Nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Difficult and time-consuming procedure for nurses

Intubation and mechanical ventilation are well-established techniques in the management of patients with acute respiratory failure; however, there are situations in which these procedures cannot be used safely for various reasons. A recently described noninvasive technique, nasal positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV), has been developed for home ventilation of certain patients with chronic ventilatory insufficiency. We hypothesized that NPPV could be used in selected patients in whom intubation and mechanical ventilation were clearly indicated, but not immediately possible, or even contraindicated. Six patients were treated with NPPV during an episode of acute respiratory failure and enrolled in a prospective study. We found that NPPV was successful in avoiding intubation, but only in the three patients suffering from a restrictive pulmonary disorder, whereas the procedure was unsuccessful in patients with obstructive disorders. Moreover, in every patient, acute NPPV was very time-consuming for the nursing staff: in patients with restrictive disorders, a nurse had to monitor a patient submitted to NPPV during 41 +/- 9 percent of the duration of ventilation and during 91 +/- 9 percent of the NPPV time in patients with obstructive disorders. We conclude that acute NPPV may be attempted in selected patients with acute respiratory failure, predominantly patients with restrictive respiratory disorders, but that this procedure is very time-consuming for nurses.     

无创正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭日通气时间的探讨

目的探讨无创正压通气（NPPV）治疗AECOPD并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭每天最佳通气时间。方法将AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭60例患者随机分为间歇组和持续组。比较治疗前后及两组间临床症状改善的情况、动脉血气的变化、平均住院日、气管插管率及面罩副反应。结果两组在治疗后心率、呼吸频率逐渐减慢,血气分析指标有明显改善,与治疗前比较有显著性差异。两组间比较,在心率、呼吸频率、气管插管率等方面无显著性差异;而两组间的平均住院日、面罩副反应及治疗后的血气分析指标在24小时、尤其是72小时的改善有显著性差异。结论NIPPV治疗AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭,能够明显改善临床症状;持续NPPV治疗能够较快的改善患者的血气指标,缩短患者的住院时间;持续通气会增加患者出现面罩副反应的几率,两种治疗方法在气管插管率方面无明显差异。     

Noninvasive ventilation and obstructive lung diseases.

The key role of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is well documented in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) since it may avoid endotrachal intubation in >50% of cases when used as the initial treatment. However, currently only minimal data is available to assess usefulness of NPPV in COPD patients on a long-term basis. Even if such studies are difficult to manage, there is clearly a need for prospective studies comparing long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and NPPV in the most severe COPD in a large amount of patients and on a real long-term basis of several years. Two randomized prospective studies are being completed in Europe and the first preliminary results show that NPPV is associated with a reduction of hospitalization for chronic respiratory failure decompensation. The main beneficial effect of long-term mechanical ventilation in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure implies a correction of nocturnal hypoventilation that could persist beyond the ventilation period because of a temporary improvement in carbon dioxide sensitivity that is often blunted in these patients. A synthesis from the literature suggest to consider NPPV for severe COPD patients who present with chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia and develop an unstable respiratory condition. Instability may be appreciated on a clinical basis and confirmed by a progressive worsening of arterial blood gas tensions, leading to frequent cardiorespiratory decompensations with ominous ARF episodes. NPPV should also be considered after an ARF episode successfully treated by noninvasive ventilation but with the impossibility to wean the patient from the ventilator. Thus, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation could be proposed as a preventive treatment in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with unstable respiratory condition associated with fluctuating hypercapnia before, during and after an acute respiratory failure episode, avoiding the need for a tracheotomy. Adjunction of noninvasive ventilation to exercise rehabilitation is under evaluation.     

