离体大鼠心肌局部缺血/再灌注模型制备方法的改良

目的改进离体大鼠心肌局部缺血/再灌注损伤模型的制备方法。方法在传统造模的基础上进行改良,采用在结扎线下加一硬塑管打双结的方法,阻断冠状动脉左前降支,局部缺血30min,再灌注180min。分别测定改良组和传统组的心肌梗死面积、漏出液肌酸激酶(CK)活力。结果改良组梗死区/缺血危险区为(45±7)%、变异系数(CV)为15%,CK活力为(382±18)U/ml、CV为5%;传统组梗死区/缺血危险区为(43±11)%、CV为25%,CK活力为(364±30)U/ml、CV为8%。结论改进后的模型制作方法其心肌缺血稳定、可靠,技术难度低,提高了造模的成功率,较传统法具有显著的优越性。     

Zn~(2+)诱导金属硫蛋白表达对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用

目的　探讨Zn2 + 诱导金属硫蛋白表达对离体大鼠缺血再灌注 (I/R)损伤心肌的保护作用及其机制。方法　 32只Sprague Dawley大鼠随机分为 4组 :对照组、I/R组、Zn2 + 预处理组、心肌组织细胞外信号调节的蛋白激酶 (ERK)抑制剂PD980 5 9+Zn2 + 预处理组 (每组各 8只 )。分别检测心肌细胞乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)及肌酸激酶 (CK)漏出量、心肌组织三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)含量及心功能指标 (LVSP与±dp/dtmax) ,用10 9Cd/血红素饱和法测量心肌组织中金属硫蛋白的含量。结果　与I/R组比较 ,Zn2 + 预处理组金属硫蛋白表达量增高 (P <0 0 1) ,心肌细胞LDH与CK漏出量降低 ,而心肌组织ATP增高 ,心功能指标改善 (P <0 0 1) ;Zn2 + 预处理组与对照组比较 ,两组间的LDH、CK、ATP、LVSP与±dp/dtmax差异无显著性。ERK抑制剂PD980 5 9取消Zn2 + 预处理组的上述心肌保护作用。结论　Zn2 + 诱导金属硫蛋白表达减轻大鼠心肌I/R损伤 ,其机制涉及丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶 (MAPK)途径     

Protective effects of ghrelin on ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, has been reported to have beneficial effects on cardiac function. The authors used the Langendorff model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat heart to determine whether ghrelin exerts direct cardioprotective effects. Also, the capacity of ghrelin to bind to sarcolemmal membrane fractions before and after ischemia and reperfusion was examined. Compared with vehicle administration, administration of ghrelin (100-10,000 pM) during the reperfusion period resulted in improvement in coronary flow, heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Ghrelin also enhanced the rates of left ventricular contraction and relaxation after ischemia following reperfusion. Administration of ghrelin during reperfusion reduced myocardial release of lactate dehydrogenase and myoglobin, indicating protection against cardiomyocyte injury. In addition, ghrelin attenuated the depletion of myocardial ATP resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. A receptor-binding assay demonstrated that maximum binding capacity of ghrelin to sarcolemmal membranes was significantly increased after ischemia and was further increased after I/R. However, Scatchard analysis showed that the affinity of ghrelin for its receptor was not altered. The authors have concluded that administration of ghrelin during reperfusion protects against myocardial I/R injury. The cardioprotective effects are independent of growth hormone release and likely involve binding to cardiovascular receptors, a process that is upregulated during I/R.     

Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart

In this study, the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on ischemia/reperfusion injury were investigated on isolated heart perfusion model. Hearts were perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) on a Langendorff apparatus. After equilibration, isolated hearts were treated with UDCA 20 to 160 microM or vehicle (0.04% DMSO) for 10 min before the onset of ischemia. After global ischemia (30 min), ischemic hearts were reperfused and allowed to recover for 30 min. The physiological (i.e. heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, coronary flow, double product and time to contracture formation) and biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase; LDH) parameters were evaluated. In vehicle-treated group, time to contracture formation was 21.4 min during ischemia, LVDP was 18.5 mmHg at the endpoint of reperfusion and LDH activity in total reperfusion effluent was 54.0 U/L. Cardioprotective effects of UDCA against ischemia/reperfusion consisted of a reduced TTC (EC25=97.3 microM), reduced LDH release and enhanced recovery of cardiac contractile function during reperfusion. Especially, the treatments of UDCA 80 and 160 microM significantly increased LVDP and reduced LDH release. Our findings suggest that UDCA ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage.     

