脑皮质发育不良继发顽固性癫痫的病理分型及手术治疗

目的 探讨局灶性脑发育不良(FCD)的临床特征、病理学、影像学的特点及手术疗效.方法 42例外科手术切除致痫灶并经病理证实为FCD的患者中,根据Palmini病理学分型进行分类,并对其临床特征、影像学特点及手术疗效进行回顾性分析.结果 42例患者中,按致痫灶部位分类颢叶24例、额叶14例、顶叶6例及枕叶3例,其中多脑叶5例.术前影像学检查阳性率62%.组织学分型FCDⅠA型9例,FCDⅠB型21例,FCDⅡA型5例,FCDⅡB型7例,其中以FCD Ⅰ B型最为常见,多位于颞叶且常伴有海马硬化.所有患者术后至少随访1年以上,癫痫术后治愈率FCD位于颞叶67%,颞叶以外43%(EngleⅠa).结论 FCD是难治性癫痫常见的病理学改变,其病理分型与临床特征和致痫灶部位存在相关性,为制定手术方案和判定手术效果提供了依据.     

影响局灶性皮质发育不良所致难治性癫痫手术疗效的相关因素分析

目的分析影响局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)所致药物难治性癫痫手术疗效的相关因素。方法收集2015年9月至2018年7月在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院神经外科接受手术治疗并经病理确诊为FCD的50例药物难治性癫痫患者的临床资料,包括病史、发作频率、病灶位置、视频脑电结果、头颅MRI表现、术前服药种类、手术切除范围、术后早期癫痫发作情况,采用Engel分级评估患者手术疗效,并将其分为预后良好组和预后不良组。运用统计学方法分析FCD所致难治性癫痫的手术疗效相关影响因素。结果共有50例患者接受手术,其中致痫灶位于颞叶31例,额叶14例,顶叶2例,枕叶2例,颞枕叶1例,手术完整切除致痫灶44例,未完整切除6例,术后病理分型为FCDⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别有19例、17例、14例,术后随访时间为12～46个月,平均(20.7±7.9)个月,术后EngelⅠ级34例、EngelⅡ级3例、EngelⅢ级5例、EngelⅣ级8例,预后良好组34例,预后不良组16例。单因素分析显示病程≥10年、术后出现早期癫痫发作、致痫灶未完全切除者手术疗效较差(均P0.05)。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,致痫灶是否完全切除和术后是否出现早期癫痫发作是FCD所致难治性癫痫手术疗效的独立影响因素(均P0.05)。结论致痫灶是否完整切除和术后是否出现早期癫痫发作与FCD致难治性癫痫的手术疗效密切相关。患者的病程也是FCD致难治性癫痫手术疗效的重要预测因素。     

脑局灶性皮层发育不良相关性难治性癫痫的临床病理分析

目的探讨脑局灶性皮层发育不良(FCD)相关性难治性癫痫的临床病理特点。方法对29例2000年1月至2009年8月在本院接受难治性癫痫外科手术并病理诊断为FCD患者的临床资料、神经影像学以及病理学资料进行回顾性分析。并对所有患者进行随访,包括术后服用抗癫痫药物、影像学检查以及癫痫改善或复发的情况。结果 29例患者平均年龄23.5岁,平均病程11.3年,发作形式以复杂部分性发作为主。影像学检查有4例可见海马硬化。病理组织学以FCDⅠ型多见,具体分型为轻微皮层发育不良(mildMCD)3例,FCDⅠa型6例,FCDⅠb型10例,FCDⅡa型5例,FCDⅡb型5例。从发病部位来看,额叶最多见(15例),其次为颞叶(8例),顶叶(6例)。具有双重病理改变的有4例(FCDⅠa型伴海马硬化2例,FCDⅠb型伴海马硬化1例,FCDⅡb伴海马硬化1例)。5例合并胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT)。免疫组化染色示巨大神经元、未成熟神经元、形态异常神经元及白质内异位神经元NeuN均阳性,少数气球细胞呈nestin阳性表达。术后所有病例影像学复查无FCD改变,癫痫控制结果Ⅰa级6例,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级13例。手术切除治疗后随访5个月以上,总治愈率为16/29,其中轻型组8/9,重型组8/20。结论 FCD相关性难治性癫痫中FCDⅠb型为最多见类型,分型与预后有关。     

57例皮质发育异常相关性癫痫临床病理分析

目的 探讨皮质发育异常(MCD)相关癫痫的临床病理特征.方法 回顾性分析57例MCD相关癫痫的临床病理资料,分析其病理学特征.结果 MCD相关癫痫占同期手术治疗癫痫的43%.57例MCD相关癫痫中,脑沟回结构紊乱8例;皮质微发育不良(MD)8例;局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)41例,其中FCD Ⅰ A 13例,FCD Ⅰ B 15例,FCD Ⅱ A7例,FCD Ⅱ B 6例.57例MCD中22例伴海马硬化;1例FCDⅡB伴胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤(DNT);1例FCDⅡB局部向神经节神经胶质瘤(GGs)过渡.结论 MCD与难治性癫痫关系密切,以FCD Ⅰ型最为常见,多数病例伴有海马硬化.     

