恶性梗阻性黄疸手术时机探讨

目的探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸的手术时机。方法回顾性分析1997年2月至2007年5月成都军区总医院全军普通外科中心收治的167例恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术前行B超引导下经皮经肝胆道引流情况,对术前减黄速度、肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率等指标进行分析。结果在167例病人中,顺利减黄者103例,缓慢减黄者58例,减黄失败者6例;顺利减黄者在肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率以及住院时间上均优于减黄缓慢者;在顺利减黄的病人中,减黄2周及3周后手术病人在肿瘤切除率及并发症发生率上差异无显著性意义;在缓慢减黄病人中,减黄4周以上手术者根治性手术出血量显著小于减黄3周病人,但二者肿瘤切除率及并发症发生率差异无显著性意义。减黄失败者只能被迫行内引流术,但术后1个月的平均总胆红素仍为252.8μmol/L,其中2例死亡。结论减黄速度的快慢可作为选择手术时机的标准,只要连续2周血清总胆红素递减率均≥30%,即可进行手术;反之,则应适当延长减黄时间。     

双胆道介入减黄联合介入化疗治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效

恶性梗阻性美疸常由胆囊癌、胆管癌及转移性肿瘤浸润或压迫胆道所致。恶性梗阻性黄疸的手术切除率低、并发症高、术后生存期短;因此,对无法手术根治的病人．姑息治疗仍属必要。减黄是姑息、性治疗的首要目的,减黄主要通过介入或手术行各种胆道内外引流。     

胰头癌术前减黄指征的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨胰头癌伴梗阻性黄疸患者术前减黄的必要性及其利弊。方法 将血清总胆红素（TB）〉220μmol／L的183例患者随机分入减黄组及不减黄组;减黄组92例采取超声引导下经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流（UPTBD）及内镜鼻胆管引流（ENBD）,对减黄组置管后3周进行手术。不减黄组91例,仅在常规术前准备后于入院5d内进行手术。对2组患者手术及术后恢复情况进行比较。结果 减黄组减黄成功的89例患者在胆道引流后TB由平均279μmol／L下降为120μmol／L,成功完成胰十二指肠切除39例（43．8％）,行单纯内引流者47例（52．8％）,单纯探查3例（3．4％）,平均术中失血250ml,术后并发症8例次（9．0％）,1例死亡。不减黄组91例中完成胰十二指肠切除24例（26．4％）,单纯内引流者58例（63．7％）,9例单纯探查（9．9％）,术中平均失血480ml,术后并发症共19例次（20．9％）,4例死亡。不减黄组中发生并发症的患者的年龄及TB水平均显著高于未发生并发症的患者。减黄后TB下降速度每周大于30％患者的肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率及住院时间均优于下降速度小于30％的患者。结论 胰头癌伴重度黄疸者术前减黄确有其必要性,尤其对老年患者,不仅可减少术中出血,增加手术安全性,提高根治率,而且术前胆道引流后黄疸是否顺利下降,还可作为预测手术风险、手术效果以及患者预后的重要指标。     

对恶性梗阻性黄疸术前减黄指标的再认识（附28例临床分析）

目的：对恶性梗阻性黄疸的术前减黄标准以及减黄后手术时机进行探讨。方法：在既往研究的基础上,将原有的减黄公式年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉380修改为年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450,并将满足〉450的28例患者进行术前减黄。将患者肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率等临床资料和前期研究的17例减黄患者（〉380）的临床资料进行对比分析。结果：年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450的28例中完成肿瘤切除10例（35.7%）,行单纯内引流18例（64.3%）,术中失血量（438.7±276.6）mL,术后并发症发生率10.7%（3/28）,1例死亡。年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450的17例中完成肿瘤切除6例（35.3%）,行单纯内引流11例（64.7%）,术中失血量（445.3±254.5）mL,术后并发症发生率11.8%（2/17）,1例死亡。结论：以年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450作为恶性梗阻性黄疸患者术前减黄的标准,并根据TB下降情况决定手术时机,能够获得良好的治疗效果。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸术前减黄78例临床分析

目的 探讨术前减黄对低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疽患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响.方法 对78例行胰十二指肠切除术的低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者进行回顾性分析.结果 术前减黄组入院时总胆红素为(268±70)μmol/L,至术前下降为(174±55)μmol/L,与减黄前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与未减黄组术前总胆红素[(248±85)μmol/L]比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后并发症发生率为40%(31/78),其中减黄组为46%(11/24),未减黄组37%(20/54),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),单个并发症发生率两组之间差异亦无统计学意义.结论 术前减黄可以有效降低血清胆红素水平;但术前减黄不能降低低位恶性胆道梗阻患者行胰十二指肠切除术后的病死率和并发症.     