Protective effect of novel pyridoindole derivatives on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the isolated rat heart

Generation of reactive oxygen species is a major, well-known cause of heart injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. This injury is manifested through myocardial stunning, reperfusion and lethal reperfusion injury of cardiocytes. The pyridoindole stobadine has been shown to exhibit significant antioxidant, free-radical scavenging and hypoxic-tissue-protecting properties. The present study examined the effects of stobadine and two novel derivatives, SMe1 and SMe1EC2, which exhibit improved pharmacodynamic and toxicity profiles, on the functional properties and reperfusion dysrhythmias of the isolated rat heart in ischemia-reperfusion conditions. All experiments were performed on isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts isolated from 3-month-old male Wistar rats. After 15 min of stabilization, the hearts were subjected to a 30-minute period of global no-flow ischemia, followed by a 30-minute reperfusion period. Stobadine, SMe1 and SMe1EC2 were applied at a concentration of 1 x 10(-5) 10 min before the onset of ischemia, and during reperfusion through the perfusion medium. As compared to the untreated group, addition of SMe1EC2 during reperfusion significantly increased left ventricular developed pressure, decreased pathologically elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and enhanced recovery of the stunned myocardium after ischemia. Both SMe1 and stobadine failed to influence these parameters; however, all derivatives tested inhibited serious life-threatening reperfusion dysrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Our findings suggest that SMe1EC2 promotes an improved recovery of the left ventricular function following ischemia compared to either stobadine or SMe1. However, both SMe1EC2 and SMe1 manifested a significant anti-dysrhythmic effect comparable with that of stobadine and partially reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury.     

Cardioprotective effects of 9-hydroxyellipticine on ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat heart

We determined the effect of 9-hydroxyellipticine (9HE) on ryanodine receptor (RyR) and cardiac function after global ischemia in isolated rat hearts. The binding of [3H]-ryanodine in rabbit cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was displaced by 9HE in a biphasic manner corresponding to the two sites model with IC50 values of 6.1 microM and 55 mM. The increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by caffeine in CHO cells expressing cardiac-type RyR was suppressed by 9HE in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the heart with 9HE decreased the total duration of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) and delayed the onset of VF. There was also a significant recovery of contractile force of ischemic hearts following 9HE. Unlike nifedipine, an L-type Ca2+-channel blocker, 9HE did not suppress the contraction of rat papillary muscles. Thus, 9HE exerts the cardioprotective effects against ischemia /reperfusion injury without changing hemodynamic indices.     

Inhibition of c-Kit signaling by diosmetin isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium

The interaction of stem cell factor (SCF) with its cognate receptor c-Kit is closely associated with the survival and maturation of melanocytes. To investigate novel depigmentation agents, we screened 2,000 plant extracts for c-Kit inhibitors to identify active small molecules by using time-resolved fluorescence enzyme assays. For the active extracts identified as inhibitors of c-Kit enzyme, we evaluated the effects of the active extracts and isolated flavonoids on c-Kit phosphorylation in MO7e/melanocytes. Anti-melanogenic activity was also examined in melanocytes and melanoderm model. The flavonoids such as diosmetin, apigenin, acacetin and luteolin isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium were found to be active in inhibiting c-Kit both at enzyme and cellular levels. In addition, these flavonoids attenuated SCF-induced proliferation of human primary melanocytes without toxicity and suppressed ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation-mediated melanin synthesis significantly. Among the active flavonoids, diosmetin was found to inhibit SCF-induced melanogenesis in a human melanoderm model. These results strongly suggest that C. morifolium extract and diosmetin have potential to suppress SCF-/UVB-induced melanogenesis, and could be developed as anti-pigmentation agents.     