难治性癫痫172例临床病理分析

目的 探讨难治性癫痫病灶切除手术患者的临床病理学分型及特点.方法 收集清华大学玉泉医院2008年1月至2009年6月,172例难治性癫痫手术治疗患者的病理标本及临床资料.采用HE和免疫组化染色,探讨各种类型癫痫病灶的临床病理学特点.结果 经病理诊断,局灶皮质发育不良138例(其中FCD Ⅰ B 115例、FCDⅡA 15例、FCDⅡB 8例)、微发育不良2例、胚胎发育不良性神经上皮瘤4例、Rasmussen脑炎7例、瘢痕脑回16例,节细胞瘤、多小脑回畸形、血管畸形、下丘脑错构瘤及结节性硬化各1例.结论 局灶皮质发育不良为引发难治性癫痫最常见病因,其中以FCDⅠ B亚型最为多见.     

局灶皮层发育不良致难治性癫痫160例临床病理分析

目的探讨局灶皮层发育不良的临床病理学分型及特点。方法收集160例病理诊断为局灶皮层发育不良的难治性癫痫手术治疗患者的病理标本及临床资料。采用HE和免疫组织化学染色,探讨各种类型癫痫病理的临床病理学特点。结果局灶皮层发育不良160例,其中FCDⅠB134例、FCDⅡA16例、FCDⅡB10例。结论局灶皮层发育不良为引发难治性癫痫最常见病因,而亚型中以FCDⅠB型最为多见。免疫组化有助于FCD的诊断与分型。     

海马硬化合并局灶性皮质发育不良致难治性颞叶癫痫手术预后的影响因素

目的探讨影响海马硬化(hippocampal sclerosis,HS)合并局灶性皮质发育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)双重病理所致难治性颞叶癫痫手术预后的因素。方法回顾性分析45例病理学证实为双重病理(HS合并FCD)致难治性颞叶癫痫手术患者的临床资料。术后随访1～5年,将随访结果进行Engel分级,EngelⅠ-Ⅱ级者为治疗有效组,Ⅲ-Ⅳ级者为治疗无效组。应用二元Logistic回归分析影响预后的相关因素。结果术后Engel分级:治疗有效组29例(64. 4%),其中Ⅰ级者27例、Ⅱ级者2例;治疗无效组16例(35. 6%),其中Ⅲ级者9例、Ⅳ级者7例。二元Logistic回归分析示,病理分型为FCDⅢa型(P=0. 032,OR=6. 098,95%CI=1. 167～31. 863)和致痫灶是否完全切除(P=0. 002,OR=13. 487,95%CI=2. 574～70. 679)对手术预后的影响有统计学意义;而发病年龄、术前发作频率、病程、手术年龄、有无高热惊厥史、头颅MRI是否异常对手术预后的影响均无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。结论病理分型为FCDⅢa型、完全切除致痫灶是双重病理(HS合并FCD)所致颞叶癫痫手术预后良好的影响因素。     

磁共振阴性的局灶性脑皮质发育不良的手术治疗

目的探讨磁共振难以确定病灶的致痫性局灶性脑皮质发育不良的诊断和定位方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析联合应用视频脑电图(VEEG)、脑磁图(MEG)及术中皮层电极脑电图监测(ECo G)检查,诊断、定位并经手术后病理证实为局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)的24例磁共振检查阴性的难治性癫痫患者的临床资料。结果 24例癫痫患者行手术治疗,病理FCDⅠa型5例,FCDⅠb型3例,FCDⅠc型5例,FCDⅡa型6例,FCDⅡb型5例。术后随访1~5年,EngelⅠ级9例,EngelⅡ级5例,EngelⅢ级8例,EngelⅣ级2例。结论联合应用VEEG、MEG和(或)ECo G技术有助于准确诊断和定位磁共振阴性的FCD,提高FCD致难治性癫痫的手术疗效。     

局灶性皮质发育不良致药物难治性癫痫的手术预后及其影响因素

目的探讨局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)导致的药物难治性癫痫的手术预后及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2015年11月手术治疗的97例病理确诊为FCD导致的药物难治性癫痫的临床资料。结果手术全切致痫灶71例,未全切26例。术后出现颅内感染5例、脑积水2例。1例术后第三年死亡。术后平均随访(59.18±28.62)个月。术后病理:FCDⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别为38、23、36例。术后EngelⅠ级60例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级16例,Ⅳ级10例。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,MRI有阳性发现、致痫灶全切的病人预后好。K-M生存分析显示5年预后良好的概率为59%左右。结论对于FCD致药物难治性癫痫,MRI有阳性发现、手术年龄18岁及全切致痫灶的病人手术预后良好。     

