Computed tomography in the diagnosis of maxillofacial mass lesions in younger children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the CT findings of maxillofacial mass lesions in younger children and to discuss the effectiveness of CT in their differential diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CT findings of 17 patients (age range, 0 years 5 months to 3 years 3 months) with histopathologically proven maxillofacial mass lesions were retrospectively evaluated. About two-thirds (11/17) comprised congenital lesions or more common lesions in infancy or younger children. RESULTS: Hemangiomas, dermoid cysts and ranulas in this age group presented characteristic CT findings in common with those occurring in adults. Two invasive lesions (melanotic neuroectodermal tumor and aggressive fibromatosis) had irregular margins and the latter also showed aggressive bone destruction. Two angiomas had irregular margins. A fibrosarcoma showed expansile bone destruction but had a regular margin. CONCLUSION: CT was useful in demonstrating the extent of maxillofacial mass lesions in children and for surgical treatment planning. Although some invasive lesions could be correctly diagnosed on the basis of CT, its diagnostic value in differentiating malignant from benign maxillofacial lesions in younger children was limited.     

Three-dimensional computed tomography in the head and neck diseases with bony abnormalities

The purpose of this study was to define the role of three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) in the head and neck diseases with bony abnormalities. Thirty-two patients were examined with a low dose radiation technique. Three-dimensional CT clearly delineated bony lesions in 27 of 32 patients. Three-dimensional CT could not demonstrate subtle bony erosions infiltrated by tumor, a temporal bone fracture, and a blow-out fracture, although two-dimensional (2D) images obtained before the 3D reconstructions clearly depicted those lesions. These two kinds of CT technique were thought to be complimentary.     

颌面外科及正畸中三维CT的临床应用

目的：探讨三维CT在颌面外科和正畸中的应用价值。资料与方法：颌面部骨折55例，颌面部肿瘤14例，颌骨及牙发育畸形14例。所有病例均经螺旋CT扫描后进行骨的表面重建，肿瘤患者还行肿瘤区的多平面重建，颌骨畸形牙咬合错位者利用牙科软件行牙体的表面重建和牙根的多面重建。重建图像分别与原始轴位图、手术所见对照，并与正畸模型进行对照。结果：（1）55例颌面骨部折和14例颌面部肿瘤三维重建图像显示的骨折、肿瘤部位与原始轴位图显示一致，与手术所见相符，而且立体感更强。（2）14例颌骨及牙发育畸形三维重建图像清楚显示颌骨畸形、牙咬合错位牙根方向的情况。根据三维图像制订、实施手术方案和短形正畸计划，获得良好的效果。结论：三维CT可准确地显示颌骨的病变，可多方位、多角度观察病变，立体感强，有助于颌面外科疾病的治疗、手术计划的制订和实施，牙科软件行牙的表面重建及牙根的多平面重建，能清楚地显示各个牙根的走向，为牙的矫形、种植术前计划起重要的指导作用。     

Temporal bone: three-dimensional CT. Part II. Pathologic alterations

Three-dimensional (3D) surface renderings were obtained from routine axial computed tomographic (CT) images in 15 patients with a variety of complex temporal bone abnormalities. The 3D CT reformations served as an adjunct to conventional sectional CT examination. While no diagnosis was substantially changed because of the 3D CT images, they did provide a more global perspective in cases of large tumors and fractures and at the postmastoidectomy site. Three-dimensional CT surface reformations are now practical and may be potentially useful for visualizing temporal bone lesions characterized by complex destructive change.     

Three-dimensional CT imaging of flexor tendon ruptures in the hand and wrist

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine the applicability of 3D CT imaging in the evaluation of flexor tendon rupture in the hand and wrist. DESIGN: Twenty-four digits in 22 patients (18 adults, 4 children) with a spectrum of finger flexion disturbances were investigated by a multidetector-row CT scanner, and diagnosed by 3D CT image with the volume rendering technique. The accuracy of the image diagnosis was confirmed operatively in 20 digits. RESULTS: 3D CT imaging gave a precise analysis in all adult cases. It clearly depicted the location of rupture and tendon stump. All of the 12 digits diagnosed from the images as tendon rupture were operated on, and the operational finding correlated well with the diagnosis based on the image. In the children, the image analysis was equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: 3D CT imaging can be useful when the diagnosis of flexor tendon rupture cannot be made based on trauma history and clinical examinations, and can be helpful in surgical planning.     

