天津市女性糖尿病危险因素初步研究

对天津市区居民１２１例女性非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）病例进行了１：１配对病例对照研究。经条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析，发现与ＮＩＤＤＭ有关的危险因素是：经济收入高（ＯＲ一３．４８，９５％ＣＩ＝２．０２～５．９８）、糖尿病家族史（ＯＲ＝６．３７，９５％ＣＩ＝２．９２～１３．８９）、既往相关病史（ＯＲ＝６．９２，９５％ＣＩ＝３．２５～１４．７３）、绝经年龄晚（ＯＲ＝３，３９，９５％ＣＩ＝２．１５～５．３５）、嗜甜食（ＯＲ＝３．５６，９５％ＣＩ＝２．２９～５．５４）、肥胖（ＯＲ＝１６．３２，９５％ＣＩ＝６．０２～４４．２３）及ＢＭＩ大（ＯＲ＝２．０８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．５２～２．８５）。同时还发现，体育锻炼（ＯＲ＝０．３６，＝３１．４７，Ｐ＜０．０１）和蔬菜、水果等是保护性因素。     

鞍钢工人的肿瘤危险度——肺癌病例-对照研究

对鞍钢男工中６１０例肺癌新发病例及９５９例对照进行了访问调查。经吸烟、其他肺疾患、家族肿瘤史、食用水果等非职业因素调整后，岗位工龄等于或超过１５年的下列工人的肺癌危险度显著增高：冶炼工和轧钢工（ＱＲ＝１．５，９５％ＣＩ＝１．１～２．２），耐火砖厂工（ＯＲ＝２．９，９５％ＣＩ＝１．４～５．９），装卸工（ＯＲ＝２．５，９５％ＣＩ＝１．０～６．１），焦炉工（ＯＲ＝３．４，９５％ＣＩ＝１．４～８．５）。各种粉尘和Ｂ［ａ］Ｐ暴露与肺癌危险性呈显著的剂量－反应关系，但与粉尘的特殊成分未见此种关联。长期暴露于污染物的钢铁工人的肺癌的危险度增加４０％。     

粉尘和化学毒物暴露与支气管哮喘患病的影响

调查居住在中国东北的两个城市,年龄≥４０岁的８９８１名男性社区随机样本,检验暴露于粉尘和化学毒物与医生诊断的支气管哮喘患病之间的关系。支气管哮喘的患病率为１．１７％,调整年龄、教育程度、居住面积、吸烟状况及使用煤炉取暖后,接触粉尘和化学毒物的人群患哮喘的调整ＯＲ值分别为３．２８（９５％ＣＩ２．２～５．１）和１．６０（９５％ＣＩ０．９～２．７）。进一步调整分为对照组、仅粉尘暴露、仅化学毒物暴露及粉尘和化学毒物暴露组,支气管哮喘的ＯＲ估计值分别为：仅粉尘暴露３．５７（９５％ＣＩ２．２～６．３）,仅化学毒物暴露１．３５（９５％ＣＩ０．６～３．２）,两者都暴露２．８６（９５％ＣＩ１．５～５．４）。     

武汉市前列腺癌的流行病学研究

前列腺癌是欧美国家男性的主要死亡原因，我国还没有全面的发病率和死亡统计资料。为了解我国前列腺癌的流行情况，在武汉市１９９０～１９９２年前列腺癌的发病及死亡报告的基础上，收集了１９９０～１９９５年住院治疗的１０２例前列腺癌现患病例进行了１１配比的病例对照研究。结果显示：武汉市前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率分别为１．３７／１０万和０．７５／１０万，世界人口年平均标化发病率和死亡率分别为１．１０／１０万和０．６６／１０万。泌尿系统病史〔ＯＲ＝５．４２，９５％可信区间（ＣＩ）＝１．５６～１８．８３〕、子女数超过３个（ＯＲ＝２．４３，９５％ＣＩ＝１．１７～５．０２）、青壮年期每周性交超过３次（ＯＲ＝３．３８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．５１～７．５８）、滥用药物（ＯＲ＝４．１１，９５％ＣＩ＝１．６５～１０．２５）、体质指数高（ＯＲ＝２．５８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．３０～５．１１）等是前列腺癌的危险因素，而体力劳动（ＯＲ＝０．３５，９５％ＣＩ＝０．１７～０．７１）、初次遗精年龄晚于１８岁（ＯＲ＝０．２０，９５％ＣＩ＝０．０８～０．５２）等是其保护性因素。     