The administration of oxytocin during early reperfusion, dose-dependently protects the isolated male rat heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury

In our previous study, the administration of oxytocin (OT) could precondition the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, to investigate the cardiac postconditioning effect of oxytocin, isolated rat hearts were mounted on a Langendorff perfusion apparatus. In all groups, the hearts underwent 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In the ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group, ischemia and reperfusion was induced. In the ischemic postconditioning (Ipost) group, hearts underwent 6 cycles of 10s reperfusion and 10s ischemia at the beginning of reperfusion. In the other groups (III-IX), OT was perfused 5 min before the onset of reperfusion and continued for 25 min with following doses (Molar): 10(-12), 5 × 10(-12), 8 × 10(-12), 10(-11), 2 × 10(-11), 5 × 10(-11), and 10(-10). The infarct size and coronary effluent levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were calculated at the end of reperfusion. The infarct size decreased considerably in Ipost group compared to IR group (P<0.05). Also, the infusion of oxytocin by doses of 8 × 10(-12)M, 10(-11)M and 2 × 10(-11)M dose-dependently reduced infarct size (P<0.05) significantly compared to the IR group. LDH level in coronary effluent was markedly decreased in Ipost group and treatment with oxytocin by doses of 8 × 10(-12)M, 10(-11)M, 2 × 10(-11)M and 5 × 10(-11)M (P<0.05) compared to IR group. Ipost, OT 2 × 10(-11)and 10(-11)M significantly decreased CK-MB level (P<0.05). Ipost, OT 8 × 10(-12), 10(-11) and 2 × 10(-11)M significantly decreased MDA level as compared to IR group. Our study shows that oxytocin dose-dependently exerts cardiac postconditioning.     

Oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone blunts the endothelial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion in the rat heart

It has been shown that geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury via enhanced heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) expression in rats. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of GGA on ischemia/reperfusion-induced endothelial dysfunction. Rats were given oral GGA (GGA group) or vehicle (CON group), and 24 hours later their hearts were removed and placed in the Langendorff apparatus for 30-minute low-flow ischemia followed by 30-minute reperfusion. GGA improved the postischemic functional recovery (P < 0.01), which was abolished by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, NO synthase inhibitor). NO production during both ischemia and reperfusion were increased in the GGA group, and the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced (endothelium-dependent) vasodilation, measured as the percentage decrease in coronary perfusion pressure after ischemia/reperfusion (14.9 +/- 1.3%), was preserved as compared with that in the CON group (7.9 +/- 1.4%). LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase inhibitor, abolished the protective effects of GGA on endothelial-dependent coronary vasodilation and NO production, whereas Y27632 (Rho kinase inhibitor) increased endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation and NO production in CON group toward the level seen in GGA group. The amount of adrenomedullin in the coronary effluent at basal condition was lower in the GGA group than in the CON group (P < 0.05), and during both ischemia and reperfusion there was no difference in the amount of adrenomedullin between the GGA and CON groups. In addition, no difference was observed in the amount of endothelin-1 between the GGA and CON groups. These results indicate that GGA attenuates the ischemia/reperfusion-induced coronary endothelial dysfunction, which may contribute to its cardioprotective effect. The PI3 kinase and/or Rho kinase pathways appear to be involved in this process, whereas adrenomedullin and endothelin-1 are not necessary for the GGA-induced cardioprotection.     

Mechanisms of protective effects of berbamine on ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart.

Isolated perfused rat heart model was used to observe the protective effects of berbamine on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The hearts were significantly injured by 40 min global ischemia followed by 20 min reperfusion. Berbamine could significantly improve heart function, prevent ventricular fibrillation, reduce CK release, preserve Na,K-ATPase activity, and reduce Na+ gain and K+ loss during ischemia and Ca2+ overload during reperfusion. With the use of low temperature ESR technique, in hearts subjected to 40 min ischemia and 15 sec reperfusion, oxygen-centered free radical signals became much more intense. In the presence of berbamine, these signals decreased. Results showed that berbamine could alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. This effect might be due to: 1) preserved myocardial Na,K-ATPase activity and inhibition of sodium overload at the end of ischemia, which might further lead to attenuation of reperfusion-induced calcium overload, and 2) reduction of oxygen free radical generation during reperfusion.     