儿童长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像诊断

目的 :探讨儿童长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像表现及鉴别诊断。材料和方法 :回顾性分析 14例经病理证实的儿童长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线平片、CT及MRI表现。结果 :14例患者共发现 16个病灶 ,其中股骨 10个 ,胫骨 4个 ,腓骨及桡骨各 1个。主要表现为边界清楚的溶骨性破坏、层状骨膜反应及软组织肿块。结论 :X线平片是儿童长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的诊断基础 ,结合CT、MRI能够提高诊断及鉴别诊断水平     

Three-dimensional CT maximum intensity projections of the calvaria: a new approach for diagnosis of craniosynostosis and fractures

Three-dimensional CT maximum intensity projection (MIP) can depict suture patency, extent of synostosis (ie, complete versus incomplete bone bridging), fracture extent and conspicuity, and 3D calvarial deformity as a single set of projections in children with suspected craniosynostosis or skull fracture. Three-dimensional CT MIP may provide, in only eight views, all the required information to make the diagnosis of craniosynostosis and calvarial fracture extent currently requiring the combined information of 3D CT shaded surface displays and 2D axial CT images (a total of 58 views), and in some cases complementary skull radiographs. Three-dimensional MIP can be added to calvarial helical (spiral) CT imaging with only 5 minutes of additional postprocessing time.     

螺旋CT多维重建骨与关节初步应用与临床价值

目的 :探讨螺旋CT多维重建在骨与关节病的检查方法、CT征象及临床应用价值。方法 :用螺旋CT对 17例骨与关节患者行容积扫描 ,包括骨折 4例 ,骨纤维异常增殖症 2例、脊髓病 1、无菌性坏死 3例、退行性骨关节病 4例、结核3例。全部病例均摄X线平片。利用工作站软件对容积数据进行三维重建 ( 3D)及多平面重建 (MPVR)同时辅以最大强度投影 (HDMIP)及切割法进行观察。结果 :3D及MPVR对骨、关节表面细节显示观察。结论 :3D及MPVR对骨、关节表面细节显示满意 ,可以多角度、多平面观察骨、关节的密度、形态、大小变化 ,发现相邻肌肉、软组织改变及空间结构关系。结论 :3D及MPVR是一种有效的检查方法 ,具有良好的应用价值 ,但CT技术利用及将操作阈值设定非常重要     

CT appearance of bone metastases detected with FDG PET as part of the same PET/CT examination

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate lesion findings at computed tomography (CT) performed as part of a combined positron emission tomography (PET)/CT examination in patients suspected of having metastatic bone lesions-lesions that were detected with fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET as part of the same examination-and to correlate the CT and FDG PET findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant study had institutional review board approval, and the need for patient informed consent was waived. Three hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients (191 male patients, 168 female patients; mean age, 56.9 years; age range, 8-92 years) underwent PET/CT. PET images were first reviewed by nuclear medicine physicians who had no clinical information regarding the presence or absence of bone metastasis by using a five-point grading system (0, a lesion was definitely negative for metastasis; 1, a lesion was probably negative; 2, a lesion was equivocal; 3, a lesion was probably positive; and 4, a lesion was definitely positive). For lesions assigned a grade of 3 or 4 at PET, CT characteristics such as the presence or absence of morphologic changes or accompanying findings (including bone destruction) were assessed by radiologists on the CT images obtained during the same imaging session. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-nine lesions in 55 patients were considered to be probable or definite bone metastases at PET. One hundred thirty-three of these lesions in 33 patients were clinically confirmed to be bone metastases at follow-up and/or histopathologic examination. CT revealed osteolytic changes in 41 (31%) and osteoblastic changes in 21 (16%) of the 133 lesions, but no or nonspecific changes were seen at CT in 49 (37%) and 22 lesions (17%), respectively. Of the 179 lesions suspected at PET, 46 ultimately proved to be nonosseous or false-positive for bone metastasis. Of these 46 lesions, 38 were not located in the bone but in adjacent tissues such as the pleura. CONCLUSION: CT images obtained as part of PET/CT scanning were useful in yielding the precise location of bone lesions and thus helping avoid misdiagnosis of bone metastasis; however, CT revealed morphologic changes in only half of the lesions assigned a grade of 3 or 4 at PET.     

