺活检是诊断粘膜下病变安全、有效的方法。     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺结合免疫组织化学鉴别上消化道固有肌层肿瘤

目的探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺结合免疫组织化学检查在鉴别上消化道固有肌层肿瘤起源中的作用。方法选择经内镜发现并由内镜超声检查证实直径大于25mm的上消化道固有肌层病变患者35例，内镜超声检查明确病变的大小、形态、位置，并观察有无周围脏器转移。在内镜超声导引下对病变行细针穿刺，对取材分别进行HE、CD117，CD34和肌动蛋白（SMA）染色。结果35例患者中，31例患者取得了足够的组织，经免疫组化染色，诊断为间质瘤21例，平滑肌瘤10例。与术后诊断比较超声内镜结合免疫组织化学检查的敏感性为88．6％，特异性为100％。无一例患者出现不良反应。结论内镜超声引导下细针穿刺结合免疫组织化学检查是鉴别上消化道固有肌层肿瘤安全有效的方法。     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺对胰腺占位病变的诊断价值

目的 通过超声内镜结合细针穿刺活检确定胰腺占位病变的性质，并评价该法对胰腺病变的诊断价值。方法 对经CT、MRI、体表腹部超声及内镜超声发现的23例胰腺局限性占位病变进行内镜超声检查，以明确病变大小、形态、位置，并观察有无淋巴结转移。在内镜超声引导下对病变行细针穿刺活检。结果 23例患者中，21例得到了充足的细胞量，15例得到组织块，12例最终确定为胰腺肿瘤的患者，经组织细胞学检查10例为阳性（其中胰腺癌8例；胰腺囊腺瘤癌1例；无功能神经内分泌肿瘤1例），敏感性为83％，特异性为100％。全部结果经手术（16例）及临床随访（7例）证实。无1例出现不良反应。结论 超声内镜结合细针穿刺是诊断胰腺病变安全、有效的方法。     

超声内镜诊断老年食管黏膜下肿瘤的准确性

目的探讨超声内镜诊断老年食管黏膜下肿瘤（SMTs）的准确性及价值。方法选择胃镜检查中存在食管黏膜下肿物的老年患者116例进行内镜超声检查（EUS），其中29例通过超声内镜引导细针穿刺（EUS—FNA）对肿瘤实施针吸活检，获得穿刺物临床病理珍断；14例通过手术获得术后临床病理诊断；将EUS诊断与病理诊断进行同一样本对照。结果在43例具有明确病理诊断的老年食管黏膜下肿物中，EUS诊断平滑肌瘤27例，平滑肌肉瘤4例，脂肪瘤3例，纵隔肿瘤6例，转移性淋巴结2例，淋巴结结核1例；病理诊断平滑肌瘤25例，平滑肌肉瘤6例，脂肪瘤3例，肺癌4例，淋巴瘤1例；转移性淋巴结3例，淋巴结结核1例。二者总符合率74．42％，其中食管壁内肿瘤诊断符合率94．12％，纵隔病变诊断符合率33．33％。结论通过EUS超声影像能够准确诊断老年食管壁内肿物的性质，纵隔肿瘤需根据EUS—FNA进行诊断。     

内镜超声引导下组织切割活检术的临床应用

近年来随着内镜超声检查术（endoscopic uhrasonography，EUS）及EUS引导下细针穿刺技术的发展，越来越多的消化道壁内和壁外（包括纵隔、胰腺等）病变得以准确诊断。EUS引导下细针穿刺取材技术主要包括细针穿刺抽吸术（EUS—guided fine needle aspiration，EUS—FNA）和组织切割活检术（EUS—guided Tru—cutbiopsy，EUS—TCB）。前者在国内已较为普及，但一般情况下仅能获取细胞学诊断，存在一定的局限性。EUS-TCB是继EUS—FNA后发展的新型EUS引导下取材技术，国外文献报告可获取组织标本，     