不同亚型FCD癫痫患者手术部位、影像特点及术后疗效分析

目的探讨不同亚型局灶性脑皮质发育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)癫痫手术部位、影像学及其术后疗效等方面的差异。方法回顾性分析了我癫痫中心72例FCD患者的术后资料,对其手术部位、术后疗效、药物应用、影像学进行了系统地整理归纳。应用SPSS软件对不同亚型患者进行术后疗效及相关因素分析。结果FCD癫痫患者最常见手术部位在颞叶(41.67%),其次为额叶(18.06%),FCDⅡ型较其他两型在核磁共振图像上主要表现为灰白质分界不清,而较少有异常脑回和皮层信号增高,FCDⅢ型更多的是病变部位高信号。FCD术后有91.7%(66例)患者还口服一种或一种以上药物治疗,术后FCDⅡ型未服药人数要高于FCDⅠ型和FCDⅢ型。不同亚型FCD术后半年和一年疗效无明显差异。结论 FCD癫痫患者术后半年总体有效率达到54.2%,不同亚型FCD在手术部位、影像学等方面也存在差异,这为今后FCD型癫痫手术起到指导作用。     

中央区癫痫的手术治疗及预后分析

目的 探讨治疗中央区癫痫的手术方法及提示手术预后的相关因素.方法 以自2006年10月至2008年3月北京功能神经外科研究所连续收治的21例中央区癫痫患者为研究对象,行致痫灶切除术.术后随访12个月以上,Engel分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级为预后良好,分析与预后良好相关的因素.结果 Engel分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级共14例(67%).MRI可见病变与MRI无病变相比,预后良好率较高(P<0.05);病理为局灶性皮质发育不良患者与其他病理患者相比,预后良好率较低(P<0.05).结论 中央区癫痫经精确定位功能区及致痫灶,行致痫灶切除,总体预后良好.MRI可见病变提示预后良好,病理为局灶性皮质发育不良较其他病理改变预后差.

Abstract：

Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate effective surgical procedure for perirolandic epilepsy and the predictor for good outcomes.Method We collected 21 subjects who underwent epilepsy surgeries consecutively in Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery with the epileptogenic zone located in perirolandic areas from October 2006 to March 2008.Over 12-month following up and Engel Ⅰ and Ⅱ taken as "good" outcomes,we analyzed the predicting factors for good outcomes.Results At the end of follow up,Engel class Ⅰ and Ⅱ were 14 cases(67% ).Patients with lesion in MRI obtained better outcomes and patients with focal cortex dysplasia( FCD) pathology obtained worse outcomes regarding the rate of Engel class Ⅰ + Ⅱ( P < 0.05).There were no serious functional deficits.Conclusions Surgical resection of epileptogenic zone for periroladic epilepsy can achieve good outcomes.Patients with lesion in MRI predicted better outcomes and FCD pathology predicted worse outcomes.     

Comparison of MRI features and surgical outcome among the subtypes of focal cortical dysplasia

PurposeFocal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the most common pathological diagnosis in patients who have undergone surgical treatment for intractable neocortical epilepsy. However, presurgical identification of MRI abnormalities in FCD patients remains difficult, and there are no highly sensitive imaging parameters available that can reliably differentiate among FCD subtypes. The purpose of our study was to investigate the surgical outcome in FCD patients with identifiable MRI abnormalities and to evaluate the prognostic role of the various MRI features and the characteristics of FCD pathology.MethodsWe retrospectively recruited epilepsy patients who had undergone surgical treatment for refractory epilepsy with focal MRI abnormalities and the pathological diagnosis of FCD. We evaluated the surgical outcome according to the pathological subtypes, and studied the prognostic roles of various MRI features. We used recently proposed three-tiered FCD classification system which included FCD type III when FCD occurs in association with other potentially epileptogenic pathologies.ResultsA total of 69 patients were included, and 68.1% of patients became seizure free. Patients with FCD type III had a lower chance for achieving seizure freedom (7/15) than in patients with isolated FCD (FCD types I and II) (40/54, p = 0.044). Cortical thickness and blurring of gray–white matter junction were more common in isolated FCD than in FCD type III, but most MRI features failed to differentiate between FCD types I and II, and only the transmantle sign was specific for FCD type II. We failed to find a prognostic value of specific MRI abnormalities of prognostic value in terms of post-epilepsy surgery outcome in FCD patients.ConclusionsOur study showed that patients with FCD III have poor surgical outcome. Typical MRI features of isolated FCD such as cortical thickness and blurring of gray–white matter junction were less common in FCD type III and only transmantle sign was helpful in differentiating between FCD types I and II.     