胸部腹外型侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT表现

目的：分析发生于胸部的腹外型侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT表现,提高对本病的诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析19例经手术病理证实的胸部侵袭性纤维瘤病患者的CT 表现。19例均行 CT 平扫,9例行增强扫描,1例行 CTA 检查。结果：19例共检出23个病灶,其中3例为多发病灶（发生于软组织1例、骨骼2例）。病变位于软组织15例共16个病灶（两侧和前胸壁8个、背部5个、肩部1个、腋窝1个）,位于骨骼4例共7个病灶（肋骨5个、胸肋关节1个、胸骨上段1个）。16个软组织肿块中呈类圆形或梭形13个,分叶形或不规则形3个;边界不清13个,边界清晰3个（其中2个有假包膜）;CT平扫表现为等或低密度肿块14个,囊实性肿块2个,3个病灶内可见钙化（分别呈点状、弧形和爆米花样）;增强扫描9例共10个病灶中,表现为轻度均匀强化2个,明显不均匀强化2个,边缘轻度强化1个,边缘明显强化2个,轻中度不均匀强化2个,多发小圆形轻中度环形强化1个;5个病灶可见肿瘤与骨质粘连伴骨质破坏。4例共7个骨骼病灶,CT 平扫6个表现为骨内软组织肿块、膨胀性骨质破坏（1个出现周缘硬化边）,1个表现为软组织肿块伴有局限性骨皮质压迫吸收;肿块呈较低密度3个,等或稍低密度3个,稍高密度1个;1例行增强扫描,肿瘤呈轻度～中度不均匀强化。结论：胸部侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT表现有一定特征性,CT对本病具有较高的诊断价值。     

3D SPECT/CT fusion using image data projection of bone SPECT onto 3D volume-rendered CT images: feasibility and clinical impact in the diagnosis of bone metastasis

Purpose

We developed a method of image data projection of bone SPECT into 3D volume-rendered CT images for 3D SPECT/CT fusion. The aims of our study were to evaluate its feasibility and clinical usefulness.

Methods

Whole-body bone scintigraphy (WB) and SPECT/CT scans were performed in 318 cancer patients using a dedicated SPECT/CT systems. Volume data of bone SPECT and CT were fused to obtain 2D SPECT/CT images. To generate our 3D SPECT/CT images, colored voxel data of bone SPECT were projected onto the corresponding location of the volume-rendered CT data after a semi-automatic bone extraction. Then, the resultant 3D images were blended with conventional volume-rendered CT images, allowing to grasp the three-dimensional relationship between bone metabolism and anatomy. WB and SPECT (WB?+?SPECT), 2D SPECT/CT fusion, and 3D SPECT/CT fusion were evaluated by two independent reviewers in the diagnosis of bone metastasis. The inter-observer variability and diagnostic accuracy in these three image sets were investigated using a four-point diagnostic scale.

Results

Increased bone metabolism was found in 744 metastatic sites and 1002 benign changes. On a per-lesion basis, inter-observer agreements in the diagnosis of bone metastasis were 0.72 for WB?+?SPECT, 0.90 for 2D SPECT/CT, and 0.89 for 3D SPECT/CT. Receiver operating characteristic analyses for the diagnostic accuracy of bone metastasis showed that WB?+?SPECT, 2D SPECT/CT, and 3D SPECT/CT had an area under the curve of 0.800, 0.983, and 0.983 for reader 1, 0.865, 0.992, and 0.993 for reader 2, respectively (WB?+?SPECT vs. 2D or 3D SPECT/CT, p?<?0.001; 2D vs. 3D SPECT/CT, n.s.). The durations of interpretation of WB?+?SPECT, 2D SPECT/CT, and 3D SPECT/CT images were 241?±?75, 225?±?73, and 182?±?71 s for reader 1 and 207?±?72, 190?±?73, and 179?±?73 s for reader 2, respectively. As a result, it took shorter time to read 3D SPECT/CT images than 2D SPECT/CT (p < 0.0001) or WB?+?SPECT images (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

3D SPECT/CT fusion offers comparable diagnostic accuracy to 2D SPECT/CT fusion. The visual effect of 3D SPECT/CT fusion facilitates reduction of reading time compared to 2D SPECT/CT fusion.