2014~2015年度无创正压通气进展

无创正压通气(NPPV)在 COPD 急性加重(AECOPD)、急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)、多种病因导致呼吸衰竭患者、需撤机患儿和婴幼儿中的应用呈稳步增长,而有创通气(IMV)使用有所下降,在“合适的患者”中应用 NPPV 作为一线治疗可获益,在有指征时,应及早应用。Meta 分析提示,对于 ALI/ARDS 患者,应用 NPPV 可降低气管插管率,对于急诊患者的院前治疗,支持早期应用 NPPV。部分研究结果支持在伴有慢性高碳酸血症的呼吸衰竭患者中应用较高强度的 NPPV 治疗,可降低病死率,能改善总体生存率、运动能力和生活质量评分。     

无创正压通气对COPD急性发作伴高碳酸血症治疗效果

目的 观察无创正压通气(NPPV)对慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作(AECOPD)伴慢性高碳酸血症、pH值≥7.35住院患者效果.方法 48例患者随机分为标准治疗组(对照组),药物治疗加NPPV组(NPPV组).比较两组患者呼吸频率(R)、心率、呼吸困难症状评分(DSS)、血气、入住ICU和住院时间差异及并发症.结果 两组动脉血pH和PaCO2均改善,NPPV组变化更明显.NPPV组24 h后R下降较快(P<0.05)、PaCO2(P>0.05)和pH值(P<0.05)改善、DSS减轻更明显.出院时,NPPV组血气值、DSS无显著差异.所有患者均成功地出院,NPPV组住院时间比对照组明显缩短(P<0.05);腹胀和焦虑是最常见的并发症.结论 AECOPD伴慢性呼吸衰竭、pH值≥7.35患者施行NPPV可更快改善血气、减轻症状、缩短住院时间.     

Acute applications of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) has been used increasingly to treat acute respiratory failure (ARF). The best indications for its use are ARF in patients with COPD exacerbations, acute pulmonary edema, and immunocompromised states. For these indications, multiple controlled trials have demonstrated that therapy with NPPV avoids intubation and, in the case of COPD and immunocompromised patients, reduces mortality as well. NPPV is used to treat patients with numerous other forms of ARF, but the evidence is not as strong for its use in those cases, and patients must be selected carefully. The best candidates for NPPV are able to protect their airway, are cooperative, and are otherwise medically stable. Success is optimized when a skilled team applies a well-fitted, comfortable interface. Ventilator settings should be adjusted to reduce respiratory distress while avoiding excessive discomfort, patient-ventilator synchrony should be optimized, and adequate oxygenation should be assured. The appropriate application of NPPV in the acute care setting should lead to improved patient outcomes and more efficient resource utilization.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的评价无刨正压通气（NPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）急性加重期呼吸衰竭的价值。方法收集2004年01月至2006年08月住我院重症监护室（ICU）54例COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的患者,观察所有患者在常规治疗基础上,进行NPPV治疗后的临床表现、动脉血气的变化。结果1例不能耐受、4例改用有创机械通气,49例患者经NPPV治疗2h后呼吸困难缓解,心率、呼吸频率下降（P〈0．05）,动脉血气指标、氧合指数改善（P〈0．05）。结论NPPV能明显改善COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的症状、低氧血症、氧合指数及二氧化碳潴留,说明NPPV治疗有效,耐受件好,并发症少。     

强化血糖控制对AECOPD无创通气的影响

目的探讨强化血糖控制AECOPD伴应激性高血糖在无创通气治疗中的作用。方法 160例AECOPD导致2型呼吸衰竭伴应激性高血糖患者,随机分为强化血糖控制组(强化组)和常规治疗组(常规组),观察两组患者无创通气时间和失败率、28天死亡率;并用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)测定治疗前、治疗后第3天和7天血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)浓度。结果强化组无创通气时间及无创通气的失败率与常规组相比均显著减少(P<0.05);强化组患者第3天和第7天血清中IL-6和TNF-α的浓度明显低于常规组;两组死亡率无显著统计学差异。结论强化血糖控制提高AECOPD伴应激性高血糖患者的无创通气疗效。     

A chart of failure risk for noninvasive ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation.

Knowing the likelihood of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could indicate the best choice between NPPV and endotracheal intubation instituted earlier. For this purpose, two risk charts were designed (at admission and after 2 h of NPPV) that included all relevant measurable clinical prognostic indicators derived from a population representing the patients seen routinely in clinical practice. Risk stratification of NPPV failure was assessed in 1,033 consecutive patients admitted to experienced hospital units, including two intensive care units, six respiratory intermediate care units, and five general wards. NPPV was successful in 797 patients. Patients with a Glasgow Coma Score <11, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II > or =29, respiratory rate > or =30 breaths x min(-1) and pH at admission <7.25 have a predicted risk of failure >70%. A pH <7.25 after 2 h greatly increases the risk (>90%). The risk charts were validated on an independent group of 145 consecutive COPD patients treated with NPPV due to an acute ventilatory failure episode. To identify patients with a probability of failure >50%, the sensitivity and specificity were 33% and 96.7% on admission and 52.9% and 94.1% after 2 h of NPPV, respectively. The prediction chart, based on data from the current study, can function as a simple tool to predict the risk of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and thus improve clinical management of patients tailoring medical intervention.     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae]