四川省抽样人群中高血压危险因素研究

根据四川省１９９１年度高血压抽样调查资料，采用病例－对照的研究方法，结合条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型，分析了高血压的危险因素。结果表明，影响高血压的主要危险因素是：体重指数（ＯＲ＝１．６６１，９５％ＣＩ：１．５２９～１．８０４）、高血压家族史（ＯＲ＝１．２５８，９５％ＣＩ：１．１６４～１．３６０）、脉率（ＯＲ＝１．５３９，９５％ＣＩ：１．２４９～１．８９８）、卫生知识水平（ＯＲ＝１．０５８，９５％ＣＩ：１．０２９～１．０８８）和每日酒精摄入量（ＯＲ＝１．１９０，９５％ＣＩ：１．０４２～１．３５９）。从本次调查资料，我们未发现吸烟与高血压有关联。     

饮酒、吸烟与高血压关系的病例对照研究

本调查是在１９９２年底对上海市３个居民点３５岁以上居民高血压普查基础上进行的人群中病例对照配对研究。着重分析饮酒、吸烟及高血压家族史与高血压患病的关系。病例及对照用随机抽样方式分别选自普查得到的高血压人群和正常血压人群。配对条件为性别相同、年龄相近。共调查４９３对病例对照，用配对χ２分析各因素与高血压关系，并用条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析各因素间的混杂和交互作用。调查结果表明，在上海地区饮酒与高血压病有关，ＯＲ为１．９８（９５％ＣＩ：１．０～３．９）；高血压家族史与高血压病密切相关，在不吸烟者中ＯＲ值高达１８．８（９５％ＣＩ：１０～３５）。研究结果未提示吸烟与高血压有明显关系，ＯＲ值为１．４９（９５％ＣＩ：０．９１～２．４４）。     

本溪市大气污染与死亡率的关系

本溪市１９９３年和１９９４年两年总死亡率经年龄调整后为６９１．３／１０万。比较了７个大气监测点周围各街道死亡率后、发现大气污染水平与总死亡率及３种慢性病之间都有显著相关;ＴＳＰ每增加１００μｇ／ｍ３,总死亡率增加８％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０２～１．１４）;对慢性阻塞性肺疾患（ＣＯＰＤ）、心血管病（ＣＨＤ）和脑血管病（ＣＶＤ）死亡专率分别增加２４％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０４～１．４４）、２４％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０８～１．４１）和８％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．００～１．１５）     

胰岛素抵抗在非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者继发冠心病中的作用

为研究冠心病（ＣＨＤ）的发病危险因素，对１０２例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）继发ＣＨＤ病例进行多个配比病例对照研究。通过条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析，发现胰岛素抵抗及高血糖症是ＮＩＤＤＭ继发ＣＨＤ的危险因素，ＯＲ分别为２．５６（９５％ＣＩ１．２７～５．１６）、４．３２（９５％ＣＩ２．５６～７．２８），高胰岛素血症增加ＮＩＤＤＭ继发ＣＨＤ的危险性，ＯＲ为１．６０（１．０３～２．４７）。     

CYP2E1和GSTM1基因型与胃癌易患性关系初探

应用病例对照分子流行病学的方法对细胞色素Ｐ４５０２Ｅ１（ＣＹＰ２Ｅ１） 、谷胱甘肽转硫酶Ｍ１（ＧＳＴＭ１） 基因型与胃癌易患性的关系作了初步探讨。采用ＰＣＲ 方法检测９１ 例原发性胃癌病例和９４ 例正常对照的ＣＹＰ２Ｅ１ 和ＧＳＴＭ１ 基因型。结果表明,ＧＳＴＭ１ 基因缺失与胃癌易患性有关,携带ＣＹＰ２Ｅ１ 的Ｃ１／Ｃ２ 或Ｃ２／Ｃ２ 基因型且ＧＳＴＭ１ 缺失者胃癌易患性增高,ＯＲ＝ ４５８ ,９５ ％ ＣＩ＝ １５４ ～１４１１ 。若同时有吸烟暴露,则胃癌的危险性显著增高（ＯＲ＝ ２０００ ,９５ ％ ＣＩ＝ ３６９ ～１３１６１） ,提示ＣＹＰ２Ｅ１ 和ＧＳＴＭ１ 基因多态与胃癌易患性有关     