     

64层螺旋CT在诊断输尿管病变中的应用价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建技术在输尿管病变中的应用价值。方法回顾分析经手术、病理证实的28例输尿管病变。所有病例均用64层螺旋CT进行平扫和双期增强扫描及延迟扫描，进行曲面重建（CPR）、多平面重组（MPR）、容积重建（VR）。结果28例输尿管病变中，输尿管肿瘤15例，炎性病变6例，结石2例，先天畸形2例，输尿管外病变3例。结论64层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建在输尿管病变诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

64层螺旋CT三维重建在复杂性颌面骨折诊断与治疗中的临床意义

目的评价64层螺旋CT三维重建在复杂性颌面部骨折诊断与治疗中的临床意义。方法50例临床疑有复杂性颌面骨折患者（28例煤矿工外伤和22例交通事故外伤）于外伤后2-23（平均121h内均经64层螺旋cT平扫和三维重建（SSO）成像。依据手术所见，对比性分析了CT平扫与三维重建像对骨折部位、伴发骨折及骨折线的显示能力。结果50例疑有颌面骨折患者中，上颌骨骨折伴颧骨、眶骨骨折26例，上颌骨骨折伴颧骨、眶骨、鼻骨、额骨骨折14例，颧骨、眶骨、鼻骨骨折6例，颧骨、眶骨骨折4例。三维重建（SSD）像清晰显示了部分患者中cT平扫未发现的横向、斜向骨折线。结论cT三维重建成像能立体地、直观地显示复杂性颌面骨折的部位及伴发骨折，尤其在显示隐匿性骨折线方面明显优于CT平扫，因此，它能为制定精细的手术方案提供可靠依据。     

PET/CT characterization of fibroosseous defects in children: 18F-FDG uptake can mimic metastatic disease

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the anatomic appearance and metabolic activity of nonossifying fibromas, fibrous cortical defects, and cortical desmoids on PET/CT images. CONCLUSION: Over a 14-month period, we identified eight nonossifying fibromas, four fibrous cortical defects, and two cortical desmoids in 330 children who underwent PET/CT for the evaluation of a known or suspected malignancy. CT, conventional radiography, MRI, or clinical follow-up was used to confirm the diagnoses of these fibroosseous lesions. Eleven of the 14 children underwent multiple PET/CT examinations; thus, 34 studies were included. The lesions showed variable metabolic activity as indicated by 18F-FDG uptake: 19 PET/CT examinations showed lesions with mild 18F-FDG uptake, eight showed moderate 18F-FDG uptake, and seven showed intense uptake. When PET reveals metabolically active osseous abnormalities in children who are at risk for bone metastases, benign fibroosseous lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis before additional diagnostic procedures are undertaken. Benign fibroosseous lesions may be metabolically active and thus mimic metastatic osseous disease in children with underlying malignancies. Correlative CT or other anatomic imaging can confirm the benign nature of these lesions.     

Fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous biopsies: value of real-time guidance with image fusion software

Based on our preliminary experience with fluoroscopy-guided biopsy using a real-time 3D image fusion software, several biopsies may be performed in the interventional radiology suite as opposed to under CT guidance: percutaneous lung and bone biopsies are easily performed for lesions larger than 15 mm.     