超声内镜对常规内镜活检阴性胃壁增厚病变的诊断价值

目的评价超声内镜对常规内镜活检阴性胃壁增厚病变的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析57例常规内镜活检阴性胃壁增厚病变行超声内镜检查患者的诊断结果和随访情况,以手术病理和随访结果为最终诊断,统计内镜超声检查术（EUS）的诊断符合率以及内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术（EUS—FNA）、内镜超声定位下活检的阳性发现率。结果57例最终诊断为胃癌19例、胃淋巴瘤10例、不典型增生1例、Menetrier’s病1例、炎性改变26例。EUS对胃癌的诊断符合率为53．8％（14／26）,对胃淋巴瘤的诊断符合率为50．0％（10／20）;EUS．FNA阳性发现率为47．4％（9／19）;内镜超声定位下活检阳性发现率为66．7％（20／30）。结论EUS结合EUS—FNA尚不能作为鉴别诊断常规内镜活检阴性胃壁增厚病变病因的金标准,但超声内镜对诊断有一定帮助。     

超声内镜引导下胰腺穿刺活检的现状

内镜超声检查术(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)是近10 a来开展的新技术,目前已广泛应用于上消化道及邻近脏器疾病的诊断.EUS引导下穿刺活检是EUS的重大进展.现就EUS引导下穿刺活检对胰腺疾病.尤其是胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值作一综述.1胰腺的穿刺活检方法自1972Oscarson首创的血管造影下经皮胰腺活检以及Smith et al行B超引导下经皮胰腺活检以来,胰腺疾病的细胞学和组织学诊断技术发展迅速,目前胰腺疾病的穿刺活检方法主要有:①术中直视下胰腺穿刺活检;②B超、CT及经内镜逆行胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde pancreatography,ERP)引导下经皮细针穿刺活检;③超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检(endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy.EUS     

腔外生长型贲门癌内镜超声下细针穿刺的诊断价值

目的探讨腔外生长型贲门癌内镜超声及其引导下细针穿刺的诊断意义。方法研究6例腔外生长型贲门癌患者的首发症状、CT表现、内镜表现、内镜超声表现及病理类型。结果腔外生长型贲门癌临床无特征性首发症状，就诊时常常已属于晚期；CT可发现肿块及侵袭范围；普通内镜表现为局部糜烂及黏膜粗糙及僵硬，内镜下活检多无特殊发现；内镜超声表现为：病灶处食管贲门层次结构消失，病变为不均质低回声的结构，呈块状向贲门腔外生长，常累及周围器官，超声内镜下穿刺活检可获得诊断。结论内镜超声及内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检对于腔外生长型贲门癌有重要的诊断价值。     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检对胰腺占位性病变的诊断价值

目的探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺活检（EUS—FNA）对胰腺占位性病变的诊断价值。方法从1998年10月至2006年9月，对190例胰腺占位病灶进行了超声内镜引导下穿刺活检，进行细胞学或病理学诊断。结果（1）2006年1月以前未采用床旁染色观察时，EUS—FNA诊断胰腺癌的敏感性为67．6％。2006年1月以后采用病理医师床旁瑞氏-姬姆萨快速染色观察法，EUS—FNA诊断胰腺癌的敏感性提高到93.1％。（2）18例胰腺小占位病灶行EUS—FNA，其诊断准确率是66．7％。（3）胰腺癌患者组中EUS—FAN活检物中的CEA、CA19-9浓度明显高于血清中的浓度。（4）EUS—FNA对假肿瘤性胰腺炎诊断的准确率为76．5％。结论EUS—FNA对胰腺占位性病灶的诊断是安全有效的，具有重要价值。     

超声内镜引导下细针抽吸淋巴结活检

自1991年引用配有扇形线阵探头的内镜以来,在超声内镜(EUS)引导下的活检成为可能。 器材:前斜式纤维内镜用于EUS引导下细针活检,其前端装有扇形线阵超声探头,纤维光学镜的视野与超声平面相一致,即腔内病变可同时由内镜和超声图像来观测,第二种内镜是在原型基础上加一抬针器。     

Endoscopic ultrasonography as an adjunct to fine needle aspiration cytology of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract.