胰十二指肠切除术87例临床分析

目的　探讨胰十二指肠切除术指征 ,提高手术切除率及减少术后并发症的发生。方法　回顾性总结 1990～ 2 0 0 2年 8月间我院收治的 87例胰十二指肠切除术病例的临床资料 ,采用联合定性法和经十二指肠胰腺穿刺组织学检查提高诊断率。逆向胰腺切断 ,血管修补提高切除率。单层套入式胰十二指肠切除术胰肠重建。术前“减黄”等措施减少手术并发症。结果　 87例中 ,术后出现胰瘘 1例 ,胆瘘 2例 ,胃肠吻合口瘘 1例。住院期间死亡 3例。重度梗阻性黄疸术后并发症的发生率明显增高。结论　可能的诊断及合适的探查和适应证范围的扩大能提高手术切除率。术前“减黄”、单纯套入式胰肠吻合等正确手术操作 ,是降低术后并发症发生率的有效方法     

恶性梗阻性黄疸术前减黄观念的变迁

近年来，关于恶性梗阻性黄疸病人是否需要术前减黄的观点逐渐发生了改变，过去仅以胆红素水平作为主要减黄标准的方法基本被摒弃，代之以病人的全身因素如营养状态、重要器官功能、肿瘤位置（高位或低位梗阻）等作为评估标准。许多胆道、胰腺及十二指肠恶性肿瘤，术前不进行减黄手术，直接行手术切除，同样取得了良好的效果，术后并发症率及死亡率并无明显上升。     

肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸

我院１９８６～１９９１年收治并经病理证实的肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸病人６８例，其中进行手术６４例。本文对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断与治疗阐述我们的体会，对不能切除的肿瘤采用胆管内置管、胆肠插管桥式内引流，以及胰十二指肠切除消化道重建采用胰胃吻合术进行讨论。     

肝硬化门静脉高压症合并恶性梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗经验

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症合并恶,性梗阻性黄疸的临床特点与处理方案。方法对首都医科大学北京地坛医院肝胆外科2005-2008年收治的31例肝硬化门静脉高压症合并恶性梗阻性黄疸病人的临床资料进行总结。结果 31例均合并食管-胃底静脉曲张,26例中重度曲张病人术前行胃镜曲张血管治疗。18例行胆管引流,术后早期恢复良好,但均于随访期内死亡,死亡原因为胆管感染、胆管再阻塞、肿瘤进展、上消化道出血和肝功能衰竭。13例根治性切除病人无手术死亡病例,术后并发症未见明显升高,均恢复出院。随访期内2例胆囊癌根治术与2例根治性胰十二指肠切除术病人死于肿瘤转移。结论肝硬化门静脉高压症合并恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗困难,治疗方案需考虑肿瘤部位、手术解剖可切除性、肝脏储备功能、食管-胃底曲张静脉程度等。术前胃镜下曲张静脉治疗可预防术后上消化道出血,姑息性减黄治疗可近期改善生活质量,延长生命,远期疗效差。充分术前评估和术前准备可提高根治性切除安全性,远期预后与肿瘤性质有关。     

肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸

我院１９８６－１９９１年收治并经病理证实的肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸病人６８例，其中进行手术６４例，本文对肝外恶性梗阻性黄疸的 诊断与治疗阐述我们的体会，对不能切除的肿瘤采用胆管内置管、胆肠插管桥式内引流，以及胰十二指肠切除消化道重建采用胰胃吻合术进行讨论。     

胰头癌梗阻性黄疸病人经内镜逆行胰胆管造影引流术疗效分析

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)引流术对胰头癌梗阻性黄疸病人的治疗作用。方法对49例胰头癌梗阻性黄疸病人实施ERCP引流术,观察病人临床症状、肝功能变化及有无并发症等情况。结果 49例病人均成功完成ERCP手术操作,其中采用内镜下鼻胆管引流(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)5例,内镜下胆道支架置入术(endoscopic endoprothesis metal biliary drainage,EMBD)40例(包括金属及塑料支架),EMBD+ENBD4例。术后病人黄疸、纳差、乏力及皮肤瘙痒等症状减轻或消失;血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶,天冬氨酸转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶均明显下降(P0.05);未出现严重并发症,安全性良好。结论 ERCP引流术作为一种微创的治疗手段,引流效果好,并发症发生率低,可作为胰头癌梗阻性黄疸病人姑息治疗的首选方法。     

Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: The role of preoperative biliary drainage in patients with biliary obstruction undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy remains controversial. Several authors failed to show any effect of preoperative biliary drainage, whereas others even reported an increased morbidity following pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed in a consecutive series of 257 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between November 1993 and November 1999. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (38%) underwent preoperative biliary drainage for a median time period of 10 days (range 1 to 41) prior to resection. Cumulative postoperative morbidity was 47% (120 patients), the reoperation rate was 4.3% (11 patients), and mortality was 2.3% (6 patients). There was no difference in total morbidity, infectious complications, reoperation rate, mortality, or long-term survival between patients with or without preoperative biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative biliary instrumentation and biliary drainage do not affect early or late outcome in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.     