CT-MR image data fusion for computer assisted navigated neurosurgery of temporal bone tumors

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the value of multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the preoperative work up of temporal bone tumors and to present, especially, CT and MR image fusion for surgical planning and performance in computer assisted navigated neurosurgery of temporal bone tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with temporal bone tumors underwent MDCT and MRI. MDCT was performed in high-resolution bone window level setting in axial plane. The reconstructed MDCT slice thickness was 0.8 mm. MRI was performed in axial and coronal plane with T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences, un-enhanced and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequences, and coronal T1-weighted SE sequences with fat suppression and with 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo (GE) contrast-enhanced sequences in axial plane. The 3D T1-weighted GE sequence had a slice thickness of 1mm. Image data sets of CT and 3D T1-weighted GE sequences were merged utilizing a workstation to create CT-MR fusion images. MDCT and MR images were separately used to depict and characterize lesions. The fusion images were utilized for interventional planning and intraoperative image guidance. The intraoperative accuracy of the navigation unit was measured, defined as the deviation between the same landmark in the navigation image and the patient. RESULTS: Tumorous lesions of bone and soft tissue were well delineated and characterized by CT and MR images. The images played a crucial role in the differentiation of benign and malignant pathologies, which consisted of 13 benign and 2 malignant tumors. The CT-MR fusion images supported the surgeon in preoperative planning and improved surgical performance. The mean intraoperative accuracy of the navigation system was 1.25 mm. CONCLUSION: CT and MRI are essential in the preoperative work up of temporal bone tumors. CT-MR image data fusion presents an accurate tool for planning the correct surgical procedure and is a benefit for the operational results in computer assisted navigated neurosurgery of temporal bone tumors.     

Post-traumatic paraosteoarthropathy of the hip. Analysis with x-ray computed tomography and 3-dimensional reconstruction. 2 cases

Two cases of paraosteoarthropathy developed soon after hip trauma and without associated spinal disorders are described. CT perfectly discriminates ectopic bone formation from osseous fragments and calcified hematoma. These lesions display different signs and have different locations, which allows an easy differentiation. The aetiology of these traumatic osteomas (hip trauma associated with surgical repair in one case coma in the other) is compared to literature. The effectiveness of CT with 3D reconstruction is emphasized in paraosteoarthropathy and hip trauma screening.     

Benign lesions of the mandibular and maxillary region in children: characterization by CT and MRI.

The CT criteria for classifying lesions of the mandibular and maxillary regions in adults as benign or malignant are well recognized: irregular soft tissue margins and bone destruction. We reviewed the charts of 12 pediatric patients from 3 institutions to evaluate these criteria in children. These masses were evaluated by CT and/or MRI based solely on well-recognized and published criteria. The patients' ages ranged from 4 mo to 18 yr. The histological diagnoses were ameloblastoma (4), hemangioma (2), lymphangioma, desmoplastic fibroma, hemangiopericytoma, neurofibroma, fibrous dysplasia, and juvenile angiofibroma. All but one case was surgically proven. Among the 12 cases, 5 had bone destruction and 5 showed irregular soft tissue margins. Three cases satisfied both criteria. With well-recognized CT criteria (in adult patients), characterization of these processes led to an incorrect diagnosis of a malignant lesion in 8 of the 12 cases preoperatively. Therefore, CT and MR imaging should only be a guide to the planning and extent of surgical resection. Without clearly defined distal spread of the mass, the classification of these masses in children should be made with caution.     

多层螺旋CT对鼻骨骨折的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT对鼻骨骨折的诊断价值。方法应用GElightspeed多层螺旋CT机,对50例鼻骨骨折患者的鼻骨冠状位扫描、3D和MPR重建图像进行分析。结果50例均有鼻骨骨折,骨折同时累及上颌骨额突46例,累及鼻泪管1例;鼻中隔骨折15例,鼻额缝分离10例;鼻骨间缝分离5例;并发眶壁骨折3例;上颌窦壁骨折2例。结论多层螺旋CT的冠状位扫描、3D和MPR对于诊断鼻骨骨折具有重要价值。     

螺旋CT三维重建技术在评价骨与关节损伤中的应用

目的评价螺旋CT三维表面遮盖法重建(SSD)和多平面重建(MPR)对骨与关节损伤的探测能力。方法87例骨与关节损伤患者(包括82例外伤和5例非外伤)均经螺旋CT三维表面遮盖法重建(SSD)和多平面重建(MPR)成像,并与二维CT图像进行对照。结果螺旋CT3DSSD和MPR在显示骨折的部位方面与二维CT基本一致。但在显示骨折部位的解剖关系方面明显优于二维CT。结论SSD和MPR两种方法重建可互为补充,能够立体直观地显示骨折部位及关节脱位,是诊断骨折的有效手段,对制定手术计划有指导意义。