To clarify whether noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is effective in patients with acute exacerbations of pulmonary tuberculosis sequelae (PTS), 50 PTS patients (66 episodes) without long-term domiciliary noninvasive ventilation were studied, retrospectively. The average values (SD) of their pulmonary function tests and arterial blood gases were as follows; %predicted VC = 31.4 (8.4)%, pH = 7.29 (0.06), PaCO2 = 91.8 (19.7) mmHg, and PaO2 = 64.2 (20.3) mmHg. The probability of avoiding endotracheal intubation and recovering from an acute exacerbation with NPPV (NPPV success rate) was 92% as a whole. NPPV success rates according to the causes of deterioration were as follows; 96% in 26 episodes with only a simple right heart failure, 93% in 29 episodes with airway infectious diseases, 75% in eight episodes with pneumonia and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, the NPPV success rate of eight episodes in coma or semicoma was 88%. Most patients were treated in respiratory wards rather than intensive care units. Out of 46 patients who recovered from an acute exacerbation, 41 finally received domiciliary NPPV. In facilities where staff are well-trained for an acute NPPV, patients with exacerbations of PTS can be treated as successfully with NPPV as patients with COPD.     

严重急性呼吸综合征所致呼吸衰竭及无创通气治疗

目的　回顾性总结严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)并发呼吸衰竭患者的血气特点 ,探讨应用无创正压通气 (NPPV)治疗的策略。方法　 2 0 0 3年 4月 2 2日～ 5月 1日 ,12 0例临床符合SARS诊断标准的患者入住北京地坛医院 (SARS专科医院 )的 4个病区 ,30例患者 (占 2 5 % )在病程中出现呼吸衰竭 ,达到急性肺损伤 (ALI)和 (或 )急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)的诊断标准。 2 8例应用双水平气道正压通气 (BiPAP)。主要观察指标 :(1)住院期间的血气分析、脉搏容积血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )及呼吸频率 ,特别是上机前、上机后 1h及撤机后的结果 ;(2 )放射学检查或临床提示住院后新出现的气胸、纵隔气肿、心包积气及皮下气肿 ;(3)应用无创通气的天数 ;(4 )需气管插管行有创通气的患者数 ;(5 )患者的病死率 ;(6 )一线医务人员因护理治疗无创通气SARS患者而感染SARS的情况。结果统计 30例患者在整个病程中的动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )变化情况 ,16例 (5 3% )患者出现CO2 潴留 ,PaCO2为 4 5～ 5 6mmHg ,平均 (4 8± 4 )mmHg。NPPV治疗后动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、SpO2 、氧合指数及呼吸频率均显著改善 (P均 <0 0 1) ,但pH及PaCO2 的变化并不明显。 18例患者成功撤机 ,应用NPPV的时间为5～ 30d ,平均 (10± 6 )d。除 1例不能耐受BiPAP     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has reemerged as an effective strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During acute respiratory failure, dynamic hyperinflation, intrinsic PEEP, and increased airway resistance result in a mechanical workload that exceeds inspiratory muscle capacity. NPPV provides augmentation of alveolar ventilation and respiratory muscle rest. Observational, cohort, and, more recently, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the ability of NPPV to decrease the need for endotracheal intubation and decrease complications and mortality. NPPV performs better in COPD patients without significant comorbid illness. It should be initiated during COPD exacerbations if arterial pH is less than 7.35 or if the patient is severely distressed. Pressure support ventilation (10–20 cmH₂O) via face mask is likely the optimal technique and, when successful, results in rapid clinical improvement. Accepted for publication: 17 October 1996     

Noninvasive ventilation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a multicenter randomized trial