糖尿病控制程度与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系

采用１∶１配比病例对照研究讨论了糖尿病控制程度与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。以曾经最高血糖值、平均空腹血糖和是否发生过酮症酸中毒反映糖尿病控制程度。通过条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析方法，分析病例（ｎ＝１０５）、对照（ｎ＝１０５）得以下结果：单因素分析显示糖尿病控制不佳者，患糖尿病视网膜病变的危险性增大，最高血糖值，平均空腹血糖，酮症酸中毒三指标的ＯＲ值分别为２．１５（９５％ＣＩ：１．２８～３．６１），２．１９（９５％ＣＩ：１．５５～３．１０），３．６７（９５％ＣＩ：１．４９～９．０５）。用潜在的混杂因素调整后，平均空腹血糖的作用仍显著；而最高血糖值和酮症酸中毒分别用病程和尿蛋白调整后其作用消失。     

The use of electric bed heaters and the risk of clinically recognized spontaneous abortion

We conducted a prospective cohort study to evaluate the relation of spontaneous abortion and electric bed heater use during the first trimester of pregnancy. Compared with non-users, rates of spontaneous abortion were lower for women who used electric bed heaters. The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the two major devices used, electric blankets (N = 524) and waterbeds (N = 796), were, respectively, 0.8 (95% CI = 0.5-1.1) and 0.9 (95% CI = 0.7-1.2). An increase of risk with increasing intensity (setting-duration combination) of use was not observed. Users of electric blankets at low settings for most of the night (N = 171) had lower risks of spontaneous abortion than non-users (adjusted odds ratio = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3-1.0). Twenty women who used electric blankets at a high setting for 1 hour or less had an adjusted odds ratio of 3.0 (95% CI = 1.1-8.3), but we found no spontaneous abortions among the few women (N = 13) who used a high setting for 2 or more hours. We found that exposure rankings of the magnetic field time-weighted average and a rate of change metric did not correspond monotonically to the pattern of spontaneous abortion risks and that electric blankets contribute less to overnight time-weighted average magnetic fields than has been thought.     

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents: self-reported miscarriages and stillbirths among nurses and pharmacists.

Insult to the germ cells of an ovum or sperm prior to pregnancy as well as exposures to a fetus during pregnancy can affect the outcome of a pregnancy. Antineoplastic agents are mutagenic and teratogenic, so the potential effects of exposure on reproduction are of concern to the workers who handle them. This study investigates pregnancy loss associated with occupational exposures to antineoplastic drugs by comparing rates of spontaneous abortion and stillbirths for pregnancies without antineoplastic exposure and exposed pregnancies in which the pregnant woman or the father handled antineoplastic agents either before or during the pregnancy. A total of 7094 pregnancies of 2976 pharmacy and nursing staff were examined. After age during pregnancy, prior gravidity, maternal smoking during the pregnancy, and occurrence of a spontaneous abortion or stillbirth in a prior pregnancy were controlled for, exposure of the mother to or the handling of antineoplastic agents during the pregnancy was associated with a significantly increased risk of spontaneous abortion (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.8) and combined risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth (odds ratio = 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 1.7) but not stillbirth alone. Among the wives of exposed men, too few stillbirths occurred to allow analysis. However, for spontaneous abortion and any loss, the patterns of increased risk were similar to those seen for women, although the odds ratios were not statistically significant.     

Caffeine consumption during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion

We conducted a case-control study of spontaneous abortion in Santa Clara County, California between 1986 and 1987. We analyzed data on 607 cases and 1,284 controls to evaluate the potential association between caffeine consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. About 70% of the women consumed caffeinated coffee, tea, and/or soda; 7% of the women consumed more than an average of 300 mg of caffeine daily. The crude odds ratio (OR) for heavy caffeine consumption (greater than 300 mg/day) was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.04-2.31), which decreased to 1.22 (95% CI: 0.80-1.87) after controlling for confounding factors. For these heavy users, nausea modified the association of spontaneous abortion and caffeine; heavy caffeine consumers reporting nausea had a doubled risk for spontaneous abortion (adjusted OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.20-3.70), in contrast to those who did not report nausea (adjusted OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.27-1.04). Heavy caffeine consumers who decreased their caffeine intake early in pregnancy had a risk of spontaneous abortion similar to that of nonconsumers.     