Twenty consecutive patients with either extrinsic or submucosal masses or gastric ulcers suspicious for malignancy with previously negative conventional forceps biopsies and/or brush cytology underwent a combined approach of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) followed by fine needle aspiration cytology. Diagnostic results were obtained in 17 of 20 patients. The three patients with indeterminate aspirates had EUS findings strongly supportive of the final diagnosis. EUS combined with fine needle aspiration cytology appears to be of value in the evaluation of extrinsic, submucosal, and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: a prospective multicenter study

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is commonly agreed to be the best imaging method for diagnosing and differentiating between submucosal lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. However, most of the current evidence for this derives from retrospective multicenter studies. A prospective multicenter analysis of the performance of EUS in diagnosing submucosal lesions in everyday practice was therefore conducted. METHODS: Over a 2-year period, this study included 150 patients (52% men, mean age 59.8 years) from 23 centers who had a presumptive diagnosis of a submucosal lesion on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The patients' symptoms and EUS results were recorded. Endoscopic and endosonographic findings regarding lesion size, layer of origin, and the presumptive diagnosis (benign or malignant) were recorded. The reference methods used were surgery, biopsy, other imaging tests, and a follow-up period of 6 months. RESULTS: Of the 150 patients, 102 had an intramural lesion (84 tumors, 18 other lesions such as cysts, aberrant pancreas, etc.), and 48 had an extraluminal compression--in most cases (n = 35) by normal organs or structures. For differentiating between a submucosal and an extraluminal compression, the sensitivity and specificity of endoscopy were 87% and 29%, whereas those of EUS were 92% and 100%. However, the sensitivity and specificity of EUS for differentiating between malignant and benign submucosal tumors were only 64% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of EUS in differentiating between submucosal tumors and extraluminal compressions is substantially superior to that of endoscopy, but EUS is still inadequate for differential diagnosis between benign and malignant submucosal tumors. However, EUS is still the best method of visualizing submucosal lesions precisely. The influence of EUS on the further management in these patients remains to be examined in subsequent studies.     

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL SUBMUCOSAL TUMORS

Gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMT) detected by barium meal study or endoscopy include various kinds of diseases and various degrees of malignancy. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) can provide useful information about the differentiation of intra‐ and extra‐wall lesions, location and originating layer, presumption of their histological nature, measurement of the actual size of the lesion, and the possibility of differentiating between a benign and a malignant lesion. However, EUS alone does not reveal the complete pathology. EUS fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (EUS‐FNAB) has been reported to be a useful tissue sampling method for pancreatic mass lesions, lymph nodes swelling, posterior mediastinal masses and also gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. The EUS‐FNAB procedure is effective not only for the differential diagnosis of benignancy and malignancy, but also for the specific histopathological nature of gastrointestinal SMT using immunohistochemical staining. When used with MIB‐1 (Ki‐67) staining, and gene analysis in case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, EUS‐FNAB may indicate its prognosis and influence decisions regarding therapeutic strategy. Thus, EUS‐FNAB is an indispensable procedure in the diagnosis of SMT.     

内镜超声检查在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤微创治疗中的价值研究

目的评价超声内镜检查对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断价值及指导内镜下微创治疗黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法经超声内镜诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤82例,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次、大小及性质分别选择不同的内镜治疗方案,内镜治疗包括高频电凝电切术、内镜下黏膜切除术、皮圈套扎术等。标本行常规病理学及免疫组化检查。术后定期内镜随访。结果26例超声判断起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行高频电凝电切术;17例起源于黏膜肌层的平坦型上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行内镜下黏膜切除术;38例起源于固有肌层和1例起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行皮圈套扎术。内镜超声诊断与术后病理符合率为91．4％。术后1例出血,其余无严重并发症发生。79例术后随访3—24个月无复发。结论超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,超声内镜为内镜微创治疗选择消化道黏膜下肿瘤适应证具有良好的指导作用,内镜治疗是消化道黏膜下肿瘤治疗的安全、有效的手段。     

Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and consistency of the EUS findings with histopathologic examination. METHODS: EUS was performed in 90 patients with upper gastrointestinal tract submucosal tumors, followed in Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Gastroenterology Clinic. Histopathological diagnosis and EUS findings of 25 of 90 patients were compared. RESULTS: 48.9% of the lesions were found to have arisen from muscularis propria, 33.3% from submucosa, 6.6% from mucosa and 10% from muscularis mucosae, and 1.2% from serosa of the 90 patients. In 25 patients histopathologic confirmation was done. 24% of 25 patients were leiomyoma, 20% polyp, 12% lipoma and the remainder were teratoma, carcinoid tumor, adenocarcinoma, polyp and leiomyosarcoma. EUS was successful in detecting all tumors. EUS diagnosis was consistent with histopathogical diagnosis in all patients with EUS findings as leiomyosarcoma (n=2) and polyp (n=6), in 46.2% of patients with EUS findings as leiomyoma, and in 50% of those with lipoma. CONCLUSIONS: EUS is an accurate means of evaluating and diagnosing submuocal lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Interobserver agreement for EUS in the evaluation and diagnosis of submucosal masses