Clinical characteristics and post-surgical outcomes of focal cortical dysplasia subtypes

We retrospectively studied 105 patients with a focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) diagnosed on pathological examination, and investigated the long term postoperative seizure outcomes, different clinical characteristics of the three FCD subtypes, particularly type I and II, and surgical outcomes for each group. FCD is a common cause of drug-resistant epilepsy, which is divided into three different subtypes according to its involvement at different stages of brain development. Each of these groups may have different characteristics and may even have different surgical outcomes. After treatment, 55% of patients were completely seizure-free, with two significant predictive variables for poorer outcomes: focal MRI findings and electrode implantation. FCD type I had relatively poor surgical outcomes compared to FCD type II and type IIIa. Compared with FCD type I, type II, particularly IIb, had a higher frequency of seizure attacks, predominantly located in the extratemporal lobes, and was more readily detected and diagnosed via focal lesions on MRI and localized electroencephalogram abnormalities. FCD type II patients seem to show better surgical outcomes than FCD type I, but the difference was not significant. Larger cohort studies are needed for further evaluation of the seizure outcomes of different FCD subtypes.     

Electro-clinical and imaging characteristics of focal cortical dysplasia: correlation with pathological subtypes

INTRODUCTION: Focal cortical dysplasia (CD) is a common cause of pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. CD is due to abnormalities in neuronal migration, proliferation, and/or differentiation that result in four distinct pathological subtypes: 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B. In order to provide clinical correlation to these pathological subtypes, we reviewed the electro-clinical and imaging characteristics and surgical outcomes of the four pathological subtypes of CD. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patient data from epilepsy surgeries at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between 1990 and 2002. Only those patients with the definite pathological diagnosis of isolated cortical dysplasia were included in the study (n = 145). RESULTS: Pathological subtypes 2A and 2B were predominantly frontal in location, and had a more severe epilepsy syndrome with lower intelligence quotient scores than subtypes 1A and 1B. Patients with subtype 1A FCD had less severe, later onset epilepsy that was predominantly located in the temporal lobe. Risk factors for epilepsy included febrile seizures for type 1A, head trauma for types 1A and 1B, and perinatal adverse events for type 2B. Type 2B demonstrated significantly more FLAIR signal abnormalities than the other groups. Sixty-three percent of patients overall had an Engel I outcome at 6 months follow-up. The best outcomes were in the 2B subtype, and in those who did not require an invasive EEG evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically important differences exist between the pathological subtypes of CD, which may assist in their management, and provide further insight into their underlying pathophysiology.     

癫痫患者切除病灶病理学分析

目的分析癫痫患者切除的致痫灶标本的病理形态学特点。方法将切除的新鲜脑内致痫灶组织标本进行常规处理，HE染色、特殊染色及免疫组化染色，显微镜下观察其病理学改变。结果133例患者中，原发性癫痫58例（43．6％），包括皮质微发育不良15例，局灶性皮层发育不良（FCD）ⅠA14例，FCDⅠB8例，FCDⅡA11例，FCDⅡB6例，皮层发育不良2例，皮层发育畸形2例；继发性癫痫75例（56．4％），包括肿瘤60例，其中胶质瘤41例，其他原发和转移恶性肿瘤9例，良性肿瘤10例；非肿瘤者15例。结论癫痫是多种病因、多种病变引起的一组疾病，其病理形态学最常见的是脑肿瘤，其次是脑原发性结构异常。     

双重病理征对药物难治性颞叶内侧癫痫手术预后的影响

目的 探讨内侧颞叶硬化（MTS）合并局灶性皮质发育不良（FCD）对药物难治性颞叶内侧癫痫（MTLE）手术预后的影响。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2020年3月前颞叶切除术治疗的98例药物难治性MTLE的临床资料。术后2年,应用Engel分级评估预后,其中Ⅰ级为预后良好,Ⅱ～Ⅳ级为预后不良。结果 98例中,预后良好70例（71.4%）,预后不良28例（其中Engel分级Ⅱ级8例、Ⅲ级5例、Ⅳ级15例）。术后病理检查显示,39例（39.8%）存在MTS合并FCD。多因素logistic回归分析显示,MTS合并FCD是MTLE手术预后不良的独立危险因素（P=0.009,OR=1.114,95%CI 1.033～3.393）。结论 前颞叶切除术是治疗药物难治性MTLE的一种有效手术方法,MTS合并FCD的药物难治性MTLE病人手术预后较差。