Preconception B-vitamin and homocysteine status, conception, and early pregnancy loss

Maternal vitamin status contributes to clinical spontaneous abortion, but the role of B-vitamin and homocysteine status in subclinical early pregnancy loss is unknown. Three-hundred sixty-four textile workers from Anqing, China, who conceived at least once during prospective observation (1996-1998), provided daily urine specimens for up to 1 year, and urinary human chorionic gonadotropin was assayed to detect conception and early pregnancy loss. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamins B6 and B12 were measured in preconception plasma. Relative to women in the lowest quartile of vitamin B6, those in the third and fourth quartiles had higher adjusted proportional hazard ratios of conception (hazard ratio (HR)=2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 3.4; HR=1.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.3, respectively), and the adjusted odds ratio for early pregnancy loss in conceptive cycles was lower in the fourth quartile (odds ratio=0.5, 95% CI: 0.3, 1.0). Women with sufficient vitamin B6 had a higher adjusted hazard ratio of conception (HR=1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9) and a lower adjusted odds ratio of early pregnancy loss in conceptive cycles (odds ratio=0.7, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.1) than did women with vitamin B6 deficiency. Poor vitamin B6 status appears to decrease the probability of conception and to contribute to the risk of early pregnancy loss in this population.     

Congenital defects and electric bed heating in New York State: a register-based case-control study.

Exposure to 60-cycle electromagnetic fields has been hypothesized to be a cause of childhood cancer and congenital defects. Because electric bed heaters are a major source of variation in electromagnetic field exposure in the population, the authors conducted a case-control study in 1988-1989 to examine the relations between congenital defects and the use of electric blankets and heated waterbeds. Cases were identified by the New York State Congenital Malformations Registry as babies with cleft palate (n = 121), cleft lip with or without cleft palate (n = 197), born in 1983-1984, and anencephalus and spina bifida (n = 224), born in 1983-1986, all to upstate New York residents. Controls were selected at random from birth registrations individually matched to cases by maternal race, age, home county, month of last menses, and child's sex. Information on periconceptional electric blanket and heated waterbed use as well as known and suspected risk factors for defects was obtained from questionnaires mailed to the mothers. Matched odds ratio estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for electric blanket use relative to nonuse were 0.8 (95% CI 0.3-2.1) for cleft palate, 0.7 (95% CI 0.3-1.3) for cleft lip, and 0.9 (95% CI 0.5-1.6) for neural tube defects. The respective odds ratios for heated waterbed use were nearly identical to these. Adjustment for potential confounding factors (maternal education, vitamin use, smoking) and stratification by season of conception and bed heat control setting had no meaningful effect on odds ratios. These results suggest that 60-cycle fields do not cause neural tube and oral cleft defects.     

Pregnancy outcomes, infant mortality, and arsenic in drinking water in West Bengal, India

Between 2001 and 2003, the authors studied pregnancy outcomes and infant mortality among 202 married women in West Bengal, India. Reproductive histories were ascertained using structured interviews. Arsenic exposure during each pregnancy, including all water sources used, was assessed; this involved measurements from 409 wells. Odds ratios for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and infant mortality were estimated with logistic regression based on the method of generalized estimating equations. Exposure to high concentrations of arsenic (> or =200 microg/liter) during pregnancy was associated with a sixfold increased risk of stillbirth after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio (OR) = 6.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.54, 24.0; p = 0.01). Arsenic-related skin lesions were found in 12 women who had a substantially increased risk of stillbirth (OR = 13.1, 95% CI: 3.17, 54.0; p = 0.002). The odds ratio for neonatal death was 2.81 (95% CI: 0.73, 10.8). No association was found between arsenic exposure and spontaneous abortion (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.38, 2.70) or overall infant mortality (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.43, 4.04). This study adds to the limited evidence that exposure to high concentrations of arsenic during pregnancy increases the risk of stillbirth. However, there was no indication of the increased rates of spontaneous abortion and overall infant mortality that have been reported in some studies.     

Exposure to phenoxy herbicides and the risk of spontaneous abortion.

The Ontario Farm Family Health Study was designed to assess retrospectively the potential adverse effects of exposure to pesticides on pregnancy. Information on the health and life style of approximately 2,000 farm couples, as well as a history of use of pesticides on the farm, was collected by questionnaire. This analysis focuses on pre- and postconception exposure to phenoxy herbicides and the risk of spontaneous abortion using the complete (to date) pregnancy history for each woman. Preconception exposure (from 3 months before conception to the month of conception) was weakly associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion at <20 weeks' gestation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-1.9]. When the analyses were restricted to spontaneous abortions of <12 weeks, the risk was more than doubled (adjusted OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.0-6.4), but the results were sensitive to the cutpoint used. If the husband did not normally wear protective equipment during application, the crude OR for early spontaneous abortions was 5.0 (95% CI = 0.7-36.2). Exposure to phenoxy herbicides during the first trimester was generally not associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion. The results suggest a possible role of preconception (possibly paternal) exposures to phenoxy herbicides in the risk of early spontaneous abortions.     