INTRODUCTION: EUS is an accurate means of evaluating and diagnosing submucosal lesions of the GI tract. The aim of this study was to prospectively determine interobserver agreement for the EUS classification of submucosal masses among endosonographers with different levels of training and experience from multiple centers. METHODS: Twenty patients with submucosal mass lesions diagnosed by upper endoscopy underwent EUS. Surgical findings were available for 16 patients. In 4 patients with obvious cystic/vascular structures (i.e., varices) no surgical specimen was necessary. A blinded observer developed a study videotape of critical endoscopic and EUS real-time imaging for each lesion. The videotape was distributed to 10 endosonographers, each with at least 1 year of experience, who independently reviewed the videotape and recorded their diagnosis based on EUS features. These endosonographers used previously agreed-upon standardized EUS diagnostic criteria for each category of lesion. A kappa (kappa) statistic, used to evaluate agreement, was calculated for each lesion category for the 10 endosonographers as a group and individually. An overall kappa statistic was also calculated. Significance was analyzed with a two-tailed t test. RESULTS: Agreement was excellent for cystic lesions (kappa = 0.80) and extrinsic compressions (kappa = 0.94), good for lipoma (kappa = 0.65), fair for leiomyoma and vascular lesions (kappa = 0.53 and 0.54, respectively), and poor for other submucosal lesions (kappa = 0.34). Overall agreement among observers was good (kappa = 0.63). Furthermore, a significant association was noted between total years of EUS experience and the number of correct answers (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Interobserver agreement is good for characterizing submucosal masses by EUS. However, it appears to be better for some lesions than others. The overall length of experience with EUS appears to play an important role in the accuracy of this modality in the evaluation of submucosal lesions.     

超声内镜对消化道黏膜下肿物的诊断价值

目的评价超声内镜对消化道黏膜下肿物（SMT）的诊断价值。方法对378例胃肠镜检查过程中发现SMT的患者进一步行超声内镜检查,记录超声内镜下病变的形状、数量、起源层次,并对病变进行定性诊断。根据肿物切除术中实际所见统计超声内镜判断SMT形状、数量、起源层次的符合率,以切除标本病理学及免疫组织化学检查结果为金标准检验超声内镜定性诊断SMT的符合率。结果378例SMT中,平滑肌瘤（131例）最多见,多为低回声（87例）、回声均匀（119例）、起源于黏膜肌层（92例）;其次为胃肠道间质瘤（111例）,多为低回声（51例）或中低回声（51例）、回声均匀（78例）、起源于固有肌层（85例）;再次为类癌（50例）,内部回声均匀,多为低回声（36例）、起源于黏膜下层（27例）;还发现脂肪瘤45例,起源于黏膜下层,多为高回声（40例）、回声均匀（41例）;异位胰腺（19例）、神经鞘瘤（4例）、颗粒细胞瘤（4例）等相对少见。超声内镜对SMT的总体定性诊断符合率为78．6％（297／378）,瘤体的形状判断符合率为91．8％（347／378）,数量判断符合率为95．5％（361／378）,层次起源判断符合率为96．8％（366／378）。结论各种SMT在超声内镜下特点不一,虽然超声内镜检查可以显示肿物的回声、大小、起源以及与消化道管壁层次的关系,对于SMT的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗方案的选择有重要的指导意义,但是仍有一定局限性。     

微探头超声对上消化道间叶源性肿瘤的诊断价值探讨

目的 探讨微探头超声对上消化道间叶源性肿瘤(GIMT)的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析38例进行微探头超声检查的GIMT患者的EUS特征,并将检查结果与术后病理结果进行对照.结果 38例GIMT患者EUS诊断间质瘤25例,平滑肌瘤11例,平滑肌肉瘤2例.病理组织学及免疫组织化学检查后确诊间质瘤28例,其中中、高度恶性间质瘤6例;平滑肌瘤8例,平滑肌肉瘤1例,神经纤维瘤1例.EUS诊断准确率达89%.结论 EUS能较好鉴别GIMT与其它黏膜下肿瘤,是目前诊断黏膜下肿瘤较为准确有方法.