Studies employing noninvasive pressure support ventilation in cardiogenic pulmonary edema have been performed in the intensive care unit when overt respiratory failure is already present and in small groups of patients. In this multicenter study, performed in emergency departments, 130 patients with acute respiratory failure were randomized to receive medical therapy plus O2 (65 patients) or noninvasive pressure support ventilation (65 patients). The primary end point was the need for intubation; secondary end points were in-hospital mortality and changes in some physiological variables. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation improved PaO2/FIO2, respiratory rate, and dyspnea significantly faster. Intubation rate, hospital mortality, and duration of hospital stay were similar in the two groups. In the subgroup of hypercapnic patients noninvasive pressure support ventilation improved PaCO2 significantly faster and reduced the intubation rate compared with medical therapy (2 of 33 versus 9 of 31; p=0.015). Adverse events, including myocardial infarction, were evenly distributed in the two groups. We conclude that during acute respiratory failure due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema the early use of noninvasive pressure support ventilation accelerates the improvement in PaO2/FIO2, PaCO2, dyspnea, and respiratory rate, but does not affect the overall clinical outcome. Noninvasive pressure support ventilation does, however, reduce the intubation rate in the subgroup of hypercapnic patients.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍的疗效观察

目的观察无创正压通气（NPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍患者的疗效。方法将入选的16例COPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍患者分为A组,16例意识障碍不明显患者分为B组。在常规治疗的基础上行双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）,动态观察治疗前后动脉血气、Glasgow昏迷评分、NPPV天数、住院天数、最高IPAP、NPPV成功率、住院病死率及不良反应情况。结果 A组NPPV成功率和住院病死率分别为68.75%（11/16）和18.75%（3/16）,B组分别为81.25%（13/16）和12.5%（2/16）,差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。A组最高IPAP均值较B组高6 cmH2O,且NPPV和总住院时间也较B组长3和7 d（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。A组胃肠胀气和面部皮肤损伤较B组发生率高（68.75%比18.75%,25.0%比6.25%,P〈0.05）。结论 NPPV对COPD呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍患者也有较好的疗效,意识障碍不是NPPV治疗的绝对禁忌症。     

Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation to treat hypercapnic coma secondary to respiratory failure

INTRODUCTION: Hypercapnic coma secondary to acute respiratory failure (ARF) is considered to be a contraindication to the use of treatment with noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV). However, intubation exposes these patients to the risk of complications such as nosocomial pneumonia, sepsis, and even death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, open, noncontrolled study to assess the outcomes of NPPV therapy in patients with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 8 responded to therapy (70%; p = 0.04). A total of 25 coma patients died in the hospital (26.3%), and 287 noncoma patients died in the hospital (33.2%; p = 0.17). The variables related to the success of NPPV therapy were GCS score 1 h posttherapy (odds ratio [OR], 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 3.53) and higher levels of multiorgan dysfunction, as measured by the maximum sequential organ failure assessment index score reached during NPPV therapy (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that selected patients with hypercapnic coma secondary to ARF can be treated as successfully with NPPV as awake patients with ARF.     

无创正压通气在外科术后发生急性呼衰患者中过渡撤机的临床48例分析

目的比较无创正压通气(NPPV)和有创正压通气(IPPV)救治外科术后发生急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)的临床效果,评估NPPV在治疗中(过渡撤机)的作用。方法对48例外科术后发生ARF的患者先采用气管插管IPPV治疗72h后不能撤机者进行NPPV以过渡撤机,观察比较IPPV72h后与NPPV12h后两者HrBPR及动脉血气分析各指标。结果IPPV72h后与NPPV12h后,各指标HrBPRPaO2PaCO2均稳定,差异无显著性(P0.05)48例中,39例成功撤机,9例因并发心、脑、血液系统疾病重新气管插管或气管切开进行IPPV。结论在经过选择的外科术后发生ARF患者中经气管插管IPPV治疗72h后难以撤机者,实施NPPV以过渡撤机,可达到理想的通气支持治疗效果。     