KB-R7943对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注的后适应保护作用

目的研究钠钙交换抑制剂KB-R7943对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的后适应保护作用,探索给药的最佳时机。方法大鼠麻醉后,取心脏,置Langendorff灌流装置上以台氏液灌流,结扎冠状动脉左前降支制备大鼠离体心脏缺血(30min)/再灌注(120min)模型,监测心功能,测定心肌梗死面积。结果KB-R79431μmol·L-1于再灌注开始前1min至再灌注14min给药可改善心功能各项指标,心肌梗死面积较对照组缩小约77%(P<0·01),与钠氢交换抑制剂cariporide 1μmol·L-1及其与KB-R7943联合于再灌注早期给药产生的心肌保护作用差异无显著性。同浓度KB-R7943于再灌注全程灌流也具有一定的心肌保护作用,再灌注后期给药则对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤无保护作用。结论KB-R7943对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤具有药理性后适应保护作用,最佳给药时机为再灌注早期用药。     

Cardioprotection by polysaccharide sulfate against ischemia/ reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts

Aim： Polysaccharide sulfate （PSS） is a new type of heparinoid synthesized with alginic acid as the basic material and then by chemical introduction of effective groups. Although PSS is successfully applied in ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular disease, its effect on cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury has previously not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PSS can protect the heart from I/R injury and the underlying mechanism of protection. Methods： Isolated rat hearts were perfused （Langendorff） and subjected to 20 min global ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion with Kreb＇s Henseleit solution or PSS （0.3-100 mg/L）. Myocardial contractile function was continuously recorded. Creatine kinase （CK） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） leakage were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） expression in cardiomyocytes was investigated. Western blot analysis for extracellular regulated kinases （ERKs）, c-jun aminoterminal kinase （JNKs） and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） activity was performed.
Results： After I/R, cardiac contractility decreased, CK and LDH levels increased in the coronary effluent, and TNF-α expression increased in cardiomyocytes. PSS administration at concentrations of 1-30 mg/L improved cardiac contractility, reduced CK and LDH release and inhibited TNF-α production. Phosphorylated-p38MAPK （p-p38MAPK） and p-p54/p46- JNK increased in I/R rat hearts but diminished in PSS （1-30 mg/L） treated hearts. P-p44/p42-ERK levels were unchanged. In contrast, high concentrations of PSS （100 mg/L） had adverse effects that caused a worsening of heart function. Conclusion： PSS has dose-dependent cardioprotective effects on the rat heart after I/R injury. The beneficial effects may be mediated through normalization of the activity of p38 MAPK and JNK pathways as well as controlling the level of TNF-α expression.     

Cardioprotection by polysaccharide sulfate against ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts

Aim:

Polysaccharide sulfate (PSS) is a new type of heparinoid synthesized with alginic acid as the basic material and then by chemical introduction of effective groups. Although PSS is successfully applied in ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular disease, its effect on cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has previously not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PSS can protect the heart from I/R injury and the underlying mechanism of protection.

Methods:

Isolated rat hearts were perfused (Langendorff) and subjected to 20 min global ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion with Kreb''s Henseleit solution or PSS (0.3–100 mg/L). Myocardial contractile function was continuously recorded. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage were measured. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in cardiomyocytes was investigated. Western blot analysis for extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs), c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNKs) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was performed.

Results:

After I/R, cardiac contractility decreased, CK and LDH levels increased in the coronary effluent, and TNF-α expression increased in cardiomyocytes. PSS administration at concentrations of 1–30 mg/L improved cardiac contractility, reduced CK and LDH release and inhibited TNF-α production. Phosphorylated-p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) and p-p54/p46-JNK increased in I/R rat hearts but diminished in PSS (1–30 mg/L) treated hearts. P-p44/p42-ERK levels were unchanged. In contrast, high concentrations of PSS (100 mg/L) had adverse effects that caused a worsening of heart function.

Conclusion:

PSS has dose-dependent cardioprotective effects on the rat heart after I/R injury. The beneficial effects may be mediated through normalization of the activity of p38 MAPK and JNK pathways as well as controlling the level of TNF-α expression.     

线粒体融合素2通过Ras-PI3K-Akt信号途径抑制缺血再灌注诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡

目的：研究线粒体融合素2（Mfn2）基因对缺血再灌注诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及其相关的信号通路。方法：乳鼠心肌细胞经缺氧/复氧（H/Re）处理模拟心肌缺血再灌注损伤。用Mfn2基因的重组腺病毒（Adv-Mfn2）感染经缺氧复氧处理的乳鼠心肌细胞。采用TUNEL染色、ELISA、流式细胞术等方法检测Mfn2对缺血再灌注诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响。Western blot分析线粒体凋亡路径中Bcl-2蛋白、Bax蛋白、Caspase-9以及磷酸化蛋白激酶B（p-Akt）的表达变化。结果：TUNEL染色发现Adv-Mfn2感染乳鼠心肌细胞后,细胞凋亡较H/Re组和Adv-LacZ组显著减少。ELISA和流式细胞仪检测结果表明,Adv-Mfn2组心肌细胞凋亡较H/Re组及Adv-LacZ组明显减少,且这一作用呈时间依赖性。Western blot结果显示,Adv-Mfn2组中Bcl-2蛋白表达较H/Re组和Adv-LacZ感染组上升,Bax蛋白表达下降,各组中Caspase-9的表达变化与Bax相同,Adv-Mfn2组的p-Akt蛋白表达水平则较H/Re组和Adv-LacZ感染组明显上升。结论：Mfn2基因主要通过正向调控RasPI3K-Akt信号通路,促进Akt的磷酸化水平,使Bcl-2蛋白表达量增加,Bax蛋白表达量降低,抑制Caspase-9活化,从而抑制缺血再灌注诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞凋亡。     

精胺预处理对离体灌流大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨精胺预处理对离体灌流大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响及其可能的抗凋亡作用。方法应用Langehdorff离体灌流大鼠心脏复制模拟心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型。24只大鼠随机分为3组,每组8只:对照组(Con-trol)、缺血/再灌注组(IR)、精胺干预组(Spermine)。比色法测定冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力,心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及心肌丙二醛(MDA)含量;多导生理记录系统记录心脏功能;HE染色光镜下观察心肌形态学变化;三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色检测心肌梗死面积;透射电镜和TUNEL方法检测细胞凋亡;免疫组化检测心肌Fas与Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果 (1)与对照组比,IR组冠脉LDH漏出明显增多、心肌组织中MDA水平增加、SOD活性降低(P<0.01);心功能明显下降(LVDP,HR,CF均低于对照组,P<0.05);光镜下可见心肌细胞呈凝固性或带状坏死。与Control组比,IR组心肌梗死面积及心肌细胞凋亡率明显增加(P<0.01);心肌Fas蛋白表达上调,Bcl-2蛋白表达下调。透射电镜下心肌细胞核染色质浓缩、凝聚且边集,染色质在核膜周边聚集形成新月形,线粒体嵴排列紊乱。(2)与IR组比,Spermine组冠脉LDH漏出减少,心肌组织中MDA减少,SOD增加(P<0.01);心功能有明显改善(LVDP,HR,CF均明显高于IR组,P<0.05);光镜下心肌细胞结构清晰。Spermine组与IR组比心肌梗死面积及心肌细胞凋亡率均明显降低(P<0.01);心肌Fas蛋白表达下调,Bcl-2蛋白表达上调;电镜下可见心肌肌节结构清晰,线粒体嵴完整、基质致密,未见核染色质凝聚。结论外源性精胺能明显减轻离体灌流大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,其机制可能与精胺抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

Effect of perhexiline and oxfenicine on myocardial function and metabolism during low-flow ischemia/reperfusion in the isolated rat heart

Perhexiline is a potent prophylactic anti-anginal agent that has been shown to inhibit myocardial utilization of long-chain fatty acids and to inhibit the mitochondrial enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1. We compared the hemodynamic and biochemical effects of perhexiline (0.5 and 2.0 microM) and of another CPT-1 inhibitor, oxfenicine (0.5 mM), in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts subjected to 60 min of low-flow ischemia (95% flow reduction) followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Both perhexiline (2 microM only) and oxfenicine attenuated (p < 0.003, p < 0.0002, respectively) increases in diastolic tension during ischemia, without significant effects on developed tension, or on cardiac function during reperfusion. Myocardial concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines (LCAC), products of CPT-1 action, were decreased (p < 0.05) by oxfenicine, unaffected by 2 microM perhexiline, and increased slightly by 0.5 microM perhexiline. Perhexiline, but not the active metabolite of oxfenicine, also inhibited cardiac CPT-2 with similar IC50 and Emax, although lower Hill slope, compared with CPT-1. Oxfenicine, but not perhexiline, reduced concentrations of the endogenous CPT-1 inhibitor, malonyl-CoA. Perhexiline, but not oxfenicine, inhibited myocardial release of lactate during normal flow. We conclude that (a) perhexiline protects against diastolic dysfunction during ischemia in this model, independent of major changes in LCAC accumulation and (b) this may result from simultaneous effects of perhexiline on myocardial CPT-1 and CPT-2.     