Safe and Permissible Limits of Hepatectomy in Obstructive Jaundice Patients

The safe and permissible limits of hepatectomy in obstructive jaundice patients and the usefulness of preoperative portal embolization (PE) for increasing the limit for safe hepatectomy were examined. We classified 416 patients with hepatectomy performed over 9 years under the following headings: normal liver function (n = 242); chronic hepatitis (n = 71); liver cirrhosis (n = 64); and liver after relief of obstructive jaundice (n = 39). Hepatectomy was done after the total bilirubin level was reduced below 3 mg/dl by preoperative biliary drainage. Factors influencing the maximum total bilirubin level measured within 2 weeks after hepatectomy were investigated, and this level was taken to reflect the degree of surgical stress. PE was carried out in 18 patients with obstructive jaundice. The maximum total bilirubin, expressed as a logarithm, was significantly correlated with the percent of liver resected in all groups. Hepatectomy followed by a maximum total bilirubin of less than 8.5 mg/dl was accepted as safe, and hepatectomy followed by a bilirubin level of 14.4 mg/dl was deemed the maximum permissible resection. On the basis of these results, the safe and permissible limits of hepatectomy in patients with obstructive jaundice were 48.7% and 71.6%, respectively. PE decreased the maximum total bilirubin from 8.5 mg/dl to 3.9 mg/dl when 48.7% of the liver (a safe proportion in all cases) was resected; PE increased the safe limit of hepatectomy from 48.7% to 67.4% when a maximum posthepatectomy total bilirubin level of 8.5 mg/dl was accepted as safe.     

Value of preoperative drainage of the bile ducts in obstructive jaundice]

Hepato-biliary surgery for obstructive jaundice is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Experimental and clinical studies on obstructive jaundice revealed endotoxaemia, coagulation disorders and depressed immune function. Many studies have been carried out to identify the operative risk factors. The serum bilirubin level seemed to be a significant factor. Biliary decompression via a percutaneous or endoscopic retrograde approach was therefore proposed to improve the surgical outcome. The first retrospective studies have suggested a reduction of morbidity and mortality. Subsequent randomized studies have not confirm the benefit of preoperative biliary drainage because of procedure-related complications. The article reviews the literature on preoperative biliary drainage and proposes the indications, choice of method and optimal duration of biliary drainage.     

The current status of preoperative biliary drainage for patients who receive pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary carcinoma: A comprehensive review

BackgroundSurgery on patients with malignant obstructive jaundice carries increased risks of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Preoperative biliary drainage has been developed to reduce this procedure-related risks, but its role in patients who are going to receive pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary carcinoma is still controversial.MethodsThis article aimed at reviewing the current status of preoperative biliary drainage for patients with peri-ampullary tumors who were candidates for pancreaticoduodenectomy. A MEDLINE and PubMed database search from 1980 to 2013 was performed to identify relevant articles using the keywords “pancreaticoduodenectomy”, “preoperative biliary drainage”, “jaundice”, “peri-ampullary neoplasm” and “carcinoma of pancreas”. Additional papers were identified by a manual search of the references from the key articles.ResultsThere were six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 5 meta-analyses on preoperative biliary drainage for patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. Most of the results of these studies could not be used to define the role of preoperative biliary drainage for patients who received pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary carcinoma because: first, the majority of these studies were on bypass or palliative resections; second, various pathologies with both proximal and distal biliary obstruction were included; third, there were different forms of percutaneous or endoscopic drainage procedures; fourth, there were different durations of preoperative drainage; and finally, there were variations in the definition of events and outcomes. There was only one RCT which included a homogeneous group of patients with carcinoma of pancreas who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. For patients with periampullary tumor, the RCTS and meta-analyses showed no benefit of preoperative biliary drainage. Instead, there were some concerns about the drainage-related complications and the increase in positive intraoperative bile culture rate and the associated infective complication rate postoperatively.ConclusionRoutine preoperative biliary drainage showed no beneficial effect on the surgical outcome for patients with periampullary tumor. A selective approach of preoperative biliary drainage should be adopted for these patients. The optimal duration and modality of preoperative biliary drainage remain unclear.     

腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流五例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流治疗恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疽临床应用价值。方法 5例不能手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸病人,其中3例胰头癌,2例壶腹部癌,均采用腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流术治疗。术后7~10d复查病人血生化指标。结果穿刺成功率为100%;术后7~10d总胆红素平均下降95.8μmol/L;未出现出血、胆汁性腹膜炎、胆漏等并发症。结论此方法创伤小,并发症少,操作简单,引流可靠有效,是晚期恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸较好的引流方法。     

Association of preoperative biliary stenting with increased postoperative infectious complications in proximal cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The indications for preoperative biliary stenting in patients with obstructive jaundice are controversial. We evaluated the effect of preoperative biliary stenting on bacterobilia and infectious complications following surgical treatment of proximal cholangiocarcinoma. DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of all patients undergoing surgical treatment of proximal cholangiocarcinoma. SETTING: A metropolitan cancer surgery service. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-one patients underwent palliative biliary bypass or curative resection of proximal cholangiocarcinoma from March 1, 1991, to April 1, 1997, and were entered into a prospective database. Forty-one patients underwent preoperative biliary intubation and stent placement. We analyzed patient, nutritional, laboratory, and operating room factors. Statistical evaluation was performed using Student t test and chi2 analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Data were recorded for a history of cholangitis, operative time, amount of blood loss, incidence of intraoperative bacterobilia, proportion of patients with postoperative infectious and noninfectious complications, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: All patients (n = 14) with a history of preoperative cholangitis had been subjected to previous endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and/or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Groups were equivalent for risk for comorbidity, proportion undergoing curative vs palliative procedures, time spent in the operating room, and amount of blood loss. Patients with stents had a significantly lower bilirubin level (P = .005). Patients with stents had a significantly increased risk for bacterobilia (P = .001) and infectious complications (P = .03). Bacterobilia was present in 11 (100%) of 11 patients undergoing endoscopic stenting and in 15 (65%) of 23 patients undergoing percutaneous stenting. There was no increased risk for noninfectious complications, length of hospital stay, or mortality in patients with stents. In 10 (59%) of 17 patients with postoperative infectious complications and positive findings of intraoperative bile culture, the organism was synonymous. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative biliary stenting in proximal cholangiocarcinoma increases the incidence of contaminated bile and postoperative infectious complications. Endoscopic stents frequently do not relieve jaundice in high biliary obstruction and are rarely indicated, especially in light of their high contamination rate.     

Effect of biliary decompression on morbidity and mortality of pancreatoduodenectomy

To evaluate the effect of levels of serum bilirubin on morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy, a prospective study was designed to compare patients who underwent preoperative biliary decompression to those who did not. Preoperative biliary decompression decreased the mean serum bilirubin level from 15.8 to 5.8 mg/dl in one group of 10 patients (Group A). The only statistical differences between this group and the two other groups of patients (Groups B and C) who were not treated with preoperative biliary decompression was the level of serum bilirubin before pancreatoduodenectomy (5.8, 22, and 1.3 mg/dl in Groups A, B, and C, respectively). Only one death occurred in each group of patients. The numbers of nonfatal complications were comparable. These results suggest that there is no decrease in morbidity or mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy when the serum bilirubin level is decreased by preoperative biliary drainage.     

Preoperative biliary drainage for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinomas grow slowly, and metastases occur late in the natural history. Surgical cure and long-term survival have been demonstrated, when resection margins are clear. Preoperative biliary drainage has been proposed as a way to improve liver function before surgery, and to reduce post-surgical complications. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) with multiple drains was previously the preferred method for the preoperative relief of obstructive jaundice. However, the introduction of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PTPE) and wider resection has changed preoperative drainage strategies. Drainage is currently performed only for liver lobes that will remain after resection, and for areas of segmental cholangitis. Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) is less invasive than PTBD. Among EBD techniques, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) is preferable to endoscopic biliary stenting (EBS), because secondary cholangitis (due to the retrograde flow of duodenal fluid into the biliary tree) does not occur. ENBD needs to be converted to PTBD in patients with segmental cholangitis, those with a prolonged need for drainage, or when the extent of longitudinal tumor extension is not sufficiently well characterized.     

胆汁转流性外引流术对恶性梗阻性黄疸血内毒素水平的影响

目的 :探讨外引流术体外转流胆汁对恶性梗阻性黄疸病人血内毒素水平的影响。方法 :对 14例肿瘤手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸病人行胆汁转流性外引流术 ,与同期施行的 15例内引流术、2 0例外引流术病人进行手术前后外周血内毒素水平比较。结果 :术前 3组内毒素水平差别无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。单纯外引流组手术后内毒素水平略高于术前 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;内引流组术后第 2天内毒素水平反而高于术前 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 7天、第 14天显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;体外转流组术后内毒素水平逐渐降低 ,与内引流术组变化基本相同。结论 :胆汁转流性外引流术可降低恶性梗阻性黄疸病人外周血内毒素水平。