无创正压通气治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭失败预测因素分析

目的探讨无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭失败的预测因素。方法前瞻性收集首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院呼吸重症监护病房2004年1月至2009年12月应用NPPV治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料,根据NPPV成功与否将患者分为成功组与失败组,比较两组患者的基础资料,在NPPV前、NPPV2 h后及NPPV24 h后的主要生命体征和血气分析等的变化以及不良反应的发生情况,分析失败原因并寻找失败的危险因素。结果共89例患者入选,其中16例患者NPPV失败。失败组NPPV前白细胞计数和中性粒细胞比例(N)显著高于成功组(P<0.05),血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白显著低于成功组(P<0.05)。与NPPV前比较,成功组pH、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及心率(HR)在NPPV2 h后和NPPV24 h后均有显著改善(P<0.05);失败组pH和HR无明显变化(P>0.05),PaCO2在NPPV24 h后有显著改善(P<0.05)。但与成功组比,改善幅度缩小。排痰障碍致呼衰加重是NPPV失败的主要原因,失败组中有11例患者均因此给予气管插管。多因素分析发现,NPPV前N≥0.90、NPPV前ALB<28 g/L以及出现不良反应为排痰障碍为NPPV失败的高危因素。结论 NPPV可作为无绝对禁忌证的Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的首选呼吸支持方式。对于肺部感染较重、出现排痰障碍或营养状况较差患者,NPPV失败的危险性较高;对于在短时间应用NPPV后pH、PaCO2、血流动力学状况无明显改善或改善幅度较小患者,或Hb水平较低患者,NPPV失败的可能性也较大。     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭

无创正压通气已经广泛用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的治疗,主要适应证包括呼吸增快、动脉氧分压下降、二氧化碳分压升高和呼吸性酸中毒,颜面部畸形、严重意识障碍、呼吸心跳停止以及血流动力学不稳定是其主要禁忌证。无创正压通气能够减轻呼吸肌负荷、减轻呼吸肌疲劳,具有降低患者病死率和气管插管率的作用。无创正压通气治疗时给予足够的压力支持和治疗时间是取得治疗效果的重要保证。     

无创正压通气在体外循环术后急性呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的:临床回顾性研究无创正压通气(NPPV)在体外循环术后出现急性呼吸衰竭患者中应用的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾2010-01至08我院在全麻体外循环下行心脏手术的患者(年龄>16岁)450例,术后全部顺利拔管,其中24例拔管后出现急性呼吸衰竭给予NPPV治疗,为NPPV组;拔管后未出现急性呼吸衰竭的患者426例为对照组。比较NPPV治疗前、治疗后1 h的氧分压/吸入气体氧含量(PaO2/FiO2)、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血酸碱度(pH),并用患者围手术期的临床特征作为参数来分析NPPV失败的预测因素。结果:NPPV治疗平均(12.33±11.97)h,NPPV治疗后1 h与治疗前比较,PaO2/FiO2明显升高,呼吸次数、心率明显减低(P均<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。所有患者均无NPPV相关并发症。NPPV失败的相关危险因素包括:NPPV治疗后1 h的PaO2/FiO2<200(P=0.043)、第一次机械通气时间(P=0.039)和肺炎(P<0.0001),其中肺炎是NPPV失败的独立相关危险因素(比值比16.000;95%可信区间1.996～128.289)。结论:体外循环术后患者拔管后出现急性呼吸衰竭,NPPV可以有效改善肺部氧合,减低再次气管插管的需要,但要根据病因选择病例。     

无创正压机械通气在治疗急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的 探讨无创正压机械通气( NPPV)治疗急性胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年5月收治的27例急性胰腺炎并发ARDS患者行NPPV治疗的病例资料,对比治疗前后患者心率、呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(OI)及动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的变化情况。结果 27例患者中,25例(92.6％)经NPPV治疗后,心率、呼吸频率从上机前的(118.4±13.4)次/min、(32.1±1.7)次/min降低到上机后48 h的(81.9±8.5)次/min、(19.9±2.1)次/min,PaO2、OI及PaCO2从上机前的(74.1±5.0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、(148.2±10.0) mmHg、(28.7±1.6) mmHg增加到上机后48 h的(110.4±20.8) mmHg、(204.5±71.1) mmHg、(38.4±3.6) mmHg,最终顺利脱机并过渡为文丘里面罩给氧;2例(7.4％)患者呼吸情况恶化,最终改为经口气管插管接有创呼吸机辅助呼吸。结论 急性胰腺炎并发ARDS患者使用NPPV治疗的疗效满意。NPPV操作相对简单,容易学习和掌握,并发症少,值得在临床上推广应用。