中叶素抑制大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注损伤

目的研究中叶素(Intermedin,IMD)对大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法Langendorff方法灌流离体心脏,并造成I/R模型,以Power Lab多导生理记录仪记录灌流心脏心功能的变化,收集灌流后心肌组织及灌流液进行生化检测。结果IMD再灌注明显改善I/R造成的心功能抑制和组织损伤,可升高△LVP、LV±dp/dtmax,降低LVDP,增加心率及冠脉流量,同时使心肌LDH、总蛋白和肌红蛋白的漏出及心肌组织MDA生成明显减少,而心肌组织cAMP含量明显增加。且IMD的上述效应与同浓度ADM的效果相近。此外,I/R后心肌IMD受体Bmax和Kd值均增加。结论IMD有明显的抑制心脏I/R损伤的作用,该作用可能通过cAMP途径介导,且IMD抗I/R损伤的作用与强内源性心血管保护肽肾上腺髓质素相仿。     

Possible mechanism of rottlerin induced modulation of ischemia reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts

The present study was designed to investigate the modulatory effects of rottlerin on ischemia reperfusion induced myocardial injury. Isolated rat hearts were exposed to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion using Langendorff apparatus. Myocardial injury was assessed in the terms of infarct size, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) enzymes. Rottlerin, a selective PKCdelta inhibitor, did not modulate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced myocardial injury at low dose (3 microM). However, at moderate dose (6 microM) it significantly produced cardioprotective effects. On the contrary, rottlerin at high dose (12 microM) significantly enhanced I/R induced myocardial injury. However, administration of FR-167653 (1.1 microM, 2.2 microM), a selective p-38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p-38 MAPK) inhibitor, attenuated rottlerin (12 microM) mediated enhancement in I/R induced myocardial injury in a dose dependent manner. Per se administration of FR-167653 (1.1 microM, 2.2 microM) also attenuated I/R induced myocardial injury in a dose dependent manner. Pretreatment with rottlerin (6 microM) did not enhance the cardioprotective effects of FR-167653 (2.2 microM). It may be concluded that rottlerin mediated cardioprotective effects at moderate dose, possible due to inhibition of PKCdelta; while at high dose it enhanced I/R induced myocardial injury which may be attributed to activation of p-38 MAPK.     

不同浓度的L-精氨酸在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的不同效应

目的 观察L-精氨酸-一氧化氮途径（L-Arg-NO)是否对心肌再灌注损伤有影响，以及不同浓度的L-精氨酸（L-Arg)的不同效应，方法 将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组。缺血对照组，1mM组，3mM组，10mM组，30mM组，100mM组，进行离体心脏灌流实验观察缺血前及再灌注后左心功能，冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶，心肌TP含量，结果 1mM组，3mM组再灌注后心功能指标，心肌酶溢出量，心肌组织ATP含量，以及心肌细胞超微结构均较对照组为佳。10mM组，30mM组再灌注后心功能恢复率，心肌组织ATP含量，电镜超微结构与对照组相比无明显差异。100mM组再灌注后心肌酶溢出量较对照组明显增高。结论 （1）在缺血前予1mM,3mM的L-Arg能减轻再灌注损伤；（2）而给予高于3mM的L-Arg并不能减轻再灌注损伤，100mM组甚至加重了再灌注损伤，说明L-Arg在缺血再灌注损伤中发挥双重作用。     

Neuroprotective effects of scutellarin on rat neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

AIM: To investigate the neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of scutellarin, a flavonoid extracted from Erigeron breviscapus Hand Mazz, against neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Rats were pretreated ig with scutellarin for 7 d and then subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced by a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The infarct volume and neurological deficit were determined by TTC staining and Longa's score. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier was evaluated by measurement of the Evans blue (EB) content in the brain with a spectrophotometer. The total NOx content was determined. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (iNOS, eNOS, nNOS) and the key angiogenic molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Scutellarin significantly reduced infarct volume (P<0.05 or P<0.01), ameliorated the neurological deficit and reduced the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (P<0.05). When rats were pretreated with scutellarin (50 or 75 mg/kg), upregulation of eNOS expression and downregulation of VEGF, bFGF, and iNOS expression was observed, whereas scutellarin had no effect on nNOS expression. CONCLUSION: Scutellarin has protective effects for cerebral injury through regulating the expression of NOS isoforms and angiogenic molecules.