Effects of ultrasound, shortwaves, and physical exertion on pregnancy outcome in physiotherapists.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim of the study was to investigate whether occupational exposure among physiotherapists is associated with spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation in the offspring. DESIGN--The study was a retrospective nested case-control study, where the pregnancy outcome data were based on the medical registers. SETTING--All registered physiotherapists in Finland who had become pregnant during the study period were included in the study. SUBJECTS--Cases were defined as women who had been treated for spontaneous abortion during 1973-1983 or had delivered a malformed child during 1973-1982. One pregnancy per woman was randomly selected for the study. Three age matched (+/- 18 months) controls were selected for each abortion case and five for each malformation case. The final study population was 204 cases and 483 controls in the spontaneous abortion study, and 46 cases and 187 controls in the congenital malformation study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Exposure information was collected by mailed questionnaires from 1329 women. The response rate was 92% in the spontaneous abortion study, and 89% in the congenital malformation study. Heavy lifting (including patient transfers) was associated significantly with spontaneous abortion. Exposure to ultrasound and shortwaves showed about threefold odds ratios for spontaneous abortions occurring after the 10th week of gestation but in analysis where potential confounding variables were controlled, neither reached statistical significance. Deep heat therapies together, and shortwaves alone, were associated significantly with congenital malformations, but the increase was found in the lower exposure category only. From the potential confounding variables, previous abortion (spontaneous or induced) was associated significantly with spontaneous abortion, and febrile disease in early pregnancy was associated with congenital malformation. CONCLUSION--Physical exertion during early pregnancy seems to be a risk factor for spontaneous abortion. The findings raise suspicion of the potential harmful effect of shortwaves and ultrasound on the pregnancy, but no firm conclusion can be drawn on the bases of these results alone.     

自然流产者绒毛织中维生素A、E含量及流产影响因素分析

目的 了解孕早期妇女的自然流产状况与维生素A、E营养状况的关系,为指导孕妇健康膳食提供科学依据.方法 于2010年10月～2011年4月在广州市收集进行流产刮宫术的孕妇绒毛组织共258例(自然流产组63例,对照组195例).对研究对象进行问卷调查及24h膳食调查,并采用高效液相色谱法检测绒毛组织中的维生素A、E含量.结果 自然流产组与对照组的比较中,年龄、体质指数、婚姻状况、流产史、孕周的差异均具有统计学意义(均有P＜0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,自然流产的危险因素为年龄(与≤22岁相比,23～岁组:OR=3.903,95％CI:1.533～9.937;≥29岁组:OR=2.896,95％CI:1.116 ～7.519)、流产史(OR=2.174,95％ CI:1.105 ～4.278)和孕周≥8周(OR=3.532,95％CI:1.813 ～6.883).自然流产组能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素A、维生素E的摄入量与对照组比较,差异也无统计学意义.自然流产组绒毛组织中维生素A、E含量与对照组的比较,差异均无统计学意义(均有P＞0.05).结论 年龄、流产史是自然流产的危险因素;未见自然流产者膳食维生素A、E摄入量及绒毛组织中维生素A、E含量增加.     

Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control,population-based study in France

This case-control study was associated with a regional register of ectopic pregnancy between 1993 and 2000 in France. It included 803 cases of ectopic pregnancy and 1,683 deliveries and was powerful enough to investigate all ectopic pregnancy risk factors. The main risk factors were infectious history (adjusted attributable risk = 0.33; adjusted odds ratio for previous pelvic infectious disease = 3.4, 95% percent confidence interval (CI): 2.4, 5.0) and smoking (adjusted attributable risk = 0.35; adjusted odds ratio = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.6, 5.9 for >20 cigarettes/day vs. women who had never smoked). The other risk factors were age (associated per se with a risk of ectopic pregnancy), prior spontaneous abortions, history of infertility, and previous use of an intrauterine device. Prior medical induced abortion was associated with a risk of ectopic pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.2); no such association was observed for surgical abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.6). The total attributable risk of all the factors investigated was 0.76. As close associations were found between ectopic pregnancy and infertility and between ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, further research into ectopic pregnancy should focus on risk factors common to these conditions. In terms of public health, increasing awareness of the effects of smoking may be useful for ectopic pregnancy prevention.